1. Which of the following is NOT a structural classification of a joint? 

A. fibrous

B. cartilaginous

C. Synovial

D. Amphiarthrotic

2. The term, diarthrotic, means? 

A. Immovable

B. slightly movable

C. Freely movable

3. Which of the following is NOT a fibrous joint? 

A. Suture

B. Syndesmosis

C. symphysis

D. Gomphosis

4. A flattened fibrous sac with an internal synovial membrane? 

A. Synovial joint cavities

B. Bursae

C. Tendon sheaths

5. Which of the following would NOT stabilize a synovial joint? 

A. Increased articular surfaces

B. Increased muscle tone

C. decrease muscle tone

D. numerous reinforcing ligaments and tendons

6. A uniaxial type of movement; increasing the angle between the joint. 

A. Flexion

B. Extension

C. Abduction

D. Circumduction

7. A uniaxial type of movement; movements away from the midline. 

A. Flexion

B. Extension

C. Abduction

D. Adduction

E. Circumduction

8. Invaginations of the plasma membrane on skeletal muscle fibers are called? 

A. sarcolemma

B. T tubules

C. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

D. Myoglobin

E. Creatine phosphate

9. What is the major regulatory protein that binds specific ions and removes the inhibition to allow myosin and actin to bind in skeletal muscle fibers? 

A. calmodulin

B. troponin

C. Myoglobin

10. What is the major regulatory ion that promotes contraction in muscle tissue?

A. sodium ions

B. potassium ions

C. Magnesium ions

D. Calcium ions

E. chloride ions

11. What is the neurotransmitter responsible for excitation of the skeletal muscle fiber? 

A. Acetylcholine

B. Norepinephrine

C. Glutamate

D. GABA

E. Serotonin

12. The neurotransmitter receptors on the end-plates of the skeletal muscle fibers? 

A. Voltage gated ion channels

B. Ligand-gated ion channels

C. G protein-coupled receptors

D. JAK-STATs

13. What is needed (the mechanism) for myosin heads to detach from the actin filaments? 

A. Calcium ions

B. ATP

C. ADP

D. Creatine kinase

15. Which of the following would describe a motor unit? 

A. a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers in innervates

B. A single muscle fiber with all of the motor neurons that innervates that fiber.

C. A single motor neuron and all of the glial cells it innervates. 

16. A response of skeletal muscle fibers; these fibers are electrically excited continuously and there is a sustained contraction with no relaxation of the contractile machinery. 

A. Incomplete tetanus

B. Complete tetanus

C. Treppe

D. Twitch

17. Type of skeletal muscle fiber; contains many molecules of myoglobin. 

A. Fast glycolytic fibers

B. Slow Oxidative fibers

18. Type of skeletal muscle fiber; displays aerobic respiration for metabolism. 

A. Fast glycolytic fibers

B. Slow oxidative fibers

19. What is the calcium ion-binding protein that causes smooth muscle to contract? 

A. Troponin

B. Tropomyosin

C. Calmodulin

D. Myoglobin

20. What is the major protein to phosphorylate the contractile machinery for smooth muscle contraction? 

A. Myosin light chain kinase

B. Myosin light chain phosphate

C. Protein kinase A

D. Protein kinase C 

21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of smooth muscle? 

A. contracts when is stretched

B. Lacks sarcomeres

C. Primarily attached to the skeleton

D. Hyperplasia

22. Which of the following smooth muscle fibers has extensive innervations? 

A. single-unit

B. Multiunit

23. Which of the following smooth muscle fibers can display automatic action potentials? 

A. Single- unit

B. multiunit

24. Which of the following muscle fibers are multinucleate? 

A. Skeletal muscle

B. Smooth muscle

25. Which of the following muscle fibers can gap junctions be present? 

A. Skeletal muscle

B. smooth muscle

26. Which of the following muscle fibers can have an epimysium?

A. Skeletal Muscle

B. Smooth Muscle

27. Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched? 

A. Short bone- carpal

B. Long bone- femur

C. Irregular bone- sternum

D. Flat bone- parietal bone

E. Sesamoid bone- patella

28. Which of the following is NOT a function of bones? 

A. Protection

B. Storage/pool of calcium for the body

C. synthesis of vitamin D

D. Hematopoiesis

E. Provides sites for muscle attachment

30. Which is NOT true about calcitriol? 

A. Binds to a receptor that is localized in the nucleus. 

B. the human body can synthesize it

C. Needed for active absorption of calcium ions from the gut

D. is independent of PTH

41. T or F? Howship's lacuna in osteoclasts is a derivative of the lysosome. 

46-50: Use the following choices. 

A. Osteoblast

B. Osteoclast

46. Bone reabsorbing

47. Has receptors for RankL. 

48. Has receptors for PTH

49. Multinucleate

50. Derived from osteoprogenitor cells

46. B- osteoCLAST

47. B- osteoCLAST

48. A- osteoBLAST

49. B- osteoCLAST

50. A- osteoBLAST

51-55: Use the following choices: 

A. PTH

B. Calcitriol

51. Causes synthesis of 1- hydroxylase

52. Causes synthesis of calbindins and Ca²⁺-ATPases in intestines

53. Increased synthesis of M-CSF

54. Has a phosphaturic effect (decreased reabsorption) on the kidneys.

55. Requires a special blood protein (DBP) for transportation in the blood

51. A- PTH

52. B- Calcitriol

53. A- PTH

54. A- PTH

55. B- Calcitriol