Term
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Definition
Skeletal Muscles
-voluntary
-each muscle is innervated
-used in body movements |
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Term
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Definition
Cardiac muscles
-heart
-auto rhythmic
-functional syncytium
Smooth Muscle
-walls of organs
-responds to nerves, hormones, local factors, stretch |
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Term
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Definition
in membranes and attachment
Attachment: tendons, aponeurosis and raphes, periosteum
have origin (where its static) and insertion (where it moves)
fascicles: muscle cells are arranged in bundles, helps distinguish one muscle from another |
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Term
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Definition
-derived from cranial somites and somitomeres
-used for vision, respiration/feeding, movement
-trunk and tail segments
-innervated by cranial nerves and ventral/dorsal rami of spinal nerves
-sensory signals in, motor signals out |
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Term
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Definition
Axial muscles
used for respiration and feeding
3 muscle groups
-Mandibular: move tongue and mandible
-Hyoid: move tongue and mandible
-Arch: associated with gills, pharynx, swallowing, necks |
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Term
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Definition
axial muscles
-running from coracoid to meckel's cartilage
-help support hyoid, mandible, muscles in back of neck
-assists branchimeric muscles |
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Term
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Definition
axial muscles
-may assist in elevating cranium during feeding |
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Term
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Definition
axial muscles
-dorsal location
-supports vertebral column, lateral flexion
-locomotion in fish
-act synergistically (in synchrony)
-metameric in fish, sharks, some amphibians
-long straps in amniotes |
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Term
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Definition
axial muscles
-ventral location
-subvertebral
-abdominals
-hip flexors
-diaphragm in mammals (only mammals have diaphragm for inflation) |
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Term
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Definition
-hypaxial muscle
-major respiration muscle in mammals
-divides thoracic and lumbar regions
-anchored to ribs posteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
-include muscles on pectoral/pelvic girdles and limbs
-used for support
-innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves
pectoral girdle and forelimbs
-support forelimb
-shock absorption
-extrinsic muscles (attached to girdle itself for stability)
pelvic girdle and hindlimbs
-pelvic girdle is incapable of movement
-extrinsic muscles on pelvic girdle are used for stability
-intrinsic muscle are used for movement of femurs |
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Term
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Definition
associated with skin
allows animals to be able to control skin
-aquatic locomotion: attachment to dermis in fish, sharks, and amphibians
-costocutaneous muscles of snakes move scales
-cutaneous pectoris of bat wings
-facial muscles (over 30 in humans)
-arectores plumarium (feathers) and arrectores pilorum (hair)
-panniculus carnosus allows an armedillo to roll into a ball or a horse to shake off flies |
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Term
| factors affecting the action of muscle |
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Definition
STRENGTH, ENDURANCE, SPEED
-arrangement of fibers
-cross section of muscle
-length of muscle fibers
-type of muscle fibers
-point of attachment
-position of muscle relative to the point of movement
-elastic components |
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Term
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Definition
-pennate: short muscle fibers come together at one tendon (used for force)
-convergent: fibers come together at one point (thick, strong, forceful)
-parallel: fibers run in the same direction (long, contractile, fast)
-fusiform: long muscle, many sarcomeres (long, contractile, fast)
-circular: they open/close (like sphincter muscle)
-multipennate: divided into sections, each controls muscle in a different way |
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Term
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Definition
-more elastic components
-more fibers in muscle means greater force of contraction
-the greater the cross section the greater the force the muscle can develop
-best for moving heavy loads a short distance |
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Term
| twitch muscle fiber types |
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Definition
-the type of muscle will determine speed and endurance
-most muscles are a combination of muscle cell types
Slow oxidative fibers
-slow twitch, long endurance
Fast oxidative-glycolitic fibers
-fast twitch, medium endurance
Fast glycolitic fibers
-fast twitch, low endurance |
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Term
| Insertion's relation to speed and strength |
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Definition
-a muscle inserted near to the point of rotation favors speed and greater excursion
-distal insertion of muscle favors strength
-insert near to where the action is occurring: speed
-insert near to where the load is: strength |
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Term
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Definition
multiple muscles contributing to same movement allows for:
-conservation of energy
-movement in different ways
-muscles react differently based on the position of the skeleton |
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Term
| active and passive tension |
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Definition
active tension: tension of contraction in muscle
passive tension: tension needed to stretch the elastic components
-total tension is dependent on the action of the muscle during contraction and the elastic components of the muscle
-elastic energy is stored in the connective tissue in muscles and tendons
-length of muscle and stretch of elastic components are important to how the muscle will act |
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Term
| elastic components of a muscle |
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Definition
muscle length and force of contraction
-as a muscle increases length, it will increase contraction to an optimal length
-if a muscle is stretched beyond optimal length, force will decrease
elastic components
-for a muscle to move a load it must first stretch the elastic components of the muscle and tendon
joint position
-the position of the joint will affect the stretch on a muscle
conservation of energy
-alternating muscle units during a complex movement like walking will conserve energy |
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Term
| Speed, Strength, Endurance |
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Definition
speed
-type of muscle (fast/slow twitch)
-load to move
-shape and size of muscle
-muscle insertion position
strength
-shape of muscle
-size of muscle fibers
-number and size of motor units involved
-muscle insertion position
endurance
-type of muscle
-load (weight carried)
-elastic components |
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