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Definition
| the energy of position or stored energy |
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Definition
| the energy stored in a molecule's chemical bonds |
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Definition
| the movement of charged particles |
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Definition
| the energy of electromagnetic waves travelling in the universe. |
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Definition
| the kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms, ions, or molecules. |
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Term
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy can neither be created nor destroyed |
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Term
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| every time energy is transformed from one form to another, some of that energy is converted to heat. |
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Definition
| the sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
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Definition
| occurs when chemical bonds in an existing molecular structure are broken and new ones formed to produce a different structure |
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Term
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Definition
A + B = C
reactants: A and B
reactants react to produce products |
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Term
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Definition
A + B = C
products: C
reactants react to produce prodcuts |
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Term
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Definition
| collective term for all synthesis reactions in the body (builds up) |
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Definition
| collective term for all decomposition reactions in the body (breaks down) |
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Definition
| the continuous formation and breakdown of ATP |
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Definition
| formed when energy is released in exergonic reactions using glucose or other fuel molecules from the foods we eat |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically active catalysts that function to accelerate normal chemical activities by decreasing the activation of energy of cellular reactions |
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Definition
| chemical reaction without an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reaction with an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids in the protein chain form a unique 3D molecular structure with an open region, and accommodates the substrates of a reaction to temporarily form an enzyme-substrate complex |
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Term
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Definition
| in the shape of the active site only allows a single substrate to bind to the active site - the enzyme is capable of catalyzing only one specific reaction |
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Definition
| metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol without the requirement of oxygen; breaks down glucose, pyruvate is the final product. 2 ATP used, 2 NADH molecules used. |
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Term
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Definition
| the final product of glycolysis; if sufficient oxygen is available, pyruvate completes its aerobic breakdown yielding carbon dioxide and water. If sufficient oxygen is NOT available, pyruvate is converted to lactate. (lactic acid causes fatigue and sore muscles) |
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Term
| Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle |
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Definition
| metabolic process occurring in the mitochondria that requires the presence of oxygen. Acetyl CoA is the initial substrate; two CO2 molecules and one CoA molecule are the products. The net transfer of energy produced in this cycle is used to form 1 ATP molecule, 3 NADH molecules, and 1 FADH2 molecule. |
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Term
| Electron Transport System |
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Definition
| the transfer of electrons from the coenzymes NADH and FADH2 that are produced during the first three stages of cellular respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Aerobic Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
| Intermediate Stage, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport System |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs within cells and is a step-by-step enzymatic breakdown of glucose with the accompanying release of energy to synthesize ATP |
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Term
| Pathways for ATP Production |
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Definition
Substrate-level phosphorylation: the direct method of synthesizing ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation: indirect method of synthesizing ATP in which the energy is first released to coenzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
Cytosol: enzyme location; semifluid contents of the cell
Mitochondria: enzyme location; small organelles within the cell |
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Term
| Four Stages of Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Intermediate Stage
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Electron Transport System |
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