Term
| 2 fundamentally different types of cells of the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 protective meninges (outer to inner) |
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Definition
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid membrane
2.5 subarachnoid space
3. pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
1. subarachnoid space
2. central canal
3. cerebral ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
1. oligodendrocytes
2. schwann cells
3. microglia
4. astrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
1. interneuron
2. unipolar neuron
3. bipolar neuron
4. multipolar neuron |
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Definition
| nerves that carry sensory signals to the central nervous system;sensory nerves |
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Definition
| toward the nose end of a vertebrate - forward |
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Definition
| the meninx that is located between the dura mater and the pia mater and has the appearance of a gauzelike spiderweb |
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Definition
| large, star-shaped glial cells that play a role in the passage of chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and perform several other important functions that are not yet well understood |
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Definition
| the part of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body's internal environment |
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Definition
| the long, narrow process that projects from the cell body |
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Definition
| the cone shaped region at the junction between the exon and the cell body |
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Definition
| a neuron with two processes extending from its cell body |
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Definition
| the mechanism that keeps certain toxic substances in the blood from passing into brain tissue |
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Definition
| the part of the brain on which the cerebral hemispheres rest; in general, it regulates reflex acivities that are critical for survival (eg. heart rate, respiration) |
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Definition
| the endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| the metabolic centre of the neuron; also called the soma |
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Definition
| the semipermeable membrane that encloses the neruon |
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Term
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Definition
| the small CSF-filled channel that runs the length of the spinal cord |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| the portion of the nervous system within the skill and spine |
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Term
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Definition
| the four CFS-filled internal chambers of the brain: two lateral ventricles, the third and the fourth ventricle |
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Term
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| the colourless fluid that fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal, and the cerebral ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| the networks of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater and continuously produce CSF |
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Definition
| the functional organization of the neocortex in vertical columns; the cells in each column form a mini-circuit that performs a single function |
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Definition
| projecting from one side of the body to the other |
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Definition
| the 12 pairs of nerves extending from the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure of the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| the clear internal fluid of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| to cross over to the other side of the brain |
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Definition
| the short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons |
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Definition
| farther from the central core of the body (eg. the wrists are distal to the elbows) |
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Definition
| toward the surface of the back of a vertebrate or toward the top of the head |
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Definition
| the two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter |
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Term
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Definition
| structures just outside the spinal cord that are composed of the cell bodies of dorsal root axons |
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Definition
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Definition
| large blood filled spaces which run through the dura mater and drain excess cerebrosinal fluid into the large jugular veins of the neck |
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Definition
| nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles of internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuroanatomical technique used to study the fine details of cellular structure |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of folded mebranes in the cell body; rough portions (those with ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of proteins; smooth portions (those without ribosomes) play a role in the sunthesis of fats |
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Term
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Definition
| any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the face; also termed coronal sections |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS (sg. ganglion) |
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Term
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Definition
| several classes of non-neural cells of the nervous system, whose important contributions to nervous system function are just starting to be understood |
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Term
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Definition
| a neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their silhouetes |
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Definition
| a connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles |
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Definition
| portions of the nerous system that are composed largely of neural cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
| any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the top of the brain |
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Definition
| toward the bottom of the primate head or brain |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons with short axons or no axons at all, whose function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain stucture |
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Definition
| on the same side of the body |
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Definition
| away from the midline of the body of a vertebrate |
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Term
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Definition
| the neuron cell membrane is composed of a ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the midline of the body of a vertabrate |
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Term
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Definition
| the three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (sg. meninx) |
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Term
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Definition
| glial cells that respond to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory responses |
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Term
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Definition
| tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| sites of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| a fatty insulating substance found in the extensions of glial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| coverings on the axons of some CNS neurons that are rich in myelin and increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a neural stain that has an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| the gaps between sections of myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| the DNA-containing structures of cells; also, clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS (sg. nucleus) |
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Term
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Definition
| the spherical DNA-containing structure of the cell body |
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Term
| oligodendrocytes/oligodendroglia |
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Definition
| glial cells that myelinate axons of the CNS - wrap around axons forming myelin sheath - provides several myelin segments often on more than one axon - cannot guide regenerate after damage |
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Term
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Definition
| those motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system that project from the brain (as components of cranial nerves) or from the sacral region of the spinal cord |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| the portion of the nervous system outside the skull and spine |
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Term
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Definition
| the delicate, innermost meninx |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the tail end of a vertebrate or toward the back of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| nearer the central core of the body (eg. elbows are proximal to the wrists) |
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Term
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Definition
| large multipolar cortical neurons with a pyramid-shaped cell body, an apical dendrite, and a very long axon |
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Term
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Definition
| internal cellular strictures on which proteins are synthesized; located on endoplastic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the side of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of glial cells that myelinate axons in the PNS - each cell constitutes one myelin segment - can guide axonal regeneration after damage |
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Term
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Definition
| those nuclei of the thalamus whose main function is to relay sensory signals to the appropriate areas of cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the PNS that interacts with external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| small star-shaped cortical interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the space beneath the arachnoid membrane, which contains many large blood vessels and CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| small furrows in a convoluted cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the top of the primate head |
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Term
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Definition
| those motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic areas of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| the gaps between adjacent neurons which chemical signals are trasmitted |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron with one process extending from its cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the chest surface of a vertebrate or toward the bottom of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| the two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter |
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Term
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Definition
| portions of the nervous system that are white because they are composed largely of myelinated axons |
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Term
| 4 neuroanatomical techniques |
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Definition
1. golgi stain
2. nissl stain
3. electron microscopy
4. neuroanatomical tracing techniques
a. anterograde tracing methods
b. retrograde tracing methods |
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Term
| 2 different areas of the spinal cord (cross section) |
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Definition
1. grey matter
2. white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| the path that joins axons from dorsal root ganglia to dorsal horn - afferent/sensory unipolar neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the path that joins cell bodies of multipolar efferent/motor neurons in ventral horn to appropriate paths of neurons (somatic to skeletal structures, autonomic to internal organs) |
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Term
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Definition
1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon
3. mesencephalon
4. metencephalon
5. myelencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| the most posterior division of the brain, composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body. reticular formation starts here |
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Term
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Definition
| complex network of 100 tiny nuclei that occupies central core of brain stem. starts in myelencephalon and ends in mesencephalon (midbrain). plays role in arousal, and functions: sleep, attention, movement, maintenance of muscle tone, cardiac, circulatory and respiratory reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| houses many tracts and part of the reticular formation. create a bulge called the pons |
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Term
| 2 divisions of metencephalon |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| on the brain stems ventral surface in metencephalon - control nuclei for REM sleep, connected to dream activity |
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Term
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Definition
| "little brain" - in metencephalon, sensorimotor structure - ability to precisely control movements, balance, posture |
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Term
| 2 sections of mesencephalon / midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. inferior colliculi
2. superior colliculi |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior pair of bumps in tectum that have an auditory function |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior pair of bumps in tectum that have a visual function |
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Term
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Definition
| division of mesencephalon ventral to tectum - contains tracts, reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, and red nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| gray mater situated around cerebral aqueduct - responsible for pain suppression (mediating the analgesic effects of opiate drugs)- a part of the tegmentun |
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Term
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Definition
| the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| component of the tegmentum - extra parietal movement system, initiation and stopping of motor actions - cell damage = translating difficulty = parkinson's |
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Term
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Definition
| component of tegmentum - extra parietal movement system, initiate action concerned with emotional states (running away - fear conditioning, frightening behaviour/aggressive conditions) |
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Term
| 2 structures of diencephalon |
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Definition
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| large, two-lobed structure in the diencephalon - comprised of many different pairs of nuclei that extend into the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| joins the two lobes of the thalamus which runs through the third ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclei in the thalamus that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them, and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex |
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Term
| 3 groups of nuclei in thalamus |
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Definition
1. sensory relay nuclei
2. association nuclei
3. intrinsic / reticolo cortical nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
1. lateral geniculate nuclei
2. medial geniculate nuclei
3. ventral posterior nuclei
4. ventrolateral nuclei |
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Term
| lateral geniculate nuclei |
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Definition
| sensory relay nuclei in thalamus important to visual information |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory relay nuclei in thalamus important to auditory information |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory relay nuclei in thalamus important to somatosensory systems - conveying touch, pressure, pain, sex, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory relay nuclei in thalamus that relays proprioceptive information from cerebellum to motor cortex - gives sense of self |
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Term
| 2 types of association nuclei |
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Definition
1. dorsomedial nuclei
2. pulvinar nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of association nuclei in the thalamus that goes to frontal cortex - involved in executive cognitive functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| association nuclei in thalamus that goes to posterior association cortex in parietal and temporal lobe - has to do with binding problem, binding input to make coherent experience |
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Term
| 2 types of intrinsic / reticolo cortical nuclei |
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Definition
1. medial nuclei
2. anterior nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| intrinsic nuclei in thalamus to limbic system - dull/hurting pain, cingulate gyrus and amygdala - emotion of pain |
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Term
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Definition
| intrinsic nuclei in thalamus to do with awareness of surroundings, learning from surroundings, social emotions, realizing of emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| structure in diencephalon located below thalamus responsible for regulation of motivated behaviours - regulates by controlling hormone release from pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| dangles from the ventral surface of the brain, controlled by hypothalamus but regulating release of hormones |
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Term
| 3 structures of hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. pituitary gland
2. optic chasm
3. mammillary bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| the point in the hypothalamus where the optic nerves come together in an X |
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Term
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Definition
| cross over to the other side of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical pair of nuclei located on inferior surface of hypothalamus - to do with memory, hippocampal activity |
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Term
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Definition
| largest division of brain, mediates brain's most complex functions, initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes |
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Term
| 3 divisions of telencephalon |
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Definition
1. limbic system
2. basal ganglia
3. cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| covering of cerebral hemispheres in telencephalon composed of small, unmyelinated nuerons (gray matter - area below = white matter because it's myelinated) |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth brained - no convolutions in cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| large furrows in convoluted cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller furrows in convoluted cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| ridges between fissures and sulci |
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Term
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Definition
| largest fissure separating two hemisphers |
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Term
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Definition
| connecting tracts between hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| largest cerebral commissure, connecting left and right hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| fissure separating frontal from parietal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| fissure that separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
1. frontal
2. parietal
3. occipital
4. temporal |
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Term
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Definition
| large gyri in frontal lobe - located anterior to central fissure; primary function is motor |
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Term
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Definition
| large gyri in parietal lobe - located posterior to central fissure; primary function is somatosensory |
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Term
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Definition
| large gyri in temporal lobe -adjacent to lateral fissure; location of auditory cortex (pyriform) |
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Term
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Definition
| most posterior lobe responsible for visual input |
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Term
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Definition
two primary functions -
1. postcentral gyrus somatosensory
2. posterior parts perceive location of objects and own bodies, and direct attention |
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Term
| 3 functional areas of temporal lobe |
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Definition
1. superior temporal gyrus - hearing and language
2. inferior temporal cortex - identifies complex visual patterns
3. medial temporal cortex - important for certain types of memory |
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Term
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Definition
two functional areas:
1. precentral gyrus - motor function
2. anterior to motor area - complex cognitive functions |
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Term
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Definition
| 90% of human cortex, is a six-layered cortex of relatively recent evolution |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of neocortex |
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Definition
1. many cortical neurons fall into one of two categories
2. 6 layers differ in size and density of their cell bodies and proportion of two types of cells
3. has columnar organization - vertical running long axons and dendrites
4. there is variation in thickness of layers |
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Term
| two different categories of cells in neocortex |
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Definition
1. pyramidal cells
2. stellate cells |
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Term
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Definition
| large multipolar neurons with pyramid shaped cell bodies with large dendrites (apical dendrite) that extends from the apex of the pyramid straight toward cortex surface, and a very long axon |
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Term
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Definition
| small star-shaped interneurons (with short or no axon) in neocortex |
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Term
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Definition
| the vertical flow of information through neocortex - long axons and dendrites flowing vertically through neocortex layers |
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Term
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Definition
| important area of cortex, not in neocortex - plays major role in some kinds of memory, particularly for spacial location |
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Term
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Definition
| circuit of structures in telencephalon - interconnected nuclei and tracts that borders the thalamus and is widely assumed to play a role in emotion - involved in regulation of motivated behaviours (four F's) |
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Term
| the 4 F's of the limbic system |
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Definition
1. fleeing
2. feeding
3. fighting
4. fucking |
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Term
| major structures of limbic system (6) |
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Definition
1. amygdala
2. septum
3. hippocampus
4. cingulate cortex
5. mammillary bodies
6. fornix |
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Term
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Definition
| limbic and basal ganglia structure in anterior temporal lobe - involved in emotion, particularly fear |
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Term
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Definition
| large strip of cortex in cingulate gyrus within limbic system on medial surface of cerebral hemispheres just superior to corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| large gyri located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes, just superior to the corpus callosum; encircles dorsal thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| the major tract of the limbic system, encircles the dorsal thalamus; leaves dorsal end of the hippocampus and sweeps forward in an arc coursing along the superior surface of the third ventricle and terminating in the septum and the mammillary glands |
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Term
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Definition
| midline nucleus in limbic system located at anterior tip of cingulate cortex; tracts connect this and mammillary bodies with amygdala and hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| system of subcortical nuclei that have important voluntary motor functions (ie. striatum, globus pallidus)- parkinson's associated with deterioration of this pathway |
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Term
| 3 structures in basal ganglia |
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Definition
1. amygdala
2. striatum
a. caudate
b. putamen
3. globus pallidus |
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Term
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Definition
| in basal ganglia, consists of caudate and putamen, connects amygdala to globus pallidus |
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Term
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Definition
| pale, circular structure of the basal ganglia - medial to the putamen, between putamen and thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| part of basal ganglia, medial portion of the ventral striatum - thought to play a role in rewarding effects of addictive drugs and other reinforcers |
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