Continuous:

• complete endothelium
• Blood cells and plasma protein cannot pass through
• Found in all tissues except epithelial and cartilage.
• Some special endothelial cells of CNS are bound by tight junction to maintain blood-brain barrier.

Fenestrated:

• incomplete endothelium by pores
• Pores allow small peptide to pass through
• found in choroids plexus, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, PCT of kidney.
• Sinusoid: Large pores allowing plasma proteins to pass through (LIVER)

Blood flow depends on:

5.What factors or conditions increase the blood flow to a tissue?

Pressure,

Resistance

- viscosity

-turbulence

-  vascular

• water retention
• salt level is up
• aldosterone is up (which increases salt)
• Exercise?

25 mm Mercury (Hg) 

Plasma proteins in the molecules in the blood vessel

When hydrostatic >  osmotic pressure
 

9. Name the main artery which supplies to the brain.

Venous Returns - Increase
Cardiac Output - Increase
Stroke Volume - Increase
Resp Rate Dur Exercise - Increase
Heart Rate Increase

11. What are the symptoms of circulatory shock?
 

•  Low Blood Pressure
• Low Heart Rate
• Cyanosis (skin turns Blue)
• Sweating

12. When does edema most likely occur?
 

Capillary Damage

Hydrostatic Pressure < Osmotic Pressure 

13. Observe the changes (increased or decreased) of BP, HR, ADH, Renin, and blood volume in case of profuse bleeding?

BP, HR, ADH, Renin, and blood volume all increase.
 

Thoracic Duct
 

15. Characteristics of the thymus: What is involution? What cell does the thymus produce?

Involution: is when the thymus diminishes or reduces size after puberty by increasing fiber production.

The thymus produces: T Cells
 

16. Spleen: What is the component of RED PULP? WHITE PULP?
 

Red pulp=red blood cells

White pulp = White blood cells(lymphocytes)
 

17. Characteristics of Special defenses.
 

• Specificity
• Versatility
• Memory
• Tolerance 
  

18. Define non-specific and specific immunity.
 

Non-Specific Immunity: do not distinguish one type of pathogens from another.

Specific: Protects against particular pathogens.
 

19. How does the classical pathway of complement fixation occur?

Blank 

20A. Define and find some examples of

active immunity.
 

Developes after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response.
 

20B. Define and find some examples of passive immunity
 

Injection of antibodies from another source.

Naturally - transfer from ma to baby

Induced - injection from Antibodies - Rabies
 

20C. Define and find some examples of natural passive immunity.
 

DEFINITION: When immunity is passed down to a fetus by the mother.

EXAMPLES: mothers antibodies protect baby against infections, either during gestation, or in early infancy. 

20D. Define and find some examples of innate immunity.
 

DEFINITION:

Present at birth, genetically determined 

No relationshionship with previous exposure. 

comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner


 

21A. Compare:
a. cytotoxic T cells
b. Helper T cells
c. Suppressor T cells
 

Cytotoxic T cells - CD8/Class I
Helper T cells - CD4/Class II
Suppressor T cells - CD8/Class I
 

21B. Which are responsible for:

Cellular Immunity?

Humoral Immunity?
 

-  Cytotoxic Cells

- B Cells

21C.  Which are linked to:

Class I HLA?

Class II HLA?

- Cytotoxic

- Helper T Cells 

22A. Antibody structures:

a. What portion of antibody determines specificity?

Antigen Binding Site 

22B. Antibody structures:
b. What portion of antibody determines antigen-binding site?

Variable segments

22C. Antibody structures:
c. what portion of antibody determins complement-binding site?
 

C  Segment 

23. What is the largest lymphatic tissue collection in the human body?
 

The Adult Spleen
 

24. What is the difference between lympatic tissue and lymphatic organ?
 

Tissue has no surrounding fibrous capsule.

Organs have a fibrous connective capsule.
 

allows antibodies to bind to site making virus or roxins incapable from binding to the site.
 

25B. Opsonization
 

An effect of coating an object with antibodies; the attraction and enhancement of phagocytosis.
 

25C. agglutination
 

The aggrigation of red blood cells due to ineteractions between surface antigens and plasma antibodies.
 

25D. precipitation
 

formation of insoluable immune complexes.
 

26a. Immunoglobins: Ig A, Ig G, Ig M, Ig D, and IgE

Which one can cross the placenta?
 

IgG 

26b. Immunoglobins: Ig A, Ig G, Ig M, Ig D, and IgE

Which one is involved in allergic reaction?
 

IgE
 

26c. Immunoglobins: Ig A, Ig G, Ig M, Ig D, and IgE

Which one is found in the body secretion?
 

IgA
 

26d. Immunoglobins: Ig A, Ig G, Ig M, Ig D, and IgE

Which one is predominant in the primary immune response?
 

IgM 

26e. Immunoglobins: Ig A, Ig G, Ig M, Ig D, and IgE

Which one is predominant in the secondary immune response?
 

IgG
 

27. List all the branches of the thoracic Aorta
 

•  Bronchial arteries
• Esophageal areries
• Posterior intercostal arteries

Common Iliac 

Hematocrit increases
 

29b. Observe the changes of several factors that increased periperal resistance

sympathetic stimulation (Nor-epinephrine) increases or decreases
 

29c. Observe the changes of several factors that increased periperal resistance

Vasodilation or vasoconstriction.

Blank

30. What vein receives blood along with nutrients from the digestive tract?
 

Hepatic Portal Vein

31. Location of baroreceptors/ location of chemoreceptors.
 

Baroreceptors are in the Sinus.

Chemoreceptors are in the body.
 

32. Observe the changes (increase or decrease) of the following factors in case of hypotention:
a. Blood volume
b. Peripheral resistance
c. Level of aldosterone/blood
d. Level of ADH/blood
e. Level of sodium/blood
 

a. Blood volume decreases
b. perpher resistance increases
c.
d.
e. sodium decreases
 

33. Functions of the respiratory system
 

• (Protect) respiratory surface from dehydration
• (Defend) respiratiory system and other tissues from pathogenic invasion
• Provides an extensive area for (exchange between air and blood)
• Produces sound
• Provides olfactory sensations to the CNS.

34. Functions of the nasal cavity
 

• Conditions the air
• warms the mucus
• humidifies the air
• Removes dust and other particulate matter  

36. Where are the volcal folds located?
 

Larnyx

 

37. Put the correct order of the respiratory tree. (Primary brocnchi..→)
 

• trachea
• main bronchus
• lobar bronchus
• segmental bronchus
• lobular bronchus
• conducting bronchiole
• terminal bronchiole
• respiratory bronchiole
• alveolar duct
• alveolar sac
• alveoulus

tiny microscopic spaces lined with squamous epithelium where the air that comes in resides for a few seconds

where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the blood and alveolar air.

into - Pressure

out - Volume
 

O2 = 100mm

CO2 = 40 mm

PCO2 = 45 mm in cell

C02 in blood

(makes acid) 

High level of CO2 in blood
 

Prevents overexpansion of the lung during forced breathing.

45. What symptom most likely occurs if the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is damaged?

Nose Bleed 

• Unable to breath
• Inadequate pulmonary ventilation, alveoar ventilation

amount of air in and out per cycle 

500cc 

the diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and the alveolar capillaries and between the systemic capillaries and peripheral tissues.

from atmosphere 

49. What makes inspiration occurs and what makes expiration occur?

blank 

Antigens

Naturally.  by Hemoglobin

55a. Define Anoxia
 

No oxygen 

tissue oxygen deprevation
 

• B&T Cells have their own receptors to bind with particular Antigens
• B&T Cells respnd to the molecular structure of Ag because the size and shape of Ag determine which lymphocyte will be activated.

Specificity

(Specific Defenses)

• B&Tcells can handle with any kind of Ag thanks to large diversity of lymphocytes present in the body and variety of Ab structure
• Each population, of lymphocytes consist of thousand of cells with receptors that differ from other lymphocyte.
• When needed may divide to produce more lymphocytes with the same specificity (cloning)

VERSATILITY

• Active lymphocytes attack pathogen in the initial response
• Non-Active lymphocytes remember the previous Ag, so in the second exposure they can launch a faster counterattack if pathogens reappear

MEMORY