Term
| Where is Thymosin produced? |
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Definition
| Thymosin is produced in the Thymus. |
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Term
| What does Thymosin target? |
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Definition
| Thymosin targets white blood cells. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Thymosin on its intended target? |
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Definition
| Thymosin helps build a healthy immune response. |
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Term
| What is the result of a lack of Thymosin? |
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Definition
| Hypo-thymosin results in an inability for the body to develop complete immune protection. |
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Term
| What hormone is produced in the Thymus Gland? |
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Definition
| Thymosin is produced in the Thymus Gland. |
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Term
| What hormones are produced by the Gonad Glands? |
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Definition
| Estrogen and Progesterone are produced in the Ovaries, and Testosterone is produced by the Testes. |
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Term
| What hormone is produced by the Pineal Gland? |
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Definition
| Melatonin is produced by the Pineal Gland. |
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Term
| What does Melatonin target? |
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Definition
| Melatonin targets body cells. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Melatonin on its intended target? |
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Definition
| Melatonin inhibits GnRH secretion, helps regulate sleep cycles, and decreases cellular activity. |
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Term
| What is the result of a lack of Melatonin? |
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Definition
| Hypo levels of Melatonin is associated with an increased risk of suicide. |
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Term
| What hormones are produced by the Pancreas? |
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Definition
| Insulin and Glucogen are produced by the Pancreas. |
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Term
| What causes production of Glucagon? |
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Definition
| Glucagon is produced by alpha-cells in the Pancreas in response to a drop in the bodies blood sugar levels. |
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Term
| What does Glucagon target? |
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Definition
| Glucagon targets body and liver cells. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Glucagon on its intended target? |
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Definition
| Glucagon triggers body cells to signal the liver to break down glycogen into glucose. The end result is an increase of blood sugar levels. |
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Term
| What causes production of Insulin? |
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Definition
| Insulin is produced by beta-cells in the Pancreas in response to an increase in blood sugar levels. |
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Term
| What does Insulin target? |
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Definition
| Insulin targets body cells. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Insulin on its intended target? |
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Definition
| Insulin causes body cells to bring glucose into their cellular compartments. Insulin stimulates the liver to process glucose into glycogen. |
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Term
| What is the eventual result of Insulin on the body? |
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Definition
| Insulins eventual result is a decrease in blood sugar levels. |
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Term
| What does hypo-insulin levels result in? |
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Definition
| Hypo-insulin levels result in Diabetes Mellitus. |
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Term
| What are normal blood sugar levels? |
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Definition
| Normal blood sugar levels are 90mg/100ml. |
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Term
| Where are Androgens produced? |
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Definition
| Androgens are produced in the Adrenal Glands. |
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Term
| What do Androgens target? |
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Definition
| Androgens target fetal cells. |
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Term
| What is the result of Androgens on their intended targets? |
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Definition
| Androgens stimulate the production of steroid hormones in the fetus. This results in hair and testicular development. |
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Term
| What can be caused by increased Androgen production? |
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Definition
Increased Androgen production can result in digestive problems in infants.
Tumors causing Adrenal Hyperplasia are now checked for at birth. |
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Term
| Where is Cortisol produced? |
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Definition
| Cortisol is produced in the Adrenal Glands. |
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Term
| What organs are in the Endrocrine System? |
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Definition
| The following organs make up the Endocrine System: Posterior Pituitary (Hypothalamus), Anterior Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Pineal Glands, Gonads, and the Thymus. |
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Term
| What hormones are secreted from the Posterior Pituitary? |
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Definition
| The Posterior Pituitary creates and secretes Oxytocin and Anti-diuretic Hormone. |
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Term
| What does Oxytocin target? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin targets the smooth muscle cells of the uterus and the lactating breast. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Oxytocin on it's targeted cells? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin causes contractions in the uterine walls and milk to drop in the lactating breast. |
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Term
| What can Oxytocin be given for in a medical setting? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin can be given to start contractions during the labor process. |
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Term
| What is the target of Anti-diuretic Hormone? |
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Definition
| Anti-diuretic Hormone targets cells in the kidneys. |
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Term
| What causes Anti-diuretic Hormone to be released? |
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Definition
| Anti-diuretic Hormone is released in response to a high blood osmolality. |
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Term
| What is the reaction of Anti-diuretic Hormone on its intended target? |
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Definition
| Anti-diuretic Hormone causes a decrease in uric volume, an increase in uric osmolality, a decrease of blood osmolality, and an increase in blood volume. |
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Term
| What can improper ADH production show up as? |
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Definition
| Improper ADH production can show up medically as Diabetes Insipidus, this will display in the patient as frequent urination. |
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Term
| What hormones are produced by the Anterior Pituitary? |
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Definition
| The Anterior Pituitary produces Growth Hormone, TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), LH&FSH, and Prolactin. |
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Term
| What does Growth Hormone target? |
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Definition
| Growth Hormone targets connective tissues in the bones and the cartilage. |
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Term
| What is the reaction of Growth Hormone on its target? |
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Definition
| Growth Hormone causes an increase in protein synthesis, a decrease in protein breakdown, an increase in tissue growth, an increase in fat breakdown, an increase in glucose storage, and a decrease in glucose usage. |
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Term
| What happens if the body does not produce enough Growth Hormone? |
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Definition
| Too little Growth Hormone results in Pituitary Dwarfism. |
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Term
| What happens if the body produces too much Growth Hormone? |
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Definition
| Too much Growth Hormone results in Giantism, and eventually Acromegally when the epiphysial plates fuse and cause bone deformations and a decreased life span. |
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Term
| What is the target of TSH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the reaction of TSH on its target? |
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Definition
| TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to increase metabolism, increase body temperature and produce thyroxine. |
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Term
| What can be a medical cause of decreased TSH? |
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Definition
| Decreased TSH can be caused by Graves Disease. In this disorder an autoimmune immunoglobin imitates TSH and causes an over stimulation of the thyroid gland and hyper secretion of the thyroid hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone targets cells in the Adrenal Glands. |
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Term
| What is the effect of ACTH on its target? |
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Definition
| When ACTH is released it causes its targeted cells in the adrenal gland to produce cortisol and other hormones. |
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Term
| What are LH&FSH active in? |
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Definition
| LH&FSH are active in the production of sperm and oocytes. |
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Term
| What does Prolactin target? |
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Definition
| Prolactin targets cells in the mammary glands. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Prolactin on the cells that it targets? |
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Definition
| Prolactin causes the synthesizing of breast milk in the mammary glands. |
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Term
| What hormones are produced in the Thyroid? |
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Definition
| The Thyroid produces T3&T4(Thyroxine) and Calcitonin |
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Term
| What is targeted by Thyroxine (T3-T4)? |
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Definition
| Thyroxine targets body cells. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Thyroxine on its target? |
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Definition
| Thyroxine causes an increase in cell metabolism. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Thyroxine on its target? |
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Definition
| Thyroxine causes an increase in cell metabolism. |
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Term
| What can be a medical reason for an increase of Thyroxine? |
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Definition
| An elevated Thyroxine level can present as Graves Disease. |
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Term
| What is the medical term for a lack of Thyroxine? |
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Definition
| The lack of Thyroxine is called Hypothyroidism. |
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Term
| What can result from a lack of iodine? |
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Definition
| A lack of iodine can result in improper thyroxine intake, which causes the formation of a goiter or growth on the Thyroid gland. |
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Term
| What does Calcitonin target? |
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Definition
| Calcitonin targets bone cells. |
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Term
| What is the reaction of Calcitonin on its target? |
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Definition
| Calcitonin causes bone cells to absorb excess calcium from the blood stream, resulting in a decreased blood calcium level. |
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Term
| What causes the release of Calcitonin? |
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Definition
| The release of Calcitonin is caused by increased blood calcium levels. |
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Term
| What hormone does the Parathyroid produce? |
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Definition
| The Parathyroid produces the Parathyroid Hormone. |
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Term
| What does Parathyroid Hormone target? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid Hormone targets bone cells. |
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Term
| What causes the release of Parathyroid Hormone? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid Hormone is released in response to a decreased blood Calcium level. |
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Term
| What is the reaction of Parathyroid Hormone on its target? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in blood calcium levels by triggering osteocytes to break down bone. In response to this breakdown calcium and phosphate ions are released, calcium absorption is increased, vitamin D is activated and calcium reabsorption is increased. |
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Term
| What hormones are made in the Hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| The Hypothalamus produces Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone, Thyroid Releasing Hormone, Cortisone Releasing Hormone, and Gonadatropin Releasing Hormone. |
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Term
| What Hormones are created in the Anterior Pituitary? |
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Definition
| The Anterior Pituitary creates Growth Hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, and FSH&LH. |
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Term
| What does Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone stimulate? |
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Definition
| Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone stimulates the release of Growth Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary. |
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Term
| What does Thyroid Releasing Hormone stimulate? |
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Definition
| Thyroid Releasing Hormone stimulates the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary. |
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Term
| What does Cortisone Releasing Hormone stimulate? |
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Definition
| Cortisone Releasing Hormone stimulates the release of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary. |
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Term
| What does Gonadatropin Releasing Hormone Stimulate? |
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Definition
| Gonadatropin Releasing Hormone stimulates FSH&LH to be released from the Anterior Pituitary. |
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Term
| What hormones are made in the Adrenal Gland? |
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Definition
| The Adrenal Gland produces epinephrine/norepinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone and androgens. |
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Term
| What does Epinephrine/Norepinephrine target? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine/Norepinephrine targets the heart, lungs and nervous system. |
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Term
| What causes the production of Epinephrine/Norepinephrine? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine/Norepinephrine is triggered by stress when ACTH is released from the Anterior Pituitary. |
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Term
| What is the result of Epinephrine/Norepinephrine on its target? |
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Definition
| The end result is an increased heart rate and increased respiration. |
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Term
| How long does Epinephrine/Norepinephrine stay in the bodily system? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine/Norepinephrine has a very quick response time and in accordance a very short half life. |
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