Term
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Definition
| exchange of gas between organism and its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| bring oxygen to cells of body by breathing in |
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Term
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Definition
| eliminate waste products by breathing out |
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Term
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Definition
| minute air sacs located deep within lungs; where gas exchange happens |
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Term
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Definition
force exerted on the walls of chamber by molecules of air
due to molecular charge, air molecules tend to stay apart |
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Term
| air pressure if container is open |
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Definition
| if chamber is open: pressure on inner walls = pressure on outer walls |
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Term
| air pressure if container is closed |
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Definition
1. closed/compressed: decreasing space between air molecules, leads to increased air pressure
2. closed/retracted: increasing space between air molecules, leads to negative pressure |
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Term
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Definition
1. volume increases, air pressure will decrease
2. volume decreases, air pressure will increase
3. will increase/decrease pressure until the pressure is equalized inside and outside of the container |
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Term
| function of vertebral column |
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Definition
points of attachment for numerous muscles
protects spinal cord
spinal nerves arise from it
ribs articulate with it to permit small movements |
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Term
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Definition
composed of 12 ribs
cartilaginous attachment to sternum permits slight rotation during respiration (allows elevation)
at rest ribs slope downward
at inspiration ribs elevate |
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Term
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Definition
trachea and main stem bronchi
head posture can affect airflow through the airway |
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Term
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Definition
| branches of the bronchi in the lungs into secondary and tertiary bronchi, creating a tree-like shape |
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Term
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Definition
long, collapsed tube running behind/adjacent to trachea
also digestive passageway from mouth to stomach
remains collapsed unless a bolus is traveling through it
bolus is propelled by gravity/peristaltic contractions |
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Term
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Definition
final tube in bronchial tree
small
(1mm in diameter) |
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Term
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Definition
have extremely thin membrane that is permeable to both oxygen and carbon dioxide
site of gas exchange
each ___ is covered with a bed of 2000 capillaries +
extremely small (.25mm in diameter)
plentiful (300 million in mature lungs) |
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Term
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Definition
produced by some cells
reduces surface tension
keeps alveoli from collapsing during respiration |
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Term
| alveoli function against pollutants |
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Definition
| Pollutants entering respiratory tract are removed through cleansing action of beating epithelia that line bronchial passageway |
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Term
| movement of air through respiratory system (general) |
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Definition
lungs expand
diaphragm contracts enlarging thoracic cavity vertically
rib cage elevates to enlarge transverse dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
lining that covers the lungs and inner thoracic wall
reduces friction of thoracic structures
mechanism for translating force of thorax enlargement into inspiration (airtight seal --> lungs to follow thorax)
composed of elastic/fibrous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
lining that encases lungs
continuous with parietal pleurae |
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Term
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Definition
thoracic lining
continuous with visceral pleurae
regions are identified by location:
mediastinal
pericardial
diaphragmatic
costal
apical |
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Term
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Definition
| cover inner surface of rib cage/lung |
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Term
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Definition
| cover superior most region of rib cage/lung |
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Term
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Definition
condition in which pleural lining of thoracic cavity are inflamed
dry: extreme pain while breathing due to loss of the lubrication of their lungs by the intrapleural fluid |
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Term
| quiet inspiration requires what muscle(s) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
primary muscle of inspiration
separates the thoracic and abdominal chamber
striated muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| lower margin of rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
1.force of contraction directs it downward towards abdominal viscera
2. contraction results in elongation of thoracic cavity so that lungs can expand as air enters the respiratory passageway
3. all fibers contract together as a unit
4. pulls central tendon down and forward |
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Term
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Definition
part of diaphragm
intermediate region which is made up of large, leafy aponeurosis
muscle fibers radiate out from it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
part of diaphragm
where the esophagus passes through |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vertebral attachment is accomplished by means of two crura |
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Term
| three diaphragmatic hiatuses |
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Definition
abdominal aorta hiatus
esophageal hiatus
foramen vena cava (inferior vena |
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Term
| muscles used in forced inspiration |
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Definition
diaphragm + accessory muscles of inspiration
to elevate entire rib cage as a unit (external intercostal muscles) |
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Term
| inspiration vs quiet expiration |
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Definition
i: active process
qe: natural process, gravity returns ribs to its original position, ab. visceral push the diaphragm into its resting position |
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Term
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Definition
diaphragm
accessory muscles of thorax
muscles of neck
muscles of thorax, back, and upper limb |
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Term
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Definition
form of respiration
thorax expansion arises from elevation of rib cage via contraction of neck accessory muscles of inspiration, most notably sternocleidomastoid |
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Term
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Definition
| diaphragme returns to its resting position |
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Term
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Definition
| requires musculature to act on lungs indirectly to squeeze air out of lungs |
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Term
| forced expiration occurs in two ways |
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Definition
1. by decreasing front-back dimension by pulling down the rib cage
2. by decreasing front-back dimension by squeezing abdominal viscera |
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Term
| muscles of forced expiration |
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Definition
muscles of thorax, back, and upper limbs
abdominal muscles (support) |
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Term
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Definition
to "fix" thorax, inhale and close vocal folds
grunt due to air escaping past vocal folds
ex) skilled tennis player, lifting heavy object |
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Term
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Definition
to inflate lungs: expand thoracic cavity
to increase vertical dimension: contract diaphragm, elevate ribcage |
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Term
| summary of forced expiration |
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Definition
deflate lungs: pulling thorax down
decreases vertical dimension: forcing the diaphragm to its resting position |
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Term
| air will always flow from an area of __ pressure to __ pressure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when air molecules are close together causes an increase in pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| when air molecules are far away from eachother causing a decrease in pressure |
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Term
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Definition
strong structure for the attachment of the legs
made up of: ilium, sactum, pubic bone, and ischium (FYI) |
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Term
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Definition
aka shoulder girdle
bones that support the upper extremities |
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Term
| pectoal girdle is composed of which bones? |
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Definition
| scapula, clavicle, sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| point where the trachea divides (bifurcates) to become the left and right mainstem bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
hair-like processes of trachea
"beat" to drive pollutants upward from the trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| dense fluid product of mucous membrane tissue |
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Term
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Definition
the superior-inferior dimension of the dimension
contraction of the diaphragm enlarges the vertical dimension |
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Term
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Definition
anterior, posterior, and lateral dimensions of the diaphragm
elevation of the rib cage enlarges the transverse dimension |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing at an abnormally rapid rate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| normal expiration that occurs without direct muscular effort |
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Term
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Definition
| requires the musculature to act on the lungs indirectly to "squeeze" air out of them |
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Term
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Definition
1.someone else squeezes abdomen (can't do it yourself)
2.this pushes diaphragm higher into thorax
3.pushing air from lungs
4.the more air you push out of lung = more likely of knocking the blockage out of place |
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