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Branch of healthcare devoted to the study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hearing disorders |
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Healthcare professional that provides services related to the prevention, evaluation, and rehabilitation of hearing impairment and its associated communication disorder |
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Physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat, including diseases of related structures of the head and neck |
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Physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of ear disease |
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Description or study of normal structures of an organism |
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The study of the function of a structure of an organism |
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structure that provides a specific function |
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Provide the sense of hearing and balance |
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Processiong of auditory information occurs in the.... |
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Peripheral auditory system includes: |
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Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear and VIII nerve (hearing mechanism) |
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Central Auditory Nervous System includes: |
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Auditory nuclei and their pathways (processing mechanism) |
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When we test hearing we are testing (which system) |
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push or pull on an object |
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Property of an object to stay at rest or to move if acted on by a force |
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Sound has to have 3 things: |
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A vibration of air molecules |
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The middle ear transduces acoustical energy into.... |
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The inner ear cochlea transduces mechanical energy into..... |
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The hair cells of the cochlea transduce hydromechanical energy into... |
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What are the two types of fluid in the body? |
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Intra cellular and extra cellular |
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Skin covered elastic cartilage. Helps localize sound (especially high frequencies) |
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About 1" long and S shaped for protection. Acts as a high pass filter(quarter wave length resonator) |
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cartilage, has glands that produce ceruminous (sweat) and sebacious (oil)-byproduct is cerumen (earwax) |
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Air to fluid impedance mismatch |
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Middle Ear Cavity/Tympanum |
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six sided box that houses the ossicles and their ligaments, the tendons of the middle ear muscles and the eustachian tube |
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-Normal appearance is translucent and pearly gray. Sits at a 55 degree angle. |
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Manubrium of malleus at 1:00 and cone of light at 5:00 |
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Manubrium of malleus at 11:00 and cone of light at 7:00 |
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composed of the manubrium and head |
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composed of short process and long process |
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composed of the neck, crura and footplate |
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inserts on top of the manubrium of the malleus and is innervated by the V (trigeminal) nerve-pain and temperature-ME |
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inserts on the neck of the stapes and is innervated by the VII (facial nerve)-ME -Contracts to loud sounds |
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Anything through which an action can take force-gas, liquid and solid |
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resistance to energy flow |
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How much energy is lost when air meets fluid |
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Increase the pressure at the stapes footplate so that it moves in and out of the oval window with more force |
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increase in pressure at the oval window that results from the TM and stapes footplate having different areas (TM is 17 times larger than footplate-P=F/A) |
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Increase in pressure gained from the ossicular chain acting as a lever(manubrium is longer than the long process of the incus-more force is transferred to the long process of the incus) |
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Represents the efficiency of the middle ear transformer for the different frequencies |
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have the ability to store energy in a mechanical system |
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store higher frequency energy and allow lower frequency energy to readily pass through the system. -directly related to frequency |
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sotre lower frequency energy and allow higher frequency energy to readily pass through -indirectly related to frequency |
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Runs from the floor of the ME cavity to the nasopharynx (back of throat) -Functions to drain ME fluid and equalize atmospheric pressure with ME pressure |
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Normal resting state of Eustachian tube and how to we equalize pressure |
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Ways to open the Eustachian Tube |
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Swallow, realign jaw, yawn, pinch nose and blow, pinch nose and swallow, chew gum |
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innervate the Eustachian Tube-helps to position it |
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innervate the Eustachian Tube-helps it to open and close |
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Osseous Labyrinth, Vestibule, Membranous Labyrinth, Cochlea, Semi Circular Canals |
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control the vestibular system (balance) -fluid filled, lie perpendicular to each other -when stimulated, fluid moves, causing stimulation of cells which causes VIII to fire |
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Opening to the IE -contains the oval and round windows -contains perilymph |
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-high concentration of sodium chloride (salt water) |
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Releases the pressure that gets built up |
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Spaces and canals within the temporal bone that house the IE structures -contains perilymph |
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AKA scala media -soft tissue that follows the shape of the osseous labyrinth and is enclosed within the osseous labyrinth -contains endolymph |
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Type of fluid with a high concentration of Potassium Chloride(fluid that makes you hear) |
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Snail shaped structure with 2 and 3/4 turns -tranduces mechanical energy into hydromechanical energy -widest at the base and narrowest at the apex |
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Central core of the cochlea -VIII fibers and blood vessels run through it |
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Top chamber, part of the osseous labyrinth, contains perilymph, contacts with ME at the oval window |
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Middle chamber, composed of endolymph, contains the Organ of Corti |
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Bottom chamber, part of the osseous labyrinth, contains perilymph, contacts with ME at the round window in the vestibule |
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32mm long, narrowest at the base and widest at the apex, organ of corti sits on top of it |
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Sensory end organ of hearing |
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transduce cochlear hydromechanical energy into chemical-electro energy-3500 |
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What shape are the cilia on the IHC? |
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transduce cohclear hydromechanical energy into chemical electro energy-3 rows of 1200, thinner than the IHC |
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What shape are the cilia on the OHC? |
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Rods of Corti/Pillar Cells |
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Seperate the IHCs from the OHCs, form the tunnel of corti |
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Gel like structure that courses over the top of the hair cells |
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Hair cell stimulation results in the VIII firing. Basilar membrane mechanics/movement dictates which hair cells are stimulated |
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The widening of the basilar membrane results in a.... |
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Gradation in stiffness-each segment becomes less and less stiff |
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Higher frequencies are coded in the... |
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existence of a spatial representation of frequency |
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Connect the rows of cilia |
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two objects move in a parallel plane but don't touch each other |
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OHC shear as a result of... |
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relative movement between the tectorial and basilar membrane when the basilar membrane displaces |
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IHC shear as a result of... |
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drag imposed on the surrounding cochlear fluids that results from velocity/rate changes during basilar membrane displacement |
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Consists of a cell body, several dendrites and an axon, communicate through synapses |
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Innervate the inner hair cells |
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Innervate outer hair cells |
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How many neural fibers innervate one IHC? |
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How many OHC's share one neural fiber? |
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Type 1/Radial Neurons are responsible for... |
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generating the VII AP and subsequent CANS transmission processing of auditory information-most of our encoding abilities are done by the IHCs |
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60-65dB and are responsible for generating the VIII action potential |
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When the tip links pull/stretch the OHCs and physically change the length/shape |
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