Abduct/Protract scapula?

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i.e. Forward movement away the midline of the body; moving the scapula away from the spine during prostration of the shoulder girdle.

Serratus anterior

Pectoralis minor

Adduct/Retract scapula?

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i.e. Backward movement toward the midline of the body; moving the scapula back toward the spine during retraction of the shoulder girdle.

• Trapezius
• Rhomboids

Upward Rotation of scapula?

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i.e. Rotary movement of the scapula; moving inferior angle of scapula laterally and upward.

• Trapezius
• Serratus anterior 

Elevation of scapula?

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i.e. Superior movement of the shoulder girdle; moving the scapula up.

• Trapezius
• Levator scapulae

Depression of scapula?

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i.e. Inferior movement of the shoulder girdle; moving the scapula down.

Pectoralis minor

Latissimus dorsi

Trapezius

Downward Rotation of scapula?

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i.e. Rotary movement of the scapula; moving inferior angle of scapula medially and downward.

• Levator scapulae
• Rhomboids
• Pectoralis minor

Flexion of arm?

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i.e. Bending the joint resulting in a decrease of angle; moving the upper arm upward to the front.

• Deltoid
• Pectoralis major

Extension of arm?

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i.e.Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; moving the upper arm down to the rear.

• Latissimus dorsi
• Deltoid
  
• Pectoralis major
• Teres major

Abduction of arm?

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Lateral movement away from the midline of the body; moving the upper arm up to the side away from the body.

• Deltoid
• Supraspinatus (initiates it)

Medial Rotation of arm?

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Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone toward the center of the body; turning the upper arm inward. See shoulder internal rotation inflexibility.

• Pectoralis major
  
• Latissimus dorsi
• Deltoid (anterior)
• Subscapularis
• Teres major

Lateral Rotation of arm?

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Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone away from the center of the body; turning the upper arm outward. See shoulder external rotation inflexibility.

• Teres minor
• Infraspinatus
• Deltoid

Adduction of arm?

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Medial movement toward the midline of the body; moving the upper arm down to the side toward the body.

• Latissimus dorsi
• Teres major
• Pectoralis major

Flexion of spine? What prevents hyperflexion?

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Bending the joint resulting in a decrease of angle; moving the spine Forward; the neck moves toward the chest.

Sternocleidomastoid

The posterior longitudinal ligament attaches to the IV discs and borders of the bodies. It runs with the vertebral canal, and prevents hyperflexion.

Extension of spine? What prevents hyperextension?

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Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; moving the spine back; the neck moves away from the chest.

• Splenius capitus
• Semispinalis capitis
• Semispinalis cervicis
• Erector spinae
  
  • Iliocostalis
  • Longissimus

Anterior ligament attaches to the anterior surfaces of the bodies and discs and prevents hyperextension.

Extension of neck?

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Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; moving the head backward at the joint just below the skull.

• Semispinalis capitis
• Splenus capitis
• Rectus capitis posterior major
• Rectus capitis posterior minor
• Obliquus capitis superior
• Longissimus capitis

Abduction, Adduction, and Rotation of neck?

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Abduction/Adduction/Rotation of Spine?

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Ad (shown above): Lateral movement away from the midline of the body; moving the spine to the side (left or right); the neck moves toward the shoulder.

Ab: Return to the anatomical position from lateral movement; straightening the neck from lateral flexion.

Rotation: Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone; turning the spine to the side (right or left); the neck turns toward the shoulder.

• Sternocleidomastoid
• Scalene muscles
• Splenius
• Longissimus
• Iliocastalis