Term
|
Definition
| The study of the form and structure of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the body functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Standing upright
Facing the observer, head level
eyes forward
feet flat on the floor
arms at sides
palms faced forward with thumbs pointing away from the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slice or cut to expose internal anatomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imaginary flat surface passing through the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertical place dividing body into anterior and posterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides a structure into left and right structures at any number of sites, parallel to midsagittal plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passes through structures at an angle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is included in the axial region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is included in the appendicular region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dorsal body cavity/posterior aspect is made of? |
|
Definition
| cranial cavity and vertebral cavity |
|
|
Term
| the ventral body cavity contains? |
|
Definition
| the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| serous membrane functions |
|
Definition
-lines the body cavities
-protects internal organs
-parietal serosa lines the cavity walls
-visceral serosa covers the organs
-serous fluid secreted by both membranes fills the space between the two membranes to reduce friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A- Right hypochondriac region
B- epigastric region
C- left hypochondriac region
D- Right lumbar region
E- Umbillical region
F- left lumbar region
G- right iliac region
h- hypogastric region
i- left iliac region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a- right upper quadrant
b- left upper quadrant
c- right lower quadrant
d- left lower quadrant |
|
|
Term
| Humans have how many organ systems? |
|
Definition
11
ex: skeletal, muscular, nervous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memorize trachea, heart, lungs, thymus, diaphragm, liver, gall bladder, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, large intestine, cecum, kidneys, urinary bladder, umbilical vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-composed of a double layer of phospholipids
-selectively permeable barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having an aversion to water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contains the cell's genes
-nuclear envelope encases the nucleus, made of a lipid bilayer
-nucleolus located in the center of the nucleus
-contains nucleoplasm and chromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-made of RNA and protein
-carry out protein synthesis in the cytosol and on the outside of the rough ER |
|
|
Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
|
Definition
-accounts for more than half of the total membrane
- er membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope
- smooth er lacks ribosomes
-rough er has ribosomes on its surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-synthesizes lipids
-metabolizes carbohydrates
-detoxifies poison and alcohol
- stores calcium |
|
|
Term
| functions of the rough er |
|
Definition
- distributes transport vehicles
- membrane factory for the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
- modifies products of er
- manufactures certain macromolecules
- sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules
- can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cellular eating
- a lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
- lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules, this is called autophagy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sites of cellular respiration. generates ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are paired and found in the centrosome. facilitates assembly and disassemble of microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a- endoplasmic reticulum (er)
b- flagellum
c- rough er
d- smooth er
e- nuclear envelope
f- nucleolus
g- chromatin
h- nucleus
i- centrosome
j- plasma membrane
k- cytoskeleton
l- ribosomes
m- golgi apparatus
n- lysosome
o- mitochondrion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| houses the ocular lens (10x) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rotates to allow use of a particular objective lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have lenses of varying magnifications
- 4x: scanning objective
- 10x: low power
- 40x: high power
- 100x: oil immersion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds microscope slide for viewing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow movement of alide while viewing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| illuminates object of slide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates the amount of light transmitted through the object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for focusing the image under low magnification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sharpens the image under high magnification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects the eye piece and the nose piece |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the supporting structures of the microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) body tube
2) nose piece
3) objective lens 4x
4) objective lens 10x
5) objective lens 100x
6) stage clips
7) condenser
8) light source
9) eye piece
10) arm
11) stage
12) coarse adjustment knob
13) fine adjustment knob
14) base |
|
|
Term
| equation for total magnification |
|
Definition
| ocular lens * objective lens |
|
|
Term
| the image orientation on the slide seen through the lens |
|
Definition
| is reverse of the specimen |
|
|
Term
| is the working distance and the field of view inversely proportional to the length of the objective lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduction of sex cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mitosis, nuclear division, cytokinesis, cytoplasmic division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 90% of the cell cycle
- g1 phase: organelles and cytoplasmic components duplicate, replication of centrosome begins
- s phase: DNA replication
- g2: continuation of cell growth, completion of centrosome duplication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- first stage of mitosis
- chromosomes condense and become visible
- nuclear membrane breaks down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - spindle fibers line up chromosomes at cell's equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
- microtubules push poles apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- one set of chromosomes reachees each pole
- nuclear envelopes
- spindle microtubules begin to dissolve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cell divides into two
- each cell receives a nucleus and half of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| cell cycle control system |
|
Definition
| a clock directing the sequential events of the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a cell does not receive the go-ahead to move onto the next phase of cell division, they switch into a nondividing state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous |
|
|
Term
| epithelial tissue functions |
|
Definition
- protection
- secretion
- sensory reception
- absorption
- filtration |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of epithelial tissue |
|
Definition
- very little extracellular matrix
- avascular
-high capacity to regenerate |
|
|
Term
| difference between simple and stratified |
|
Definition
| simple has one layer of cells, stratified has more than one layer |
|
|
Term
| 3 cell shapes, 2 special shapes |
|
Definition
-squamous, cuboidal, columnar
- pseudostratified columnar, transitional |
|
|
Term
simple squamous epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
- single layer of flattened cells with a bulge where the nucleus is
- located in the alveoli of the lungs
- lining of all blood vessels
- can be karatinized and non keratinized |
|
|
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
- single layer of square or round cells
- central spherical nuclei
- located in the salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| simple columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
- single layer of tall, narrow cells
- oval shaped nuclei, located in the bottom half of the cell
- microvilli and cilia occasionally present
- secrete a lubricating mucus
- located in the inner lining of the intestines |
|
|
Term
stratified squamous epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
- multiple layers of cells
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium lacks layers of dead cells
located in the lining of the esophagus |
|
|
Term
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
- has layers of dead cells lacking a nuclei and packed with keratin
- located in the epidermis, palms and soles of the feet. |
|
|
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
- 2 or more layers of cuboidal cells
located in the ovarian follicle |
|
|
Term
stratified columnar epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
- rare
- often seen where 2 other tissue types
- located in the male urethra |
|
|
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
- appears multi-layered but is not
- cells often have cilia
- located in the respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
transitional epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
- some cells are binucleate
- located in the urinary tract, ureters |
|
|
Term
| Functions of connective tissue |
|
Definition
- binding of organs
- support
- physical protection
- immune protection
- movement
- storage
- heat production
- transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- collagen
- elastin
- reticular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- connective tissue
- cartilage
- blood
- bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- loose (areolar)
- dense regular collangenous
- dense irregular
- reticular
- adipose tissue
- dense regular elastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dense regular collangenous
- dense irregular collangenous
- dense regular elastic |
|
|
Term
dense regular collangenous
[image] |
|
Definition
- densely packed, parallel and wavy collangenous fibers
- little ground substance
- resists pulling forces at attachment points
- few blood vessels
located in the tendons and ligaments |
|
|
Term
dense irregular collangenous ct
[image] |
|
Definition
- densely packed collagenous fibers running in random directions
- scanty open space
- resist pulling forces from many directions
- located in the reticular layer of the dermis |
|
|
Term
dense regular elastic ct
[image] |
|
Definition
- slender fibroblast nuclei compressed between bundles of collangenous fibers
- little ground substance
- enable recoiling
- located in the lungs, aorta, and bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- loose areolar
- reticular
- adipose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- loose arrangement of collangenous and elastic fibers
- abundant ground substance
- binds epithelia to underlying tissues
- surrounds blood vessels and nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- loose network or reticular fibers and reticular cells
- numerous wbc's
-forms support
- lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dominated by adipocytes
- stores fat for fuel and thermal insulation
- located in the breast, subcutaneous layer beneath the skin and it cushions organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- supportive and flexible
- cells are called chondroblasts and are trapped in cavities called lacunae
- once in a lacunae, cells are called chondrocytes
- avascular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- clear, glassy, stained light blue or pink
- collagenous fibers not usually visible
- forms thin articular cartilage over the ends of bones at moveable joints
- located in the larynx, trachea, and sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- elastic fibers form a weblike mesh amid lacunae
- always covered by perichondrium
- located in the external ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- weight bearing
- parallel collaagenous fibers similar to a tendon
- located in the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- supporting connective tissue
- compact and spongy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - composed of wbc, rbc, platelets, and plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-highly vascularized
- elongated fibers
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- works to move sustances
- located in the digestive tract, stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- located in the wall of the heart
- cells are connected by intercalated disks which help conduct electric signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves
divided into cns and pns
- neurons
- neuroglia |
|
|
Term
| layers of the skin (integument) |
|
Definition
- epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous layer (doesn't necessarily count) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a) epidermis
b) dermis
c) hypodermis
d) papillary layer
e) reticular layer
f) hair follicle
g) loose areolar connective tissue
h) sensory nerve fiber
I) adipose connective tissue
j) eccrine sweat gland
k) sebaceous gland
l) arrector pili
m) dermal papillae |
|
|
Term
| 2 main layers of the skin |
|
Definition
- epidermis, 4-5 layers of epithelial cells
- dermis, fibrous connective tissue, contains blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- epidermis is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
- keratinocytes (90% of cells)
- melanocytes (8% of cells)
- langerhans cells (immune system)
- merkel cells (deepest layer of cell, touch receptors, pacinian deep pressure and vibration, meissners fine touch)
- think skin
- thick skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- found in soles of feet and palms of hands
- 5 layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- found everywhere
- 4 layers (lacks stratum lucidum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- deepest of epidermal layer
- single row of stem cells
- undergo rapid division to form keratinocytes
- journey from basal layer to surface takes 25-45 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - keratinization begins here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 3 - 5 cell layers
- works as the water proofing layer of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- only found in thick skin
- thin, and transparent
- a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-- 20-30 rows of flat keratinized sacs
- protects from abrasion, penetration, waterproofing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- strong, flixible fibrous connective tissue
- divided into papillary and reticular layers
- papilary is only 20% of the dermis made of loose areolar connective tissue, contains the dermal papillae, heavy amounts of blood vessels, contains meissners sensory receptors
- reticular layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue, most flexible layer due to the elastin, houses sweat glands and oil glands and pressure receptors (pacinian corpuscles) and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sweat glands
- oil glands
- hair and hair follicles
- nails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - abundant of palms and soles, forehead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produce sebum into hair follicles
- ceruminous glands in the external ear canal produce cerumen (ear wax)
mammary glands produce milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- become active at puberty
- most develop from hair follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- consists of dead keratinized cells
- hair pigments, melanins, gray/white hair formed from lack of melanin production and increases air bubbles in shaft
- two parts: shaft and root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- shaft (projects from skin surface)
- root ( extends into the dermis)
follicle (surrounds hair root and formed in epidermal layers)
bulb (contains papilla and blood vessels)
arrector pili (bundle of smooth muscle, contracts to produce goose bumps)
cuticle (outer layer of hair, flat dead keratinized cells)
medulla (inner layer)
shape of cs indicates : curly - flat in cross section, wzvy - oval, smooth - round |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- nail body (visible part), free edge - extends beyond digit, root - within fold of skin
- lunula, crescent - shaped area of the nail distal to nail root
- cuticle, thickened epithelial tissue along the proximal border of the nail body
- hyponychium (nail bed), deep to the edge and attaches the nail to the finger tip
- nail matrix, epithelial tissue deep to the nail root, divides and produces new cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- long, longer than they are wide
- short, cube-shaped
- flat, thin, flat, slightly curved
- irregular, complicated shapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- makes up the shaft of long bones and external layer of all bones
- resists stress
- osteon structural unit: - lamellae, central haversian canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentric rings (lamellae) of calcified matrix surrounding a vertically oriented blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in spaces called lacunae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
communicate through canaliculi filled with extracellular fluid that connect one cell to the next cell
- interstitial lamellae represent older osteons that have been partially removed during tissue remodeling |
|
|
Term
perforating (volkmann's) canals
[image] |
|
Definition
at right angles to the central canal
- connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small cavities that contain osteocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal |
|
|
Term
| microscopic anatomy of bone: spongy bone |
|
Definition
trabeculae:
- lattice work of thin plates of bone
- no osteons
- contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes and canaliculi
- spaces in between these sturts are filled with bone marrow where blood develop
- found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- diaphysis: long axis of bone
- medullary cavity: contains yellow marrow
- epiphyses: bone ends, extremities
- periosteum: double membrane that covers and protects the diaphysis
- endosteum: thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
- articular cartilage: cushions the bone ends and absorbs stress during movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2) spongy bone
4) medullary cavity
5) endosteum
6) periosteum
7) epiphyseal lines
8) proximal epiphysis
9) diaphysis
10) distal epiphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - serve as attachment sites for muscles, ligaments, and tendons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- tuberosity: rounded projection
- crest: narrow, prominent ridge
- trochander: large, blunt, irregular surface
- line: narrow ridge of bone
- tubercle: small rounded projection
- epicondyle: raised area above a condyle
- spine: sharp slender projection
- process: any bony prominence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the skull's two bone sets |
|
Definition
- cranial bones: 8 bones, enclose the brain in cranial cavity, provide sites of attachment for jaw, neck and facial muscles
- facial bones: framework of face, protection for sense organs for sight taste and smell, openings for air and food passage, sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- frontal bone
- parietal bone: 2
- occipital bone
- temporal bone: 2
- sphenoid bone
- ethmoid bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
facial bones-
- mandible
- maxillary bones: 2
- zygomatic bones: 2
- nasal bones: 2
- lacrimal bones: 2
- palatines bones: 2
- vomer
- inferior nasal conchae: 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs
- surrounds and protects spinal cord
- contains 26 irregular bones:
- cervical vertebrae: 7, vertebrae of neck
- throacic vertebrae: 12, thracic cage
- lumbar vertebrae: 5, lower back
- sacrum: bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae
- coccyx: terminus of vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| vertebral column curvatures |
|
Definition
- posteriorly concave: cervical, lumbar
- posteriorly convex: thoracic and sacral
- abnormal: scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- permits movements of the vertebral column
- cushionlike pas composed of:
- nucleus pulposus
- anulus fibrosus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of:
- thoracic vertebrae
- sternum
- ribs and their costal cartilages
functions
- protects vital organs
- supports upper limbs
- provides attachment sites for muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
three fused bones
- manubrium: articulates with clavicles and ribs 1 and 2
- body: articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2-7
- xiphoid process: site of muscle attachment and not ossified until age 40 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 12 pairs
- attach to thoracic vertebrae
- pairs 1-7 are true ribs and attach to the sternum
- pairs 8-10: false ribs and attach indirectly to sternum
- pairs 11-12: false, no attachment to sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pectoral girdle and upper extremity |
|
Definition
- pectoral girdle attaches to bones of the upper limb to the axial skeleton
- consists of two bones called clavicle and scapula
- upper extremity has bones of the arm, wrist and hand |
|
|
Term
| bones os the upper extremity |
|
Definition
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals (8)
- metacarpals (5)
- phalanges (14) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- pelvic girdle
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- patella
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hole for passage of blood vessels. nerves, or ligaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| furrow on a bone for passage of blood vessel, nerve or tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rounded projection with a smooth articular surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface |
|
|
