Term
| What are the functions of the integument system? |
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Definition
- Protection - chemical(melanin vs. UV), physical, biological
- Temperature regulation
- Sensation
- Metabolism - Vit D
- Blood reservoir - 5%
- Excretion - nitrogeous |
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Term
| What is the function of the epidermis? |
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Definition
- prevent water loss
- Protect against chemicals, UV, abrasion
- Produce Vit D precursor
**Avascular, all blood in dermis |
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Term
| What cells are in the epidermis? |
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Definition
- Keratinocytes - protect and keep skin hydrated
- Melanocytes - pigment, absorb UV
- Merkel cells - connect to sensory nerves
- Langerhans cells - eat invading organisms |
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Term
| What are the layers of the epidermis? |
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Definition
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum - keratin fibers and lamellar bodies
- Stratum granulosum - where cells die
- Stratum lucidum - dead keratinocytes
- Stratum corneum - thickest layer, desquamation, soft keratin |
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Term
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Definition
- Cells divide in stratum basale
- Keratin and lamellar bodies accumulate in spinosum
- In granulosum, cells begin to die
- In lucidum, cells are dead and contain keratohyalin
- In corneum, dead cells contain keratin and surrounded by lipids |
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Term
| What is the difference between thick and thin skin? |
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Definition
- Thick - all 5 layers
- Thin - 4 layers, no stratum lucidum |
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Term
| What produces skin color? |
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Definition
Melanin - produced by melanocytes --> passed to keratinocytes
**Also carotene in the corneum, and hemoglobin |
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Term
| What are different types of skin color? |
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Definition
- Albinism - a tyrosinase deficiency
- Cyanosis - deoxygenated hemoglobin
- Erythema - incr blood flow/allergies
- Pallor - anemia
- Jaundice - Liver disorder
- Bronzing - sign of Addison's
- Bruises - clotted blood |
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Term
| What is contained within the dermal layer? |
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Definition
- Connective tissue - collagen, elastin, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast/WBCs
- Nerves
- BLOOD VESSELS
- Lymph |
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Term
| What are the 2 layers of the dermis? |
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Definition
- Papillary layer - contains dermal papillae, which carry away biproducts, vasculature, and dermal ridges for fingerprints
- Reticular layer - cutaneous plexus of BVs, cleavage lines, flexure lines |
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Term
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Definition
| In the dermis, how incisions should be made to promote healing |
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Term
| What are methods of transdermal drug delivery? |
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Definition
- Transdermal - through the skin
- Iontophoresis - low current through a hair follicle
- Electroporation - high voltage through skin
- Microneedles
**Diffusion of LIPOPHILIC drugs to dermal papillae |
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Term
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Definition
| Not actually part of the skin, stores fat, absorbs shock, and anchors skin to muscles/bone |
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Term
| What are the different types of wounds to skin? |
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Definition
- Abrasion/scrape - broad/shallow with irregular edges
- Laceration/tear - knife like or blunt
- Crush/compression wound
- Puncture
- Avulsion - tissue torn out
- Ulcer - innate or external |
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Term
| What are the different types of burns? |
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Definition
- 1st - superficial (epidermis), no blister
- 2nd - damage to epidermis and dermis, blister
- 3rd - deeper than dermis, dry and dead tissue |
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Term
| What are the categories of wound healing? |
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Definition
- Primary - formal closure of wound
- Secondary - no formal closure
- tertiary/delayed - debridement, then formal closure |
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Term
| What are the phases of the classic model of wound healing? |
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Definition
- Phase I - thrombosis and inflammation. Established hemostasis, matrix for cell migration. Inflammation attracts mediators
- Phase II - proliferation, including angiogenesis. Fibroblasts deposit collagen and form granulation tissue. Re-epithelialization = scabs
- Phase III - tissue remodeling including scar formation. Wound contraction, collagen deposition, 80% of uninjured skin. |
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Term
| What are skin appendages? |
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Definition
- Sweat glands
- Oil glands
- Hair
- Nails |
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Term
| What are the types of Sudoriferous/sweat glands? |
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Definition
- Eccrine/Merocrine - on palms, forehead, feet. Secrete sweat. Highly concentrated
- Apocrine - axillary, genitals. fewer, active at puberty |
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Term
| What are types of modified apocrine glands? |
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Definition
- Ceruminous glands - ear wax
- Mammary glands - lactation |
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Term
| What are sebaceous glands? |
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Definition
- Secrete sebum
- Lubrication of skin/hair, water retention, bacteriocidal.
- Waterproofing
**Both Sebaceous and apocrine empty into hair follicles. |
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