Term
| What are the five functions of blood? |
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Definition
| The five functions of blood are transportation, regulation, temperature control, protection and clot formation. |
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Term
| What does blood transport? |
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Definition
| Blood transports gases, nutrients, waste molecules, processed molecules and regulatory molecules. |
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Term
| What does blood regulate? |
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Definition
| Blood regulates pH and osmosis via disbursement of hormones throughout the body. |
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Term
| What does blood protect against? |
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Definition
| Blood (via white blood cells) protects the body against foreign substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aplastic Anemia is the decreased marrow production of cell lines resulting from exposure to chemicals, radiation or bacterial toxins. |
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Term
| Where is blood produced in the fetus? |
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Definition
| Blood cells are formed in the fetus in the spleen and the liver due to the fact that bones are not yet formed. |
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Term
| Where is blood formed in the child? |
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Definition
| In children blood is formed in the red bone marrow of most bones and lymphatic tissue. |
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Term
| Where is blood formed in the adult? |
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Definition
| In the adult blood is formed in the proximal femur and humerus, the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs and sternum. |
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Term
| How is adult blood cell production checked? |
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Definition
| Adult blood cell production is checked by taking a bone marrow sample. |
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Term
| What is the term for the production of blood? |
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Definition
| The production of blood is called hematopoieses. |
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Term
| What can be found in Plasma? |
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Definition
| Plasma has low levels of potassium, low levels of sodium, and five times the protein as found in the interstitial space. |
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Term
| What types of protein are found in Plasma? |
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Definition
| Plasma contains Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen. |
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Term
| What is the function of Albumin? |
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Definition
| Albumin helps to maintain the osmotic gradient. |
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Term
| What are the functions of Globulins? |
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Definition
| Globulins are antibody building material. They help to build hemoglobin. |
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Term
| What is the function of Fibrinogen? |
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Definition
| Fibrinogen is chemically triggered to help form blood clots. |
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Term
| What is the composition of Plasma? |
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Definition
| Plasma is composed of greater than 90% H2O, has five times the protein as the fluid in the interstitial space, and composes 20% or approximately three liters of the extracellular fluid. |
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Term
| What are the formed elements in the blood? |
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Definition
| Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
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Term
| What percentage of the extracellular fluid is made up of the interstitial space? |
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Definition
| 80% or 12 liters of fluid is found in the interstitial space. |
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Term
| What is the composition of the interstitial space? |
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Definition
| The interstitial space has five times less protein than plasma, high levels of sodium and low levels of potassium. |
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Term
| What percentage of the extracellular fluid is plasma? |
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Definition
| Plasma comprises 20% or three liters of the extracellular fluid. |
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Term
| What is blood composed of? |
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Definition
| Blood is composed of 55% plasma, 45% erythrocytes and less than one percent of a buffy coat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stem cells are cells which have not gone through the process of differentiation yet. They are found in bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemocytoblasts are the youngest type of formed elements. |
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Term
| Where should hemocytoblasts be found? |
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Definition
| Hemocytoblasts should be found in the bone marrow. |
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Term
| Why would you not want to find hemocytoblasts in the blood? |
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Definition
| Finding hemocytoblasts in the blood shows an uncontrolled mitotic process, which may be indicative of a tumor or cancer. |
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Term
| List qualities of red blood cells. |
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Definition
| Red blood cells have no nucleus, a shorter life span than white blood cells, they are unable to self repair, and they are present in blood in a rate of 500 red blood cells to 1 white blood cell. |
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Term
| What does the amount of red blood cells in the blood determine? |
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Definition
| The amount of red blood cells in the blood determines blood viscocity and the oxygen carrying capacity. |
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Term
| What is the normal red blood cell count? |
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Definition
| The normal red blood cell count varies by sex. For males the normal rbcs count is ~5.4 million rbcs per microliter with a range of 4.6-6.2. For females the normal red blood cell count is 4.8 million rbcs per microliter, with a range of 4.6-6.2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemolysis is the rupture of a red blood cell. |
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Term
| What is the structure of a red blood cell? |
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Definition
| A red blood cell in its normal form is a biconcave disk with no nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemoglobin is a heme pigment with Fe + globulin protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxyhemoglobin is a hemoglobin molecule with added oxygen. This is a bright red colored blood, and provides the basis of most oxygen transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin without oxygen. It is the darker and bluer form of blood. |
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Term
| How is carbon dioxide transported throughout the body? |
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide is transported throughout the body primarily by plasma, however some transportation is performed by hemoglobin. The majority of carbon dioxide is broken down into a biocarbonate ion for the trip to the lungs. |
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Term
| What occurs when hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide? |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin and carbon monoxide form a toxin for human species. When CO binds to hemoglobin the CO molecule fills spaces that are usually filled by oxygen. Eventually there are not enough spots left for the person to get adequate oxygen into their body. Smokers blood in particular may contain 5-15% less open oxygen transportation spots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemia is when there is a decreased amount of hemoglobin either due to a decreased amount of red blood cells or an abundance of improperly formed red blood cells. |
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Term
| Name two inherited abnormal hemoglobin conditions. |
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Definition
| Sickle cell anemia (change in the shape of the cell) and Thalassemia. Sickle cell is found predominately in the black African gene pool, and Thalassemia is found predominantly in the Mediterranean gene pool. |
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Term
| Name a parascitic infection with impact on the red blood cells. |
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Definition
| Malaria is one of the "big two" diseases (the other being TB) and it is caused by parasites rupturing red blood cells and resulting in anemia. |
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Term
| What are the benefits of EPO (Erythropoietin)? |
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Definition
Erythropoietin increases RBC count by stimulating hemopoiesis. It is released when a lack of O2 is detected in the kidneys, this in turn stimulates an increase in rbc production in marrow and in increase in O2 carrying capacity.
Because of EPOs ability to increase O2 carrying capacity a bioengineered form has been injected by athletes, this is referred to as "blood doping". |
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Term
| Which nutrients are instrumental in the formation and production of blood? |
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Definition
| Iron and Vitamin B complex (B-12 & folic acid) are both instrumental in proper blood production. |
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Term
| Define Pernicious Anemia. |
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Definition
| Pernicious Anemia is anemia from the lack of B-12 absorption. |
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Term
| Define Folate Deficiency Anemia. |
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Definition
| Folate Deficiency Anemia is anemia brought on by a lack of Folic Acid. |
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Term
| Define Iron Deficiency Anemia. |
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Definition
| Iron Deficiency Anemia is anemia brought on by a lack of iron. This shows up as fatigue, irritability, hair loss, and a change in pallor. |
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Term
| What is the lifespan of a normal red blood cell? |
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Definition
| The usual life span of a red blood cell is 90-120 days before its eventual rupture. |
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Term
| How would early release of red blood cells present in a blood smear? |
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Definition
| The early release of red blood cells would be distinguished by nucleated red blood cells present in the blood draw. |
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Term
| How do Microphages help break down red blood cells? |
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Definition
| Microphages help break down red blood cells by breaking off the Globin into amino acids for reuse, transporting the iron and storing it in the liver and bown marrow, and converting the non iron remainder to bilirubin which is then converted by the liver cells into bile and expelled through the digestive system. |
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Term
| How can the recycling route of blood be bypassed? |
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Definition
| Blood recycling routes can be bypassed by blood loss. Too much blood loss may result in anemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Leukocyte is a white blood cell. |
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Term
| What is the normal white blood cell count for the body? |
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Definition
| The normal white blood cell count for the body is 5,000 - 10,000 cells per microliter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leukocystosis is an elevated white blood cell count. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leukemia is cancer of a population of white blood cells. Leukemia is named after the cell system that it is attacking (i.e. monocytic leukemia or lymphocytic leukemia.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Leukopenia is too few white blood cells as a result of drugs or anti-cancer therapy. |
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Term
| How are white blood cells transported to the site of need? |
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Definition
| White blood cells use ameboid movement to leave circulation. White blood cells utilize chemotaxis and they also appear in pus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ameboid movement is a crawling type movement accomplished by pushing the cytoplasm of the cell into a pseudopod. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemotaxi is s the phenomenon in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. |
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Term
| What does pus consist of? |
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Definition
| Pus consists of a group of white blood cells, dead cells and bacteria. It is inherently used to mean "white blood cells". |
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Term
| Name the different types of white blood cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the different types of white blood cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two primary groupings of white blood cells. |
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Definition
| White blood cells are broken into two compartments, granulocytes (most common) and agranulocytes (less common). |
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Term
| What three types of cells make up Granulocytes? |
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Definition
| Granulocytes are made up of Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils. |
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Term
| What percentage of white blood cells are made up of Neutrophils? |
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Definition
| Neutrophils make up 40-70% of white blood cells. |
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Term
| What causes a rise in the percentage of Neutrophils in the body? |
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Definition
| The numbers and percentage of neutrophils in the body rise in response to acute bacterial infection. The neutrophils contain active migrating phagocytes which are attracted by inflammation and irritation and are large with lobed nuclei. |
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Term
| What percentage of white blood cells are Eosinophils? |
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Definition
| Eosinophils make up 1-4% of white blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eosinophils are covered with large red granulas, attracted to areas of inflammation and allergic response, and increased in mucous secretions from allergies and some parasitic infestations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Basophils are large purple granules which are attracted to areas of injury and inflammation and release histamine causing increased vessel permeability. |
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Term
| What are the two types of Agranulocytes? |
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Definition
| Agranulocytes are made up of Lymphocytes and Monocytes. |
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Term
| What percentage of white blood cells are composed of Lymphocytes? |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes compose 20-45% of white blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphocytes are approximately the same size as a red blood cell. |
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Term
| When would you see an increased Lymphocyte count? |
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Definition
| Percentage of Lymphocytes increase in viral infections, while overall numbers of white blood cells may decline. |
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Term
| What is the appearance of a Lymphocyte? |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes are small with a large nucleus and little cytoplasm. |
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Term
| What are the two types of cells found within Lymphocytes and what are their functions? |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes contain T-Cells and B-Cells. T-Cells in Lymphocytes act as messengers to other white blood cells or attack foreign invaders directly, they are the target of the AIDS virus. B Cells provide antibody production. |
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Term
| What percentage of the white blood cells are made up of Monocytes? |
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Definition
| Monocytes make up 4-8% of white blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A monocyte is a very large white blood cell that contains a single nucleus. It is phagocytic and migrates through tissues as a microphage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microphages are white blood cells found within tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A platelet is a small fragment of a much larger blood cell that has been released from the marrow. |
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Term
| What are platelets used in? |
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Definition
| Platelets are used in clotting. |
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Term
| What is the life span of a platelet? |
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Definition
| The platelets have an average life span of only 5-9 days. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thrombocytopenia is too few platelets in the blood, is the first thing that is noticed in blood draws due to the short life span of platelets. |
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Term
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Definition
| Petechiae are small localized hemorrhages. |
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Term
| Why might the first sign of aplastic anemia in a patient be unexpected nose bleeds or excessive bruising? |
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Definition
| The first sign of aplastic anemia in a patient may be unexpected nose bleeds or excessive bruising because platelets aren't being produced in the marrow, which shows a decreased clotting ability and decreased rbc production over all. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemostasis is how the body stops bleeding. |
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Term
| How does hemostasis occur? |
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Definition
| Hemostasis occurs by a vessel spasm where smooth muscle temporarily contracts from the trauma of the blood vessel tear, then a platelet plug froms in the hole, and then the blood coagulates. |
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Term
| What steps are involved in a platelet plug forming in a hole? |
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Definition
| Pltelets get sticky from contact with disrupted cells at the injury site. Fibrinogen protein joins platelets together to form a soluble plug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clotting factors are chemicals other than platelets or fibrinogen produced by the liver to help with clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coagulation is clotting which continues to form an insoluble blood clot if needed. |
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Term
| How does coagulation occur? |
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Definition
| Coagulation occurs when soluble fibrinogen is changed to insoluble fibrin threads. |
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Term
| What is necessary for clot formation? |
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Definition
| Platelets, fibrinogen, vitamin K, calcium, and clotting factors. |
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Term
| When would someone be given vitamin K injections? |
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Definition
| Before surgery children are given vitamin K injections to help ensure clotting. |
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Term
| What two methods are involved in dissolving existing or preventing new clots? |
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Definition
| Fibrinolysis and anticoagulants are involved in dissolving existing or breaking down new clots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrinolysis is the breaking down of established clots. This is accomplished by a natural chemical mechanism already existing in the body at low levels, or by the introduction of t-PA. |
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Term
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Definition
| t-PA is given if an unwanted clot is suspected as in a stoke (disruption of blood flow to the brain). t-PA forms a localized reaction and allows tissue resolution to commence. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anticoagulant is a medication that prevents clot formation. |
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Term
| Name three medications that act as anti-coagulants. |
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Definition
| Three medications that act as anticoagulants are heparin, coumadin, and low doses of aspirin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heparin is given via injection to stop clots from forming at the IV site. |
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Term
| What is Coumadin used in? |
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Definition
| Coumadin is an oral anticoagulant used in former stroke or heart attack victims to prevent blood clotting. |
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Term
| What happens to blood specimens drawn into tubes? |
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Definition
Blood specimens drawn into tubes that have an added EDTA do not clot in the tube, they separate into plasma and rbcs.
If no anticoagulant is added blood will clot in the tube, leaving a liquid portion called serum. |
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Term
| What is the difference between serum and plasma? |
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Definition
| Serum is similar to plasma but minus fibrin and clotting factors which are used when the blood in the drawn tube clots. |
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Term
| Name four clotting disorders. |
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Definition
| Four clotting disorders are hemophilia, embolus, thrombus, and deep vein thrombosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemophilia is genetically incorrect or missing blood clotting factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Embolus is a floating blood clot. When it sticks in a vessel the tissue dies from hypoxia creating an embolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thrombus are blood clots attached to the vessel wall. May grow and form "plaque" in arteries eventually closing off the lumen. |
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Term
| Define Deep Vein Thrombosis. |
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Definition
| Deep Vein Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein. It is a form of thrombophlebitis. |
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Term
| Name three ways to collect blood for analysis. |
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Definition
| Three ways that blood is collected for analysis are venipuncture, finger/heel stick, or an arterial stick. |
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Term
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Definition
| Venipuncture is a puncture of the surface veins which are easily located, thin walled, and have low blood pressure. |
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Term
| What would a finger stick or heel stick be used for? |
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Definition
| A finger stick or heel stick is used for small volumes or blood smears. Is drawn from surface capillaries. |
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Term
| What is an arterial stick used for? |
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Definition
| An arterial stick is used for analysis of blood gasses. It is rare to do this type of test as it involves deep veins. |
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Term
| What is tested for in a CBC (Complete blood count) test? |
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Definition
| In a CBC the patient has their red cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels tested. The patients white blood cell count, differential white count and clotting factors are also tested. |
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Term
| Why would you perform a CBC? |
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Definition
| You would perform a CBC to test a patient for anemia or polycythemia. You could also check for different types of wbcs present which would tell you if the patient was currently fighting an infection. |
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Term
| What is considered to be anemic for a patient? |
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Definition
| An RBC faction of <35% in females and <37% in males is determined to be anemic. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Polycythemia is considered to be an rbcs level of greater than 55-80% this results in too much blood. Is created by an over production of EPO. In these patients blood is taken to relieve the pressure. |
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Term
| What is the ratio of Hemoglobin to Hematocrit? |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin is generally 1/3 of the Hematocrit. |
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Term
| What is Prothrombin time taken for? |
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Definition
| Prothrombin time is taken to test how quickly your blood clots. |
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Term
| How is your blood chemistry tested? |
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Definition
| Your blood chemistry (glucose, etc) is usually tested on the plasma portion of your blood draw. |
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