Term
Orientation
What is Anatomy?
What is Physiology? |
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Definition
Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.
Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
YOU CANT HAVE ONE WITHOUT THE OTHER. |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes hair, nails, skin?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Integumentary system.
Waterproofs, protection, synthesis vitamin D, communicates, secretes, absorbs. |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes bones, joints, cartilages?
How many bones are in the body, adult & newborn?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Skeletal system.
206 adult, over 300 in newborns.
Supports, protection, provides a framework for muscles, stores minerals, blood formation. |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes muscles?
What is this systems main function(s)?
Around how many muscles are in the body?
What are the different types of muscles? |
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Definition
Muscular system.
Locomotion, maintains posture, generates heat, facial expressions, stabalises joints.
Around 640 muscles.
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac. |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes the brain, sensory receptors, spinal cord, nerves?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Nervous system.
Fast acting control system, responds to stimulus, gathers sensory input, integrates input, initiates response. |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes glands such as, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal?
What does this system also include?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Endocrine system.
Pancreas, testis, ovary.
Secretes hormones to regulate body, responds to change like Nervous system but much slower. |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes the heart, blood vessels?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Cardiovascular system.
The heart pumps blood. Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lymph vessels?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Lymphatic system.
Fights bacteria, part of the Immune system. Picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels and returns it to the blood for continuous circulation. |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes the nasal cavity, trachea, lungs?
What else does it include?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Respiratory system?
Pharynx, larynx, bronchos.
GASEOUS EXCHANGE, keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen. (BUFFER) |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach?
What else does it include?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Digestive system.
Small intestine, large intestines, rectum, anus.
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells, indigestible foodstuffs ear excreted. (BUFFER) |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes kidneys, bladder?
What else does it include?
How many urethra's do you have, 1 or 2?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Urinary system.
Ureter, urethra.
You have only 1 URETER. you have 2 URETHRA'S.
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. (Buffer) |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system includes the prostate gland, penis, scrotum?
What else does it include?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Male Reproductive system.
Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, testis.
Production of offspring. |
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Term
Organ Systems
What system inludes mammary glands (breasts), vagina, uterus?
What else does it include?
What is this systems main function(s)? |
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Definition
Female Reproductive system.
Uterine tube, ovaries.
Produce offspring. |
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Term
Orientation
What are the 'Levels' of organization in the body, smallest to largest? |
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Definition
Chemical- atoms combine to molecules.
Subcellular- Molecules combine to form organelles.
Cellular- Organelles combine to form cells.
Tissues- cells combine to form tissue.
Organs- different tissues combine to form organs.
Organ systems- organs working together
Organismal- the whole person |
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Term
Orientation/Chemistry
What is homeostasis?
How does the body maintain homeostasis? |
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Definition
| Homeostasis describes the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing. |
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Term
Orientation
How does the body maintain Homeostasis?
So what does the control system do? |
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Definition
1. Stimulus: Produces change in a variable (imbalance occurs).
2. Change detected by receptor.
3. Input: Info sent from receptor along AFFERENT pathway to control center.
4. Reaches control center.
5. Output: Info sent from control center along EFFERENT pathway to activate
6. Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis. |
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Term
Orientation
What are the 2 homeostasis feedback mechanisms? |
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Definition
Negative Feedback Mechanism + Positive Feedback Mechanism.
What happens in Negative FBM?
The change shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. Eg/ change is opposite to original stimulus; reduces too high sugar or increases too low sugar.
What happens in Positive FBM?
The change exaggerates the original stimulus. Eg/The change is the same direction as the original stimulus (Giving birth, contractions) |
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Term
Directional Terms
What are the 3 planes?
Give examples of the 3. |
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Definition
Median/Sagittal (midsagittal) plane- Cut longitudinal, divides body into right/left parts.
Frontal/Coronal plane- Cut lenghtwise, divides body into anterior/posterior parts.
Transverse (cross section) plane- Cut horizontally, divides the body into superior/inferior. |
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Term
Directional Terms
What is the Anatomical position?
What is it used to describe? |
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Definition
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forwards, thumbs point away from body.
Used to describe positions, directions, planes, surfaces. |
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Term
Directional Terms
Where is the Dorsal body cavity?
What is included in the Dorsal body cavity? |
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Definition
On the posterior/dorsal side of the body.
It includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
Whats included in the Cranial cavity? The brain.
Whats included in the Spinal cavity?
Spinal cord, vertebrae. Extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column. |
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Term
Directional Terms
Where is the Ventral Body Cavity?
What is included in this cavity?
Name the cavities its subdivided into. |
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Definition
On the anterior/ventral side of the body.
Includes all the structures/organs within the chest and abdomen.
Subdivided into the Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal+pelvic) |
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Term
Directional Terms
What separates the lungs into left and right cavities in the Thoracic Cavity?
What separates the Thoracic cavity and the Abdominal cavity? |
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Definition
A central region called the Mediastinum.
A dome shaped muscle called the Diaphragm. |
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Term
Directional Terms
What are included in the Thoracic Cavity?
What are included in the Abdominal Cavity?
What are included in the pelvic Cavity?
Is there a physical structure dividing the abdominal and pelvic cavity? |
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Definition
Heart, lungs, rib cage.
Stomach, liver, small/large intestines, pancreas, spleen, appendix, gallbladder, cecum.
Reproductive organs, bladder, rectum.
NO. There is no actual physical structure. |
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Term
Directional Terms
How many QUADRANTS are the abdomiopelvic cavity divided into?
Name those quadrants.
How many REGIONS are the abdomiopelvic cavity divided into?
Name those regions. |
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Definition
4 quadrants- Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant.
9 regions- Right hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, right iliac region, epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric/pubic region, left hypochondria region, left lumbar region, left iliac region. |
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Term
Directional Terms
In addition to the large closed body cavities, there are several smaller body cavities
What are the 4 open body cavities?
What do they include? |
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Definition
Oral and Digestive Cavities- Mouth, teeth, tongue, continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs.
Nasal Cavity- Nose, nostrils, nasal conchas (superior,middle,inferior)
Orbital Cavities- Eyeballs, optic canals.
Middle Ear Cavities- Tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ear. |
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Term
Chemistry
What are Elements?
What are Atoms?
What do they contain?
What are Ions?
What is a positively charged Ion called?
What is a negatively charged Ion called? |
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Definition
Elements are substance that make up all matter. Can they be broken down? NO
Atoms are a combination of elements. They contain small particles; protons (+); neutrons (neutral); electrons (-). Usually have the same number of protons as electrons (i.e. neutral)
Ions are changed atoms which can conduct electrical currents.
+ cations, - anions |
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Term
Chemistry
What are the common elements in the human body? Give their atomic symbol.
Can you name less common elements? If so give their name and atomic symbol. |
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Definition
Oxygen - O, Hydrogen - H, Carbon - C, Nitrogen - N
Out of these elements, which is the most common? Oxygen.
Calcium- Ca, Sodium- Na, Potassium- K, Chlorine- CI, Phosphorus- P, Magnesium- Mg, Iron- Fe, Sulfur- S, Iodine- I |
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Term
Chemistry
When do molecules form?
What are the 4 factors that can influence formation of 'chemical bonds'?
Give an example of each. |
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Definition
Formation happens when 2 or more atoms combine chemically.
Temperature- high temp, more energy, faster interaction.
Concentration- more around, more to interact with.
Particle size- smaller = faster, more chance of hitting another molecule.
Catalysts- speeds up reaction, biological catalysts called enzymes. |
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Term
Chemistry
What is the pH scale and what its significance?
What scale does it range between?
What is an acid base?
What does its scale range between?
What is an alkali base?
What does its scale range between?
How do you stabilize a strong acid base?
How do you stabilize a strong alkali base |
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Definition
pH scale measure the concentration of Hydrogen Ions.
To main homeostasis.
pH of 0 - 14
Acid Base- A substance that gives off hydrogen ions. pH of 0-6.99
Alkali Base- A substance that accepts hydrogen ions. pH of 7.01-14 pH
With a strong alkali base.
With a strong acid base. |
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Term
Chemistry
What is the pH of blood?
What is the pH of water?
For fun,
What is the pH of Urine?
What is the pH of Gastric juice? |
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Definition
Normal blood- pH of 7.35-7.45
Water- pH of 7.0
Urine- pH of 4.5-8.0
Gastric juice- pH of 1.5-1.8 |
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Term
Chemistry
How does the body maintain homeostasis?
What does this equation look like? |
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Definition
The body 'Buffers'.
( CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ +HCO3 ) |
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Term
Chemistry
What are 4 classes of Macromolecules in the body?
What are their functions?
What does DNA stand for?
What does RNA stand for? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates (sugars)- Major source of cellular fuel, structural molecule.
Lipids (fats)- energy storage, insulation, protection.
Proteins- aids in moving substances in and out of cells.
Nucleic Acids (DNA+RNA)- allow organisms to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next.
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic
RNA- Ribonucleic
work to make reactions go faster in digestive and metabolic (energy related) processes. They are called 'catalysts' because they speed up the reaction by lowering the amount of energy needed to get the reaction started. |
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Term
Chemistry
What is the functions of enzymes? |
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Definition
Enzymes work to make reactions go faster in digestive and metabolic (energy related) processes.
They are called 'catalysts' because they speed up the reaction by lowering the amount of energy needed to get the reaction started. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is the plasma membrane?
What are its characteristics?
What is its main characteristic
What is the Nucleus?
What are Nuclear pores and their function?
What are chromosomes? |
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Definition
Plasma membrane- 'skin' of the cell.
75% Phospholipids (lipid bilayer)- fat acid.
20% Cholesterol- Stability & fluidity.
5% Glycolipids- Sugar.
Phospholipids- contain, C, H, O atoms. Are insoluble in water but dissolve in other lipids, organic solvents, eg/alcohol,acetone
Nucleus- core of cell, contains DNA. Pores are the 'envelope' for transport.
Chromosomes- contains lots of genes, organize structure of DNA |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What does the cytoplasmic region make up?
What are the components of the cytoplasmic region and their function? |
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Definition
The contents/making of a cell.
Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Lysomes.
Mitochondria- Creates energy, ATP warehouse.
Ribosomes- Float free, manufacture proteins.
Golgi Apparatus- Takes in protein, then modifies it accordingly , repackages with different vesicles depending on their destination.
Lysomes- Fights pathogens, bad bacteria. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is Diffusion?
What are the types of Diffusion? |
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Definition
Diffusion- The movement of solutes from high solute concentration to low solute concentration to create a dynamic equilibrium. Can cross lipid bilayer.
Simple, carrier-mediated facilitated, channel-midiated facilitated. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What are cells that..........
Connect body parts?
Cover and line organs?
Move organs and body parts?
Store nutrients?
Fight disease?
Are needed for reproduction?
Gathers information and controls body functions? |
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Definition
Connect= Fibroblasts + Erythrocytes cells
Cover= Epithelial cells
Movement= Skeletal + smooth muscle cells
Store nutrients= Fat cells
Fight disease= Macrophages
Reproduction= Sperm + oocyte cells
Control= Nerve cells |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What determines whether an active transport process is primary or secondary?
In which direction do active processes move solutes? |
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Definition
The direct source of the energy fueling the process. Active process use ATP, where as Passive process occurs naturally and does not require energy.
They move solutes UP a concentration gradients between a cell and interstitial fluid. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What does ATP stand for?
What is ATP?
What does ATP do?
What are 2 types of active transport?
What is primary active transport?
What is secondary active transport?
What an example of active transport? |
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Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP an energy-bearing molecule found in living cells.
ATP transports chemical energy within cells.
Primary Active + Secondary
Primary- Energy from ATP is used to drive the solute against a concentration gradient
Secondary- Glucose is used instead of ATP to drive the solute against a concentration gradient.
Na+/K+ pump. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is the Na+/K+ pump?
Explain its mechanism whilst drawing it on paper. |
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Definition
The pump is an enzyme.
The Na+/K+ enzyme pumps sodium out of cells, while pumping potassium into cells.
1. Na+ binds to pump, stimulated by ATP.
2. Phosphorylation cause pump to open.
3. Na+ exits, K+ binds to pump. 4. K+ binding triggers release of phosphate group. 5. Loss of phosphate restores original pump formation. 6. K+ released, Na+ is ready to bind to pump gain. Cycle is repeated. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is Exocytosis?
What is Endocytosis?
What is Endocytosis subdivided into?
What is Phagocytosis?
What is Pinocytosis? |
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Definition
Exocytosis- Pushes external OUT, gets rid of big things. Used for hormone & muscle secretion. Ejects waste.
Endocytosis- Takes good things IN. Cell eat + cell drinking. (Phagocytosis + Pinocytosis).
Phagocytosis- Eats solids. EC substances bind to receptor proteins, enabling cell to ingest & concentrate specific sunstances in protein coated vesicles.
Pinocytosis- Absorbs fluids. 'Gulps' ECFs containing solutes into tiny vesicles. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is isotonic?
What is Hypertonic?
What is Hypotonic. |
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Definition
Isotonic- When the concentarion of the cells ICF is the SAME as the ECF.
Hypertonic- When the concentration of the cells ICF is HIGHER then the ECF.
Hypotonic- When the concentration of the cells ICF is LOWER then then ECF. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is Osmosis?
What is Osmolarity?
What are the types of Tonicity?
What is Isotonic?
What is Hypertonic?
What is Hypotonic? |
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Definition
Osmosis- The movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration. Move through a semipermeable membrane.
Osmolarity- Direct measurement of the concentration of dissolved substances.
Isotonic- When the concentarion of the cells ICF is the SAME as the ECF.
Hypertonic- When the concentration of the cells ICF is HIGHER then the ECF.
Hypotonic- When the concentration of the cells ICF is LOWER then then ECF. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What are Protein?
What are Centrioles?
What are Cilia?
What are Flagella? |
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Definition
Proteins- Large molecules consisting of amino acids. Our bodies need it to function properly.
Centrioles- Organelles located near the nucleus. They play an important role in the cell division.
Cilia- Hair-like projections that move in a sweeping motion to move things along. (in esophagus)
Flagella- hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cells. (on sperm) |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is an Endoplasmic Reticulum?
What are the 2 types of ER called?
What is the function of the 2 types? |
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Definition
Endoplasmic Reticulum- A network of tubules and flattened sacs.
Smooth ER + Rough ER.
Rough ER- Manufactures membranes and secretory proteins.
Smooth ER- Serves as a transitional area for vesicles that transport ER products to various destinations |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is a cellular membrane junction?
Can you name different types of CMJs? |
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Definition
Junction- Cell junctions consist of multiprotein complexes that provide contact between neighbouring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
Types- Cell-cell junctions (desmosomes), cell-matrix junctions (hemidesmosomes), gap junctions, chemical synapses.
Thats only a few, Theres plenty more youll learn in the future! |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is Membrane Transport?
What is a Transmembrane Protein?
What does the Transmembrane Protein provide? |
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Definition
Membranes have two major components. phospholipids arranged in a bilayer, and membrane proteins.
MT refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.
TP- A protein which spans the entire length of the cell membrane. It is embedded between the phospholipids.
Provides a channel through which molecules and ions can pass into the cell. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is the difference between Integral & Peripheral Proteins? |
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Definition
Peripheral proteins surrounds the cell membrane. Can be located inside or outside the cell. These proteins are easily detached from the cell.
Integral proteins are embedded right in the membrane. |
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Term
Cells and Transport
What is Hydrophilic?
What is Hydrophobic? |
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Definition
Hydrophilic- A molecule that dissolves easily in water. Polar molecule .
Hydrophobic- A molecule that dissolves easily in oils (fats), clusters in water. Repels water. |
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Term
Tissues
What are the 4 types of Tissues?
What are the functions of each Tissue? |
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Definition
Epithelial, nervous, connective, muscle.
Epithelial- protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.
Nervous- Communication, transmit electrical signals from receptors to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity.
Connective- Connect body parts, binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation.
Muscle- Responsible for any mechanical movement of the body. It is made of excitable cells, capable of contraction and relaxation. |
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Term
Tissues
What are the 2 types of Epithelial Tissue?
What are the cell shapes, functions and locations of those 2 types? |
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Definition
Covers & linings + Glandular Epithelial.
Linings- Squamous (flat), cubidal (cube shaped) and columnar (tall cube). Lines internal and external surfaces of organs. Mouth, skin, lungs, bladder, digestive tract, etc.
Main function of GE is the secretion of fluids into ducts or fluids of the body. Secretion types depend on the location and function of the gland. (located all throughout body) |
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Term
Tissues
What are the 4 types and Connective Tissue?
List their subclasses.
What is the function of connective tissue? |
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Definition
Proper Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone Tissue, Blood.
PCT- loose connective tissue- areolar, adipose, reticular. (fat cells)
PCT- dense connective tissue- regular, irregular, elastic. (tendons & ligaments)
Cartilage- Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage.
Bone Tissue- Spongy, compact.
Blood- chemical connection, blood formation.
Overall Function- Provides framework for epithelial tissue. |
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Term
Tissues
What is Nervous Tissue?
What is the function(s) of Nervous Tissue? |
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Definition
Nervous tissue is specialized to react to stimuli and to conduct impulses to various organs in the body which bring about a response to the stimulus.
Communication, transmit electrical signals from receptors to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity. |
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Term
Tissues
What is Muscle Tissue?
What are 3 types of Muscle Tissue and their location(s)? |
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Definition
MT- responsible for any mechanical movement of the body. It is made of excitable cells, capable of contraction and relaxation.
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
Skeletal- Found in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.
Cardiac- Found in the walls of the heart.
Smooth- Mostly in the wall of hollow organs. |
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Term
Integumentary
What are the 3 main layers of the skin?
What is the significance of each layer? |
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Definition
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis.
Epidermis- Outermost superficial region, sheds skin.
Dermis- Middle region. Contains skin matter, hair roots , nerves, glands.
Hypodermis- deepest region, insulating layers. |
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Term
Integumentary
How many layers are in the Epidermis?
What are the names of these layers? Name them in order from superficial to deep.
How many dead cell layers are in the Stratum Corneum? |
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Definition
4-5 layers (2nd layer only present in thick skin)
Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale.
20-30 layers. |
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Term
Integumentary
What is the Epidermis composed of?
What 4 distinct cells are in the Epidermis layer and what are their functions? |
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Definition
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Keratinocytes- Produce the fibrous protein Keratin (tough).
Melanocytes- produce the brown pigment melanin (skin colour).
Merkel Cells- Touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings.
Dendritic/Langerhans cells- Macrophages. Help activate the immune system (little pacman). |
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Term
Integumentary
What 2 layers is the Dermis layer sub-divided into?
What are their components? |
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Definition
Papillary + Reticular
Papillary- areolar connective tissue, collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, dermal papillae- capillary loops, meissners corpuscles (touch), free nerve endings.
Reticular- 80% thickness of dermis, collagen fibers, elasti fibres, collagenese- (wrinkle protection), flexture lines at/near joints (dermal folds) |
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Term
Integumentary
What does the Hypodermis layer consist of?
What is its main function? |
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Definition
Subcutaneous tissues (fat). Composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue.
Insulation. |
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Term
Integumentary
What does the Dermis layer contain?
What 3 cells reside in the Dermis layer and what are their functions? |
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Definition
Contains strong, flexible, connective tissue.
Fibroblasts- Maintain structural integrity, collagen, elastin.
Macrophages- Fight pathogens and eat debris (pac man)
Mast cells- Phagocyte. Have a role in allergy and anaphylaxis. Mast cells play an important protective role by being intimately involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens. |
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Term
Integumentary
What are the 3 phases of normal wound healing and what happens during each phase? |
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Definition
1. Inflammatory- red, sore, vascular phase of inflammation- harden to form clot. Cellular phase of inflammation- phagocytosis.
2. Proliferative- a few days after injury, fibroblasts form granulation tissue, capillary budding, accumilation of collagen.
3. Remodelling- weeks/years after injury, reorganisation of collegen, scar construction. maturation. |
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Term
Integumentary
What are the 3 cancerous cells and what layers of skin/cell does the cancer develop from? |
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Definition
BCC- Basal Cell Carcinoma, cancer of Basale cells formed in the Stratum Basale layer of the Epidermis layer of the skin. Least malignant, most common, easily treated.
SCC- Squamous cell carcinoma, cancer of keratinocytes cells formed in the Stratum Spinosum layer of the Epidermis layer of the skin. Rapidly progresses.
Melanoma- Cancer of Melanocyte cells formed in the epidermis layer, progresses rapidly, metastasises rapidly. |
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Term
Integumentary
What layer of skin are secretion glands found?
What 2 types of glands does the Integumentary system contain?
Name the glands from each 2 types and what they secrete and where they are found on the body. |
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Definition
Dermis
Sudoriferous (sweat) Glands + Sebaceous Glands
Sudoriferous- Eccrine glands, secretes sweat, found in palm, soles of feet, forehead. Apocrine glands, smelly sweat, secretes lipids/proteins (body odour), axillary + anogenital areas. Ceruminous glands, secrete cerumen (ear wax), external ear canal. Mammary glands, secrete milk, breasts.
Sebaceous Glands- Alveolar glands, secrete sebum (oily substance), found all over body. |
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Term
Integumentary
What are some of the developmental changes that occur in the skin, including changes of sebaceous glands and those that occur with ageing? |
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Definition
| Cells replicate less efficiently (slowed wound healing). Elastic fibres have reduced elasticity, collagen fibres decrease. Cell transcription/translation slowed (less pigment, enzymes, sebum etc.), skin thins, dries and elasticity decreases. Subcutaneous fat + hair follicles decrease. Protective mechanisms (melanocytes, dendritic/Langerhans cells) decrease – increased risk of damage/infection skin. |
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Term
Integumentary
What is hairs function on the body?
What are the characteristics of hair?
What are the layers that make up a strand of hair?
Why does it hurt when you pluck hair?
How long do eyebrow follicles remain active for? |
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Definition
Sensory, sheild, filter.
Distributed over entire body except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia. Shaft projecting from the skin & root embedded in dermis layer.
Consists of 3 concentric layers; core (medulla); a cortex; outermost cuticle (conditioners). Each hair has a nerve wrapped around each hair bulb.
3-4 months |
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Term
Integumentary
What is the structure of a nail?
What is the function of a nail? |
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Definition
Nails are a scale-like modification of epidermis on distal dorsal surface of fingers and toes. Nail matrix makes nail grow. Damage to this can cause growth problems on that nail.
Nails protect the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries. |
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Term
Joints
What is a joint?
What are the 3 different types of joints?
Give a small description of each.
What are joints structural classifications?
What are joints functional classifications? |
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Definition
Articulation site where 2 bones meet, holds bone together (protection), allows movement.
1. Fibrous - Immovable (Synarthroses)
2. Cartilaginous - Immovable + slightly moveable (Synarthroses + amphiarthroses).
3. Synovial - fully movable (diarthroses).
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial – based on binding material & presence (or not) of cavity.
Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly moveable) & diarthroses (fully movable) |
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Term
Joints
What are Fibrous joints?
What are examples of Fibrous Joints? |
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Definition
Bones are united by fibrous tissue, mostly synarthroses (immobile).
Sutures (skull)- Synarthroses (immobile), bound tightly together by short connective tissue fibers.
Syndesmoses (connection between distal end of tibia & fibular)- longer fibres, this gives the joint some ‘give’, connected by ligament.
Gomphoses (teeth- Synarthroses (immobile), connected by short periodontal ligament. |
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Term
Joints
What are Cartilaginous joints?
What are examples of Cartilaginous joints? |
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Definition
Bone ends are connected by cartilage. The cartilages joint is amphiarthroses (slightly moveable).
Symphyses (pubic symphasis & vertebral bodies)- Bones united by hyaline cartilage, tough, compressible but amphiarthrotic.
Synchondroses (between sternum & ribs, epiphyseal plate)- Bones united by hyaline cartilage. |
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