Regulate :

chemical composition and volume of interstital fluid.   Metabolism and energy balance

Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers

Glandular secretions

Some immune system activities

Control growth and development

Regulate operation of reproductive systems

Help establish circadian rhythms 

Which is NOT a function of a hormone?

1. Regulate chemical composition and volume of internal environment
2. Regulates metabolism
3. Regulates glandular secretions
4. Produces electrolytes
5. Controls growth and development

4. Produces electrolytes

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates growth?

1. Human growth hormone
2. Prolactin
3. Thyrotropin
4. Follicle stimulating hormone
5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production

1. Leutinizing hormone
2. Prolactin
3. Thyrotropin
4. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates Cortisol production

1. Leutinizing hormone
2. Prolactin
3. Insulin like growth factors
4. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which anterior pituitary hormones stimulates sex cell production?

1. Leutinizing hormone
2. TSH
3. Corticotropin
4. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
5. Growth hormone

Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

1. Thyroid stimulating hormone
2. Testosterone
3. Insulin
4. Calcitonin
5. Calcitriol

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of which ions in the blood?

1. Calcium
2. Sodium
3. Potassium
4. Chloride
5. Manganese

Which blood glucose lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

1. insulin
2. plasma proteins
3. blood clotting factors
4. thyroid hormones
5. calcitonin

1. insulin

(Secreted by beta cells.  Alpha cells secrete glucagon.)

Which hormone increases metabolic rate?

1. Insulin
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
3. Glucagon
4. Thyroid hormones

4. Thyroid hormones

Increase Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and stimulate calorigenic effect.

Which hormone is stimulated by decreasing levels of blood glucose?

1. Insulin
2. Leutinizing hormone
3. Glucagon
4. Parathyroid hormone

3. Glucagon

Insulin is released in response to increasing levels of blood glucose.

Which gland secretes the hormone melatonin?

1. Pituitary
2. hypothalamus
3. thyroid
4. adrenal
5. pineal

5. Pineal

The primary androgen produced by the male is;

1. estrogen
2. testosterone
3. aldosterone
4. inhibin 
5. progesterone

Epinepherine and norepinepherine are secreted by the 

1. Adrenal medulla
2. renal cortex
3. parathyroid
4. thyroid

This structure protects and regulates the temperature of the testes

1. dartos muscle
2. cremaster muscle
3. tunica albuginea
4. scrotum
5. tunica vaginalis

4. Scrotum

The cremaster muscle contracts to bring the testes closer to the body to absorb body heat

The dartos muscle contracts, causing the scrotum to become tight, reducing heat loss.

This structure is the site of sperm production

1. vas deferens
2. seminiferous tubules
3. albuginea
4. epididymis
5. raphe

These cells may eventually become spermatozoa

1. sertoli cells
2. sustentacular cells
3. spermatogenic cells
4. chief cells

These cells secrete testosterone

1. sertoli cells
2. spermatogenic cells
3. leydig cells
4. oogonia
5. chief cells

3. leydig cells

This hormone stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

1. GnRH
2. LH
3. FSH
4. DHT

2. LH

Leutenizing hormone stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone.  Secretion of LH is stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

The straight tubules in the testis lead into the 

1. efferent ducts
2. epididymis
3. rete testes
4. ductus epididymis

The function of the epididymis is;

1. sperm maturation
2. produce sperm
3. absorption of calcium
4. provide nutrition to sperm

1. sperm maturation

Occurs over a period of about 14 days

This is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the vas deferens

1. prostate 
2. spermatic cord
3. inguinal canal
4. ejaculatory duct

This structure lies posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum and secretes an alkaline, fructose-filled fluid

1. prostate
2. bulbourethral gland
3. seminal vesicles
4. spongy urethra
5. prostatic urethra

These are located inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous urethra within the deep muscles of the perineum

1. bulbourethral glands
2. seminal vesicles
3. ejaculatory ducts
4. urethral ducts

This structure is composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue each surrounded by a fibrous tissue

1. testes
2. prostate 
3. bladder
4. penis
5. urethra

What is produced by the ovaries?

1. primary oocytes, insulin and estrogen
2. secondary oocytes, progesterone and cortisol
3. tertiary oocytes, insulin and estrogen
4. secondary oocytes, estrogen and progesterone
5. primary oocytes, estrogen and testosterone

This structure anchors both the ovaries and the uterus to the pelvic wall

1. broad ligament
2. mesovarium
3. ovarian ligament
4. suspensory ligament

1. broad ligament

found on pg 888 - may be incorrect

This is the site of fertilization

1. ureters
2. urethra
3. fallopian tubes
4. ovaries
5. vagina

This is the portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina

1. urethra
2. cervix
3. uterine tubes
4. inguinal canal
5. ovaries

This hormone promotes spermatogenesis

1. relaxin
2. testosterone
3. inhibin
4. estrogen
5. aldosterone

This hormone triggers ovulation

1. GnRH
2. LH
3. FSH
4. Estrogen
5. progesterone

This is a series of functional changes that sperm go through when they are in the female reproductive tract

1. acrosomal reaction
2. maturation
3. fertilization
4. capacitation
5. polyspermy

The fusion of the male pronucleus and the female pronucleus results in which developmental stage;

1. morula
2. gastrula
3. zygote
4. blastomeres

This is the part of the blastocyst that promotes implantation and produces hCG.

1. blastocyte
2. blastosphere
3. trophoblast
4. blastocyst cavity
5. uterine cavity

This is the portion of the endometrium that lies between the embryo and stratum basalis

1. decidua basalis
2. decidua capsularis
3. decidua periataliss
4. lamina propria

This develops from the epiblast and carries a protective fluid

1. cytotrophoblast
2. yolk sac
3. exocoelomic membrane
4. amnion

This will become the primary structure for exchange of material between the mother and the fetus

1. chorionic villi of the placenta
2. amnion
3. amniotic fluid
4. endoderm

This is the connection between the placenta and the embryo

1. amnion
2. chorion
3. umbilical cord
4. placenta
5. capillary beds

This is the time from the onset of labor to the complete dilation of the cervix

1. stage of dilation
2. stage of expulsion
3. placental stage
4. gestation
5. effacement

involution is

1. when the placenta is expelled
2. when the umbilical cord is cut
3. when the uterus decreases in size
4. when the cervix dilates

This is the principle hormone that releases milk into the mammary ducts

1. prolactin
2. PIH
3. PRH
4. oxytocin
5. GnRH 

Uterine contractions during labor are stimulated by a positive feedback loop involving a pituitary hormone called;

1. vasopression
2. oxytocin
3. prolactin
4. relaxin
5. estrogen

The connection between the endocrine system and the nervous system is via the;

1. posterior pituitary
2. anterior pituitary
3. hypothalamus
4. pineal gland
5. frontal lobe

3. hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine gland?

1. kidneys
2. adrenals
3. thyroid
4. pancreas
5. gonads

When contracted, this skeletal muscle raises the testes closer to the body to increase their temperature

1. dartos muscle
2. cremaster muscle
3. tunica albuginea
4. mesovarium
5. theca externa

Developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules are linked by;

1. leydig cells
2. desmosome
3. cytoplasmic bridges
4. tunica albuginea
5. theca interna

During follicular development, granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid causing the formation of the;

1. antrum
2. secondary follicle
3. corona radiate
4. theca interna
5. corpus luteum

The outermost layer of the ovary is the;

1. germinal epithelium
2. tunica albuginea
3. ovarian cortex
4. ovarian medulla
5. corona radiata

The finger-like structures located at the ovarian ends of the fallopian tube are called

1. ampulla
2. isthmus
3. infundibulum
4. fimbriae
5. oviducts

Which of the following small intestine cells secrete lysozyme?

1. goblet cells
2. absorptive cells
3. mucosa cells
4. paneth cells
5. S cells

This is the principle bile pigment

1. stercobilin
2. bilirubin
3. biliverdin
4. both stercobilin and bilirubin
5. all of the above

Which of the following pancreatic enzymes digests lipids?

1. trypsin
2. elastase
3. lipase
4. pepsin
5. all of the above

These transport dietary lipids

1. apoproteins
2. low density lipoproteins
3. chylomicrons
4. very low density lipoproteins
5. high density lipoproteins

This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis

1. submucosa
2. lamina propria
3. epithelium
4. serosa
5. none of the above

In the mouth, the tooth sockets are lined with

1. gingivae
2. cementum
3. periodontal ligament
4. pulp
5. root

Absorptive cells of the small intestine have microvilli with enzymes.  This is referred to as the.

1. lacteals
2. brush border
3. absorptive border
4. villi
5. secretive border

The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called

1. motility
2. propulsion
3. digestion
4. absorption
5. defecation

Which of the following contains skeletal muscle

1. muscularis
2. mucosa
3. serosa
4. submucosa

This is the heaviest gland of the body

1. heart
2. liver
3. pancreas
4. large intestine
5. thyroid

This digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins

1. bicarbonate ion
2. mucus
3. bile
4. hydrochloric acid
5. water

This hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat and amino acids in the small intestine

1. pepsin
2. secretin
3. gastrin
4. cholecystokinin
5. amylase

This portion of the peritoneum is largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the large intestine

1. greater omentum
2. falciform ligament
3. lesser omentum
4. mesentery
5. mesocolon

How many stages of deglutition are there?

1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5
5. 8

This portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

1. greater omentum
2. falciform ligament
3. lesser omentum
4. mesentery
5. mesocolon

deciduous molars are replaced by;

1. bicuspids
2. molars
3. incisors
4. canines
5. wisdom teeth

This is found on the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical vein in a fetus

1. coronary ligament
2. falciform ligament
3. round ligament
4. kupffer ligament
5. bile ductules

These are composed of prominent lymphatic nodules that function in the immune response

1. mucosa
2. lamina propria
3. muscularis
4. submucosa
5. serosa

This layer functions by secreting a lubricating fluid

1. serosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis
4. mucosa
5. MALT

This plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis;

1. ENS
2. myenteric plexus
3. submucosal plexus
4. digestive plexus
5. absorption plexus

Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on glycogen and starches;

1. chymotrypsin
2. amylase
3. trypsin
4. phosphatase
5. nucleosidase

Which of the following processes is the primary function of the villi of the small intestine?

1. ingestion
2. secretion
3. mixing and propulsion
4. absorption
5. none of the above

This structure regulates the flow of material into the colon

1. ileocecal sphincter
2. pyloric sphincter
3. appendix
4. sigmoid colon
5. anal canal

Lateral to the base of the uvula in the mouth, this muscular fold runs posteriorly down the lateral sides of the soft palate to the pharynx

1. uvula
2. palatoglossal arch
3. palatopharyngeal arch
4. parotid glands
5. sublingual glands

Which of the following enzymes digests proteins?

1. lipase
2. amylase
3. trypsin
4. phosphatase
5. ligase

Which of the following processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?

1. ingestion
2. secretion
3. mixing and propulsion
4. absorption
5. none of the above

This portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine

1. greater omentum
2. falciform ligament
3. lesser omentum
4. mesentery
5. mesocolon

This major duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions

1. pancreatic duct
2. hepatopancreatic duct
3. cystic duct
4. bile duct
5. hepatic duct

Which of the following processes is the primary function of the mouth

1. ingestion
2. secretion
3. mixing and propulsion
4. absorption
5. none of the above

Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats?

1. teeth
2. salivary glands
3. liver
4. gallbladder
5. pharynx

which of the following accessory organs stores bile?

1. teeth
2. salivary glands
3. liver
4. gallbladder
5. pharynx

4. gallbladder

Most glucose that enters the liver is converted to;

1. pyruvic acid
2. glycogen
3. amino acids
4. insulin
5. glucase

Which of the following is not a function of the large intestine?

1. mechanical digestion
2. chemical digestion
3. absorption
4. feces formation
5. regulation of blood glucose

Which of the following secrete hydrochloric acid?

1. mucous cells
2. parietal cells
3. chief cells
4. serosa cells
5. chyme cells

This structure of the stomach allows greater distension for food storage

1. cardia
2. fundus
3. pyloris
4. rugae
5. sphincter

Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid to begin chemical digestion of food?

1. teeth
2. salivary glands
3. liver
4. gallbladder
5. pharynx

This cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of hydrochloric acid

1. neck cell
2. chief cell
3. g cell
4. chyme cell
5. mucous cell

The hard palate

1. is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
2. is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones
3. is covered by a mucous membrane
4. is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth, formed by the maxillae and palatine bones
5. all of the above

Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on peptide bonds?

1. chymotrypsin
2. amylase
3. pepsin
4. phosphatase
5. nucleosidase

Which is the dominant method of oxygen transport?

1. bound to hemoglobin
2. bound to carbon dioxide
3. dissolved in plasma as a gas
4. dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions
5. diffusion

Which of the following affect(s) the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

1. partial pressure of oxygen
2. temperature
3. acidity
4. carbon dioxide in the tissue
5. all of the above

Carbon dioxide;

1. binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin
2. binds to the heme group of hemoglobin
3. binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does
4. binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin and binds to the heme group of hemoglobin
5. binds to the heme group of hemoglobin and binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does

For air to enter the lungs during inhalation;

1. the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure
2. the pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure
3. the pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure
4. the size of the lungs must be decreased
5. the diaphragm has to be relaxed

When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin ______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ______.

1. increases, increases
2. increases, decreases
3. decreases, increases
4. decreases, decreases
5. does not change, does not change

Which is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

1. pH of blood
2. partial pressure of the oxygen
3. amount of oxygen available
4. temperature
5. respiratory rate

The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called;

1. carina
2. secondary bronchioles
3. parietal pleura
4. visceral pleura
5. diaphragm

Which of the following is not a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on?

1. partial pressure difference of the gases
2. surface area for gas exchange
3. diffusion distance
4. molecular weight and solubility of the gases
5. force of contraction of diaphragm

Exhalation begins when

1. inspiratory muscles relax
2. diaphragm contracts
3. blood circulation is the lowest
4. inspiratory muscles relax and the diaphragm contracts
5. all of the above

These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant

1. type I alveolar cells
2. type II alveolar cells
3. type III alveolar cells
4. surface cells
5. macrophages

The exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane is called;

1. pulmonary ventilation
2. internal respiration
3. external respiration
4. expiration
5. inspiration

The basic rhythm of respiration is controlled by the

1. pons
2. medulla oblongata
3. hypothalamus
4. pneumotaxic area
5. apneustic area

This means the lungs and the chest wall do not expand easily

1. high surface tension
2. low surface tension
3. high compliance
4. low compliance
5. none of the above

This is the direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs

1. oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide into blood
2. oxygen out of blood, carbon dioxide into blood
3. oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out of blood
4. oxygen out of blood, carbon dioxide out of blood
5. none of the above is correct

This is the area in the thoracic cavity from the sternum to the vertebral column between the lungs.

1. epicardium
2. parietal layer
3. pericardial tissue
4. mediastinum
5. fibrous cardium

When viewing an ECG, which of the following typically cannot be seen?

1. atrial depolarization
2. atrial repolarization
3. ventricular depolarization
4. ventricular repolarization
5. all of these can be seen

A hematocrit measures

1. percentage of RBC in packed blood
2. percentage of WBC in packed blood
3. percentage of platelets in packed blood
4. both percentage of platelets in packed blood and percentage of WBC in packed blood
5. All of these choices are correct

The normal pH range for blood is;

1. 7.35-8.5
2. 7.35-9.45
3. 6.35-7.35
4. 6.35-9.35
5. 7.35-7.45

Which of the following is not a component of blood?

1. blood plasma
2. formed elements
3. carbon dioxide
4. platelets
5. white blood cells

This term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction occurs and blood pressure rises

1. filling
2. systole
3. repolarization
4. diastole
5. fibrillation

As each ventricle contracts where does blood move?

1. into an artery
2. into the apex
3. into a vein
4. through an atrioventricular valve
5. through the apex

Which layer consists of cardiac muscle tissue?

1. epicardium
2. pericardium
3. myocardium
4. endocardium
5. hypocardium

A RBC's function is

1. nutrient transport
2. cytokine stimulation
3. blood cell proliferation
4. gas transport
5. disease resistance

As each atrium contracts where does blood move?

1. into an auricle
2. into an artery
3. into a vein
4. through an atrioventricular valve
5. through a semilunar valve

This is used to reduce the friction between membranes of the heart

1. epicardium
2. endocardium layer
3. pericardium
4. pericardial (serous) fluid
5. pericardial cavity

Which of the following is the blood vessel that distributes blood away from the heart to organs?

1. arteries
2. capillaries
3. venules
4. arterioles
5. veins

This hormone stimulates proliferation of RBCs in red bone marrow

1. erythropoietin
2. thyropoietin
3. human growth hormone
4. calcitonin
5. follicle stimulating hormone

Ventricular diastole occurs during

1. atrial diastole
2. atrial systole
3. atrial relaxation
4. vefntricular relaxation
5. atrial equillibrium

The term systole refers to

1. contraction
2. relaxation
3. equillibrium
4. systemic circulation
5. circulatory system