Term
| Functions of the cerebrum |
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Definition
| conscious thought processes, memory storage, intellectual functions |
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Term
| What is the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| superficial layer of the cerebrum that's 2-4 mm thick, made up of gray matter and contains billions of neurons |
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Term
| gyri vs. sulci vs. fissures of the cortex |
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Definition
gyri - elevated ridges of tissue
sulci - shallow grooves that separate gyri
fissures - deeper grooves that separate sections of the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| separates cerebrum into left and right hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the cerebrum and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| separates frontal and parietal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| separates frontal and temporal lobes |
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Term
| Which sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes? |
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Definition
| the parieto-occipital sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| the white matter of the cerebrum; inner layer or core under the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe; motor neurons control voluntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
| primary sensory cortex, located in the parietal lobe; receives sensory info from body |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary motor activity, speech, being human (planning, logic, reasoning, appropriate behavior), frontal association areas |
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Term
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Definition
| general sensory activity, somatic association areas |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory and olfactory, auditory association areas |
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Term
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Definition
| vision, vision association areas |
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Term
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Definition
| 5th lobe, deep inside of the lateral sulcus; memory, "island" of cortex |
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Term
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Definition
aka olfactory lobes; sites where axons of olfactory nerve synapse on CNS interneurons
inferior to the frontal lobe of the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory fibers/bundles of axons that extend posteriorly from olfactory bulbs |
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Term
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Definition
| aka speech center or motor speech area; regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech; only in one hemisphere (in the same as Wernicke's, usually the left) |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces or eliminates the ability to articulate words |
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Term
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Definition
| aka general interpretive area; receives info from all sensory association areas and plays an essential role in personality by integrating sensory info and accessing visual and auditory info; only in one hemisphere (usually the left) |
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Term
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Definition
| commissural tracts that link the left and right cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| The deeper area of white matter of the brain is composed of |
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Definition
| fiber tracts (association tracts, projection tracts, and commissures) |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber tracts that connect areas of neural cortex of the same hemishpere |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber tracts that run b/w the cerebral and lower brain structures or the spinal cord; include both sensory and motor fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber tracts that run from one hemisphere to another |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous fiber tract that separates the lateral ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of nerve fibers (white matter) connecting the two cerebral hemispheres inferior to the anterior corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the epithalamus; band of nerve fibers (white matter) just superior to the corpora quadrigemina |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of neuron cell bodies that are grey matter buried within the white matter of the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| aka basal ganglia; masses of gray matter within each hemisphere deep to the lateral ventricle floor that provide subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and help coordinate learned movement patterns |
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Term
| neurotransmitter of the basal nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fluid filled chambers within the cerebrum that are lined by ependymal cells and are separated by the septum pellucidum |
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Term
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Definition
| ependymal cells of the choroid plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| small capillary knots hanging from the roof of the ventricles of the brain that produce CSF |
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Term
| Which of the parts of the brain have the choroid plexus? |
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Definition
| 3rd, 4th, and lateral ventricles |
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Term
| interventricular foramina |
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Definition
| channels that allow CSF to circulate from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| aka pineal body or "third eye;" part of the epithalamus; an endocrine structure that produces and secretes serotonin and melatonin |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the limbic system and hypothalamus; motor nuclei that control feeding reflexes like chewing, licking, and swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| aka hypophysis; small endocrine gland that helps regualte homeostasis, connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum, sitting in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica |
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Term
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Definition
| aka adenohypophysis; produces and secretes hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| aka neurohypophysis; stores and secretes hormones |
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Term
| The hypothalamus is part of the _____ system, and it's main function is being the ______. |
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Definition
limbic
master gland of the endocrine system |
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Term
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Definition
| important ANS center: regulates homeostasis, cardiovascular system, salt and water balance, thirst and hunger, cycles of sleeping and waking, body temperature, and fat and carbohydrate metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow stalk that extends inferiorly, connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| two large lobes of gray matter that are a final relay station that projects incoming sensory information to the cerebral cortex; also a pain center |
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Term
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Definition
| aka intermediate mass; slender stalk of thalamic tissue that connects the two thalamic hemispheres (without fibers crossing the midline) and bridges the third ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| chamber enclosed by the thalamus that is filled with CSF that comes from the lateral ventricles via the interventricular foramina and goes to the cerebral aqueduct |
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Term
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Definition
| location, not a function; forms the roof of the third ventricle and includes the pineal gland, posterior commissure, and the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| arch; tract of white matter that is part of the limbic system and connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| cranial nerve II; carries signals for the retina of the eye to the optic chiasma |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing point of the optic nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory fibers/tract over which nerve impulses from the retina are transmitted between the optic chiasma and the thalamus |
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Term
| structures making up the brain stem (inferior to superior) |
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Definition
| medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 paris of sensory nuclei located in the roof of the midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| projection tracts in the midbrain connecting the pons below with the cerebrum above |
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Term
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Definition
| channel through the midbrain connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 respiratory centers (pneumotaxic and apneustic), eye movement, facial expressions, taste, chewing, and equilibrium |
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Term
| What is the medulla oblongata? |
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Definition
| most primitive part of the brain; most inferior part of the brain stem, connecting it to the spinal cord |
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Term
| centers of the medulla oblongata |
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Definition
| has 2 cardiac centers (cardiac inhibitor center and cardiac accelerator center), vasomotor center/tone (blood pressure), cough center, respiratory center (basic pace of breathing), and has decussation of the pyramids |
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Term
| decussation of the pyramids |
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Definition
| a crossover point on the medulla's surface for the major motor tracts (pyramids) descending from the motor areas of the cerebrum to the spinal cord |
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Term
| functions of the cardiac inhibitor center (CIC) |
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Definition
| utilizes the vagus nerve, decreases heart rate, parasympathetic action involving ACh |
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Term
| functions of the cardiac accelerator center (CAC) |
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Definition
| utilizes the sympathetic cardiac nerve, increases heart rate through release of epinephrine |
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Term
| What is the anatomy of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| two hemispheres (each with anterior lobe, posterior lobe, and a deep flocculonodular lobe) connected by a midline lobe called the vermis, made up of outer gray cortical area and inner white matter area |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic processing center that monitors proprioceptive, visual, tactile, balance, and auditory sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| "tree of life;" treelike branching of the cerebellar white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated ventricle of the pons and cerebellum lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF that comes from cerebral aqueduct and enters the subarachnoid space; roof contains a region of choroid plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| a foramina of the 4th ventricle, right above the lateral aperture, that drains CSF into the subarachnoid space |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost meninx consisting of the outer periosteal layer (attached to the inner surface of the skull, forming the inner periosteum) and the inner meningeal layer (continuous with the dura mater of the spinal cord) |
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Term
| The layers of the dural mater are fused together except |
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Definition
| in three places where the inner meningeal layer extends inward forming the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, and the falx cerebelli |
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Term
| Where is the falx cerebri located, and what does it form? |
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Definition
| In the longitudinal fissure b/w the cerebral hemispheres, creating the superior sagittal sinus |
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Term
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Definition
| an inward fold of the inner dural membrane that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| an inward fold of the inner dural membrane that separates the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| partially separates the dura mater and the arachnoid mater |
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Term
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Definition
| middle meninx with threadlike projections that project into the subarachnoid space below to connect the arachnoid mater to the pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized projections of the arachnoid mater that protrude through the dura mater to allow CSF to drain back into venous circulation via dural sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
| delicate innermost meninx that is highly vascular and clings firmly to the surface of the brain, following its convolutions |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the meninges that is a serious threat to the brain because of its intimate association with the meninges |
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Term
| How is meningitis diagnosed? |
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Definition
| by taking a sample of CSF from the subarachnoid space by a lumbar puncture that shows cloudy CSF, high neutrophil and protein counta, and low sugar count (b/c bacteria using it for energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria (more serious) or virus; bacteria replicate and undergo lysis in the CSF, which leads to production of endotoxins and cell fragments that irritate the meninges |
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Term
| signs and symptoms of meningitis |
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Definition
| fever, chills, headache, rash, projectile vomiting, stiff neck, widespread pain, and sometimes seizures |
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Term
| 2 specific tests for meningitis |
|
Definition
positive Kernig's sign (back pain with extension of the leg while patient is lying down with hip flexed)
positive Brudzinski's sign (patient flexing head leads to flexion of the hip and knee) |
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Term
|
Definition
| meningitis that has spread to the brain |
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|
Term
| How much CSF is produced daily? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| forms a watery cushion that protects the delicate brain tissue against blows to the head |
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Term
|
Definition
| lateral ventricles -> interventricular foramina -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> foramina of 4th ventricle -> subarachnoid space (where it bathes outer surface of brain and spinal cord) -> arachnoid villi -> dural sinuses -> venous circulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| "water on the head;" CSF accumulation, due to obstructed drainage or circulation from tumors or anatomical deviations, that exerts pressure on the brain |
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Term
| cranial nerves: mnemonic, name, and number |
|
Definition
oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly
I. olfactory, II. optic, III. oculomotor, IV. trochlear, V. trigeminal, VI. abducens, VII. facial, VIII. vestibulocochlear, IX. glossopharyngeal, X. vagus, XI. accessory, XII. hypoglossal |
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|
Term
What to know about the cranial nerves:
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
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Definition
|
|
Term
the functional components of the cranial nerves
(in general, not specific to each nerve) |
|
Definition
motor: somatic, branchial, and visceral
sensory: visceral, general, and special |
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Term
|
Definition
| general somatic efferent; axons innervate the muscles in the orbit and the tongue |
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Term
|
Definition
| special visceral efferent; axons innervate the muscles of mastication |
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Term
|
Definition
| general visceral efferent; axons innervate certain smooth muscles and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| general visceral afferent; fibers carry visceral sensation to the parotid gland, middle ear, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, esophagus, stomach, and intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| general somatic afferent; fibers transmit general sensation from the skin and mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| special visceral afferent; fibers transmit sensations of taste and smell and serve the special senses of vision, hearing, and balance |
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|
Term
| cranial nerves' functional components' (and mnemonic) |
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Definition
some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter most
I. special sensory, II. special sensory, III. somatic and visceral motor, IV. somatic motor, V. both (V1. general sensory, V2. general sensory, V3. general sensory and branchial motor), VI. somatic motor VII. both (branchial and visceral motor, special and general sensory), VIII. special sensory (both branches), IX. both (branchial and visceral motor; visceral, special, and general sensory), X. both (branchial and visceral motor; visceral, special, and general sensory), XI. somatic and branchial motor, XII. somatic motor |
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|
Term
I. Olfactory
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
|
Definition
special sensory
olfactory cells
foramina in cribriform of ethmoid
sense of smell |
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|
Term
II. Optic
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
|
Definition
special sensory
ganglion cells of retina
optic canal
vision from retina |
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|
Term
III. Oculomotor
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
|
Definition
somatic motor and visceral motor
midbrain
superior orbital fissure
raises upper eyelid, turns eyeball (superiorly, inferiorly, and medially), constricts pupil, accommodates lens |
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|
Term
IV. Trochlear
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
|
Definition
somatic motor
midbrain
superior orbital fissure
turns eye inferolaterally |
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Term
|
Definition
| Three branches: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular |
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|
Term
V1. Trigeminal- Opthalmic
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
|
Definition
general sensory
trigeminal ganglion
superior orbital fissure
sensation from cornea, scalp, forehead, eyelids, and nose |
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|
Term
V2. Trigeminal- Maxillary
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
|
Definition
general sensory
trigeminal ganglion
foramen rotundum
sensation from upper lip, maxillary teeth, and sinuses |
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|
Term
V3. Trigeminal- Mandibular
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
|
Definition
general sensory and branchial motor
trigeminal ganglion and pons
foramen ovale
sensation from lower lip, mandibular teeth, and temporomandibular joint; muscles of mastication |
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|
Term
VI. Abducens
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
|
Definition
somatic motor
pons
superior orbital fissure
turns eye laterally |
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|
Term
VII. Facial
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s) |
|
Definition
branchial motor (pons; internal acoustic meatus)
visceral motor (presynaptic: pons, postsynaptic: pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion; stylomastoid foramen)
special and general sensory (geniculate ganglion; facial canal) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles of facial expressions and scalp, taste, sensation from skin of external acoustic meatus, parasympatheric innervations to lacrimal glands and submandiblar and sublingual salivary glands |
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|
Term
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
branches, functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
|
Definition
Vestibular: special sensory; vestibular ganglion; internal acoustic meatus; vestibular sensation from semicircular ducts, utricle, and saccule (equilibrium)
Cochlear: special sensory, spiral ganglion, internal acoustic meatus, hearing from spiral organ |
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|
Term
IX. Glossopharyngeal
functional component(s), location(s), actions |
|
Definition
branchial motor (medulla, swallowing)
visceral motor (presynaptic: medulla, postsynaptic: otic ganglion; parasympathetic innervations to parotid gland) visceral sensory (superior ganglion; sensation from parotid gland, pharynx, and middle ear)
special and general sensory (inferior ganglion, cutaneous sensation from middle ear) |
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerves IX, X, and XI all exit through the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
X. Vagus
functional component(s), location(s), actions |
|
Definition
branchial motor (medulla; muscles of larynx, trachea, and esophagus)
visceral motor (presynaptic: medulla, postsynaptic: neurons near viscera; parasympathetic innervations to smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract, heart) special/general sensory (inferior/superior ganglion; taste from epiglottis and palate/sensation from auricle) |
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|
Term
XI. Accessory
functional component(s), location(s), and actions |
|
Definition
Somatic motor: medulla, muscles of soft palate and larynx
branchial motor: spinal cord, muscles of trapezius and sternocleidomastiod |
|
|
Term
XII. Hypoglossal
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions |
|
Definition
somatic motor
medulla
hypoglossal canal
tongue movements |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of the brain and spinal cord, which primarily interpret incoming sensory info and issue instructions based on that and on past experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors; serve as communication lines as they carry impulses to/from CNS and to/from effector organs/sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
| two major divisions of the PNS and their functions |
|
Definition
sensory portion: nerve fibers that conduct impulses to the CNS
motor portion: contains nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the CNS |
|
|
Term
| motor divisions of the PNS and their functions |
|
Definition
somatic: controls skeletal muscles
ANS: controls smooth/cardiac muscles and gland |
|
|
Term
| divisions of the ANS and their function |
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic - help maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves exit through the superior orbital fissure? |
|
Definition
| III. oculomotor, IV. trochlear, V1. trigeminal-opthalmic, VI. abducens |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves are located in the midbrain? |
|
Definition
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves are located in the pons? |
|
Definition
motor part of V3. Trigeminal- Mandibular
VI. Abducens
most motor of VII. Facial |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves are located in the medulla? |
|
Definition
most motor of IX. glossopharyngeal
most motor of X. vagus
somatic motor of XI. accessory
XII. hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| The adult brain contains ______% of the body's neural tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the weight and volume of the adult human brain? |
|
Definition
~1.4 kg (3 lb.)
1200 mL (71 in.^3) |
|
|
Term
| What is the outer layer of the dura mater fused to, and what do this create? |
|
Definition
the periosteum of cranial bone
no epidural space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another name for arachnoid villi |
|
|
Term
| How often is the entire volume of CSF replaced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the total volume of CSF at any moment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the relay stations of the medulla oblongata? |
|
Definition
| olivary nucleus, nucleus cuneatus, and nucleus gracilis |
|
|
Term
| What does the olivary nucleus do? |
|
Definition
| relays info from red nucleus, other nuclei of the midbrain, and the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What do the nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis do? |
|
Definition
| relay somatic sensory info to the thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prominent, olive-shaped bulge on each side of the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loosely organized mass of gray matter in the brain stem that contains embedded nuclei and centers that regulate vital autonomic functions |
|
|
Term
| The reticular formation extends from the _____ to the _____. |
|
Definition
medulla oblongata
mesencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main functions of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
1. adjusting the postural muscles of the body
2. programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at the conscious and subconscious levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| huge, highly-branched cells in the cortex of the cerebellum that receive motor command info issued at the conscious and subconscious levels from the nuclei in the pons or by the cerebellar nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior, middle, and inferior tracts on each side that link the cerebellum with the brainstem, cerebrum, and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Where is there a nucleus in the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| in the middle of the arbor vitae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of order; a disturbance in muscular coordination either by trauma or stroke that leads to permanent damage, or by drugs that leads to temporary damage |
|
|
Term
| parts of the corpora quadrigemina |
|
Definition
superior colliculi: visual reflex center that receives input from the thalamus
inferior colliculi: auditory reflex center that receives input from the nuclei in the medulla and pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most complex and integrative portion of the brain stem that can direct complex motor patterns at the subconscious level, regulate auditory and visual reflexes, and control alertness |
|
|
Term
| The midbrain can either work alone or with the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure influences the level of activity in the entire nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gray matter in the midbrain that receives info from the cerebrum and cerebellum and issues commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gray matter of the midbrain that contains darkly pigmented cells that adjust activity in the basal nuclei of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| Where is the reticular formation headquarters, and what does it do? |
|
Definition
in the midbrain
processing center that can initiate involuntary motor responses to stimuli |
|
|
Term
| reticular activating system |
|
Definition
| RAS; specialized part of the reticular formation in the midbrain that helps maintain consciousness |
|
|
Term
| What kind of fibers do the cerebral peduncles have, and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| descending (white matter) - carry voluntary motor commands issued by the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| lateral geniculate nucleus |
|
Definition
| one in each hemisphere of the thalamus; receives visual info over the optic tract and sends signals to both the midbrain and the occipital lobe of the hemisphere on its side |
|
|
Term
| medial geniculate nucleus |
|
Definition
| one in each hemisphere of thalamus; relays auditory info from specialized receptors of inner ear to appropriate cerebral cortex are |
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus may be stimulated by |
|
Definition
1. sensory info from the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord
2. changes in the composition of the CSF and interstitial fluid
3. chemical stimuli in the circulating blood that rapidly enter the hypothalamus because this region lacks a blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal centers in the hypothalamus do what? |
|
Definition
| secrete chemical messengers that control endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary; secrete 2 hormones released by posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| functions of nuclei of hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| autonomic centers that control the cardiovascular and vasomotor centers of the medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nucleus of the hypothalamus that regulates body temperature by coordinated adjustments in blood flow and sweat gland activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the hypothalamus; coordinates day/night cycles of activity and inactivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka motivational system; functional group of tracts and nuclei located in the cerebrum and diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| 3 main functions of the limbic system |
|
Definition
1. establishing emotional states
2. linking conscious, intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic functions of the brain stem
3. facilitating memory storage and retrieval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| components of the limbic system that are in the cerebrum; cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior portion of the limbic lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inferior portion of the limbic lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongate nucleus in the limbic system that is shaped like a sea horse and is important in learning, especially in storage and retrieval of long-term memories |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the limbic system that are in the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| anterior group of thalamic nuclei, hypothalamus, and mammillary bodies |
|
|
Term
| What do the anterior group of thalamic nuclei do? |
|
Definition
| relay info from one mammillary body to cingulate gyrus on the same side |
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Term
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Definition
| interface between the limbic system and the cerebrum and various sensory systems; plays a role in regulation of heart rate, control of fight or flight response, and linking emotions to specific memories |
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Term
| How do the basal nuclei control movement? |
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Definition
| They don't normally initiate it, instead they provide a general pattern and rhythm to movement that is already underway. |
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Term
| What do the basal nuclei consist of? |
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Definition
| caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus that is subdivided into a medial globus pallidus and a lateral putamen |
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Term
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Definition
| part of cerebrum; axon bundles that connect the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon and brain stem and pass around and between basal nuclei |
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Term
| motor cortex of the cerebrum - neurons |
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Definition
| called pyramidal cells because of their shape |
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Term
| sensory cortex of the cerebrum - neurons |
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Definition
| receive somatic sensory info from receptors for touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, or temperature |
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Term
| somatic motor association area |
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Definition
| part of the motor cortex; coordinates learned movements |
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Term
| somatic sensory association area |
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Definition
| part of the sensory cortex; monitors activity in primary sensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| area in the cerebrum, within the insula that receives taste receptor info |
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Term
|
Definition
| area in the cerebrum that receives sensory info from the olfactory receptors |
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Term
| auditory cortex of the cerebrum |
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Definition
1. primary auditory cortex - monitors auditory info
2. auditory association are - monitors sensory activity in auditory cortex and recognizes sounds (spoken words) |
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Term
| visual cortex of cerebrum |
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Definition
1. primary visual cortex - receives info from lateral geniculate nucleus
2. visual association area - monitors activity in visual cortex and interprets results |
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Term
| integrative centers of the cerebrum |
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Definition
| concerned with the performance of complex processes such as speech, writing, math, and spatial relationships; restricted to either the right or left hemisphere |
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Term
| What are the 4 integrative centers? |
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Definition
| Wernicke area, Broca area, frontal eye field, prefrontal cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls learned eye movements such as scanning text |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinates info relayed from association areas and performs abstract intellectual functions such as predicting consequences of events or actions |
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Term
| hemisphere lateralization |
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Definition
| specialized functions of each hemisphere |
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Term
| left hemisphere lateralization |
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Definition
| contains general interpretive and speech areas, responsible for language-based skills, premotor cortex controlling hand movements is larger here for right handers, and important in performing analytical tasks such as math and logic |
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Term
| right hemisphere lateralization |
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Definition
| analyzes sensory info and relates body to sensory environment (recognizing faces, understanding 3D relationships), important in analyzing emotional context of conversation |
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Term
| Where is left-handedness controlled? |
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Definition
| the primary motor cortex in the right hemisphere |
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Term
| What are the demographics of left-handedness? |
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Definition
| 9% of our population, but and unusually high % of artists and musicians are it, possibly because the primary motor cortex and association areas on right hemisphere are near spatial visualization and emotion association areas |
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Term
| All of the projection fibers form the _____, and they must pass through the _____. |
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Definition
internal capsule
diencephalon |
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Term
| What happens to the anterior commissure if the corpus callosum is damaged? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many axons and impulses does the corpus callosum have? |
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Definition
| > 200 million axons; 4 billion impulses/sec. |
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Term
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Definition
| the shortest association fibers, link one gyrus to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the longest association fibers; organized into bundles and connect frontal lobe to other lobes of the same hemisphere |
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Term
| Neural function depends on |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Electrical activity changes as |
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Definition
| certain areas are stimulated or quieted down |
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Term
| Electrical activity generates |
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Definition
|
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Term
| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| the measuring of the electrical field of the brain's electrical activity by placing electrodes on the scalp and printing out the report of the brain waves |
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Term
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Definition
| occur in brains of healthy, awake adults that are resting with their eyes closed but not sleeping or concentrating a specific task |
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Term
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Definition
| higher-frequency waves typical of people concentrating on a task or in a state of psychological tension |
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Term
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Definition
| most often observed in children and also in intensely frustrated adults; may appear transiently during normal adult sleep |
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Term
| What brain waves may indicate the presence of a brain disorder such as a tumor? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| very large in amplitude and low in frequency, normally seen during sleep in all ages |
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Term
| _____ waves are also seen in infants and awake adults with brain damage form a tumor, vascular blockage, or inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrical activity of the brain is generally synchronized by the _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| temporary cerebral activity disorder accompanied by abnormal movement, unusual sensations, or inappropriate behaviors; can start in one area of the brain and spread across the cortical surface |
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Term
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Definition
| clinical conditions characterized by seizures |
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