Term
| Functions of the skeletal system |
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Definition
-support
-movement
-protection (skull, ribcage)
-blood production
-electrolyte balance (calcium stores)
-acid-base balance (absorbs or releases alkaline salts)
-detox (absorbs heavy metals) |
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Term
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Definition
-long
-short
-flat
-irregular
-sesamoid
-sutural |
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Definition
-have diapysis and epiphysis
-ex: humerus |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| anomaly bone within a suture |
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Definition
dense/hard bone
-no marrow
-made up of osteons, which are made up of lamellae |
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Term
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Definition
-shaft of long bone
-lined with endosteum (lining made of osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
-inside is the marrow cavity (yellow bone marrow) |
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Definition
-ends of long bones
-covered with articular cartilage
-contains epiphyseal plate
-has spongy bone (for cushioning on impact) and red marrow inside |
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Term
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Definition
outer coating on bone
-isolates and protects bone from surrounding tissues
-attachment for vessels and nerves
-involved in bone growth and repair
-fibers interwoven with tendons (Sharpey fibers) and extend into bone matrix |
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Term
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Definition
-fibers that bind muscle to bone (tendons)
-perforate periosteum |
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Term
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Definition
internal surface of bone
-lined with osteocytes and osteoblasts for remodeling |
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Definition
| inorganic compounds like calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and other elements |
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Term
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Definition
| there are collagen fibers in the matric |
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Definition
-osteoprogenitor cells
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts |
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Definition
-stem cells
-multiply continually
-mostly differentiate into osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
build bone (secrete matrix and mineralize bone)
-non-mature cells
-rows in endosteum and periosteum |
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Term
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Definition
-mature bone cells
-live in lacunae - connected to each other viz canaliculi |
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Term
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Definition
-dissolve matrix through HCL
-for remodeling or if Calcium is needed elsewhere |
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Definition
thin plates
-oriented up and down for compression
-oriented across tension lines to bear bending forces |
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Definition
| lattice of trabeculae and spicules to make strong but lightweight and impact absorbing bone |
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Term
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Definition
the concentric circles (lamellae) that are all supplied nutrients from the same central canal
-contains lamellae, lacunae, canaliculae |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
-make cartilage, then convert it to bone
STEPS:
-begins with perichondrium case with hyaline cartilage in the middle
-bony collar forms on sides with enlarged cells in primary ossification center (diaphysis)
-vascular invasion - primary marrow cavity forms, enlarged cells in secondary ossification centers (epiphyses)
-cartilage area between epiphysis and diaphysis form (growth plate)
-epiphyseal plate ossifies for adult bone |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
in skull and clavicle
-osteoblasts in fibrous membrane secrete matrix
-matrix mineralizes |
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Definition
| allow for bone elongation |
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Definition
osteoblasts build bone
-osteoclasts break down old tissue |
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Term
| PTH (parathyroid hormone) |
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Definition
-secreted in response to drop in blood calcium levels
-stimulates osteoblasts which stimulate osteoclasts
-purpose is to increase calcium in blood |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by thyroid
-promotes osteoblasts (bone building) |
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Term
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Definition
-open/displaced
-greenstick
-comminuted
-linear
-transverse
-oblique
-spiral |
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Term
| steps to bone fracture repair |
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Definition
-hematoma formation
-formation of fibrocartilagenous soft callus
-bony/hard callus formation - osteoblasts deposit temporary bony collar to unite bone fragments for ossification
-remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
| low bone density (still within normal range) |
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Term
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Definition
| bone density is below normal range |
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Definition
| long bones of limbs stop growing in childhood |
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Definition
soft bone occurs with low vitamin D and/or calcium in diet
-legs bow outward |
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Definition
| 2 bones joined by fibrocartilage (pubis; vertebrae) |
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Definition
| joint bound by hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal growth plate - joint between epiphysis and diaphysis) |
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Term
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Definition
AKA synarthrosis
-collagen fibers from matrix of one bone cross joint to bind into matrix of other bone
-found in sutures, gomphoses and syndemoses |
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Term
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Definition
immobile (or very slightly mobile) fibrous joints
-SKULL
-serrate, lap/squamous and plane/butt |
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Term
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Definition
like nail hammered into wood
-TEETH
-allows for sensation of pressure with periodontal ligament |
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Term
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Definition
called diarthroses
most movement
-contain articular capsule, articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage), synovial fluid, meniscus, fat pads, articular discs, bursae |
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Term
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Definition
sysnostosis
-epiphyseal plates fuse |
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Term
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Definition
-fibrous capsule - dense outer layer that retains fluid
-synovial membrane - inner layer contains fibroblasts which make synovial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| -hyaline cartilage at both ends reduces friction and aborbs shock, matrix that aborbs and releases fluid like a sponge |
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Definition
-created by fibroblasts
-provides lubrication
-nourishment for chondrocytes of articular cartilage
-shock absorber |
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Definition
in knee
-absorb shock/pressure
-improve fit to stablize joint and reduce chance of dislocation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fluid flilled fibrous sac that protects tendons from getting pinched in joints |
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Definition
in knee
-ligaments inside joint that cross from one side to another to prevent displacement of femur and tibia |
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Term
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Definition
separate synovial joint into two separate cavities
-jaw and clavicle |
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Term
| movements possible at synovial joints (16) |
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Definition
-flexion
-extension
-abduction
-adduction
-circumduction
-rotation
-inversion
-eversion
-plantarflexion
-dorsiflexion
-elevation
-depression
-protraction
-retraction
-pronation
-supination |
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Definition
| prevents hyperextension of knee |
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Definition
| prevents femur from slipping off front of tibia |
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Term
| classification of synovial joints (6) |
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Definition
-hinge
-gliding
-pivot
-condyloid (ellipsoid)
-saddle
-ball and socket |
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Term
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Definition
| angular movement in single plane (flexion and extension) |
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Term
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Definition
two flat or slightly curved bones gliding against each other
-carpals, tarsals, vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
-permit rotation - projection of one bone fits into the other
-atlas/axis; proximal radioulnar |
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Term
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Definition
lots of movement in many directions
-thumb |
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Term
| condyloid/ellipsoid joint |
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Definition
oval surface meets with depression on opposite bone
-fingers move laterally or flex over plam |
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Term
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Definition
-round head in cup shaped holder
-hip and shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
-from wear and tear
-bone spurs develop where cartilage wears away
-painful but not generally immobilizing |
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Term
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Definition
autoimmune
-erosion of cartilage and bone promotes abnormal bone remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
disc gets out of whack/bulging
-can pinch nerves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-movement
-stability
-openings (sphincters)
-heat production
-glycemic control (glucose balance in body) |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds each muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of muscle fascicles |
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Term
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Definition
| separates different muscles from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| anchors, provides stability |
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Term
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Definition
| opposes prime mover - slows movement |
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Definition
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Definition
| provides most of the force for a movement |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| 5 rules of skeletal muscle activity |
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Definition
-muscles cross 1+ joints (usually)
-bulk of muscle is proximal to joint
-2+ attachments (origin and insertion)
-muscles pull (cannot push)
-insertion moves towards origin during contraction |
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Term
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Definition
-more stationary end
-usually proximal |
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Term
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Definition
-mobile end
-usually distal |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane around muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasm in a muscle fiber/muscle cell |
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Term
| muscle fibers/cells are made up of |
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Definition
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Term
| myofibrils are made up of |
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Definition
| myofilaments which create the bands |
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Term
| muscle parts in increasing size |
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Definition
myofilaments
-myofibrils
-muscle fiber (cell)
-muscle fascicle
-muscle |
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Term
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Definition
created by myofilaments
-I band = light band
-A band = dark band |
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Term
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Definition
| contractile unit of muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| made of troponin, tropomyosin, g actin |
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Term
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Definition
made of myosin
-have heads |
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Term
| long fibers in myofilaments |
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Definition
-tropomyosin - thin
-myosin - thick |
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Term
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Definition
| has binding sites for myosin called active site |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to calcium to change shape, move tropomyosin so it can bind to myosin and move muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| covers active sites on G actin until troponin is activated with calcium to move it |
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Term
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Definition
| middle of myosin filament where there are no heads (H band) |
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Term
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Definition
-synaptic knob
-synaptic cleft
-synaptic vescicles
-acetylcholine receptors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
all the muscle fibers innervated by one neuron (4-thousands)
-either ALL fast twitch OR ALL slow twitch |
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Term
| sliding filament theory of contraction |
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Definition
acetylcholine comes through synaptic vesicles into synaptic cleft
-ACh is received by ACh receptors on sarcolemma
-T-tubules allow ACh to flow through sacroplasm
-excitation of t-tubules stimulates sacroplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+
-Ca2+ binds to troponin to move tropomyosin on thin filament
-myosin (thick) binds to actin (thin)
-myosin heads move to contract the muscle fiber
-ACh stops flowing and Ca2+ is reabsorbed by sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
muscle fibers that respond and tire quickly
-white meat (low vascularization)
-sprinters
-fast glycolytic |
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Term
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Definition
-respond slowly and tire slowly
-dark meat - myoglobin transports O2 (red)
-marathon runners |
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Term
| muscles contain both fast and slow twitch fibers BUT |
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Definition
| they are separated out by motor unit |
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Term
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Definition
-no striations bc thick and thin filaments are not parallel
-no t-tubules
-can do mitosis (uterus needs to grow)
-no direct innervation from neuron
-maintains tone
-low energy requirements |
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Term
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Definition
-only one nucleus per muscle
-rich in glycogen (stores sugar) and myoglobin (transports O2)
-large mitochondria
-resistant to fatigue
-intercalated discs (gap junctions) |
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Term
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Definition
fulcrum
effort
load
EX: biceps brachii |
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Term
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Definition
fulcrum
load
effort
EX: calf muscles |
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Term
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Definition
load
fulcrum
effort
EX: holding up head w traps |
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Term
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Definition
-fulcrum
-effort
-resistance |
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Term
| organization of nervous system |
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Definition
CNS: spinal cord AND brain
PNS: sensory (afferent - arrive) AND motor (efferent - exit)
sensory: visceral sensory AND somatic sensory
motor: visceral motor AND somatic motor
visceral motor: sympathetic AND parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
exiting
motor
-begin in CNS and end in muscle |
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Term
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Definition
arriving
sensory
begin anywhere in the body, but end in CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of nervous system |
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Definition
-movement stimulation
-maintains homeostasis
-receives information |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of nerve fibers in PNS |
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Definition
-entirely within CNS
-receive signals and make decisions about bodily responses to stimuli
-make up 90 % of nerves |
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Term
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Definition
-excitable - receive stimuli
-conductive - pass electrical signals through plasma membrane
-secrete - neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
-star shaped
-most abundant glial cells in CNS
-brace neurons
-form barrier between capilaries and neurons
-control chemical environment of brain |
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Term
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Definition
have up to 15 arms
-produces myelin sheath in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| supportive cells within the nervous system (not neurons) |
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Term
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Definition
| spider-like phagocytes in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
line cavities of CNS
-produce cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| form myelin sheath in PNS |
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Term
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Definition
surround cell bodies in PNS
-provide electrical insulation and chemical regulation of environment |
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Term
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Definition
| one axon, many dendrites branching off of cell body |
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Term
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Definition
one axon branching off of cell body which then branches like a T to form dendrites and terminal ends
-usually found in afferent spinal cord neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| one axon, cell body, one dendrite |
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Term
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Definition
| insulating layer around a nerve fiber |
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Definition
| speeds electrical signal travel |
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Definition
| disrupts nerve function (like MS) |
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Term
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Definition
-unmyeliated nerve cells
-cell bodies
-neuroglia
-dendrites of interneurons and motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
-myelinated - fat is white
OR non-myelinated
-motor, sensory or interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
| spaces between sections of myelination |
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Term
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Definition
| change in charge that travels as a wave along the membrane of a neuron |
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Term
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Definition
Na+ outside cell membrane
K+ ions inside membrane
inside is mostly negative |
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Term
| initiation of neuron impulse |
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Definition
| stimulus of adequate strength (above threshold) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus depolarizes membrane allowing Na+ to flow in initiating an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane returns to negative potential through sodium potassium pump which puts them back to initial places - requires ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum level of stimulus needed to produce action potential |
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Term
| how do impulses cross synapses to next neuron |
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Definition
neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft from vesicle
-then binds to receiving neuron's membrane |
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Term
| how does action potential end? |
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Definition
| when neurotransmitter is broken down, Na+ channels close |
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Term
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Definition
too much - schizophrenia
too little - parkinsons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extra nerves in cervical area of spinal cord to innervate upper limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| extra nerves in lumbar area of spinal cord to innervate lower limbs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tough fibrous outermost layer
-between epidural and subdural space
covers brain and divides R and L sections |
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Term
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Definition
simple squamous epithelium
-network of collagen and elastin fibers
-subarachnoid space has trabeculae as scaffolding - contains CSF |
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Term
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Definition
delicate innermost meningial layer
-contains blood vessels
-bound firmly to brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| between dura mater and bone |
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Term
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Definition
| between dura mater and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| draws CSF from subarachnoid space |
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Term
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Definition
31 total
-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal |
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Term
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Definition
motor
-front of spine
-has rootlets (6-8) that connect it to spinal cord |
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Definition
sensory
-back of spine
-has rootlets (6-8) that connect it to spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| bottom of spinal cord around L1 |
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Definition
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Definition
| innervates lateral and anterior skin, muscles and limbs |
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Term
| dorsal horns of gray matter in spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| ventral horns of gray matter in spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| region on the skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve |
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Definition
| thin loose connective tissue surrounding nerve fiber |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| tangle/interweaving of nerves |
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Term
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Definition
-cranial (C1-C5)
-brachial (C5-T1)
-lumbar (T12-L4)
-sacral (L4-S1) |
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Term
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Definition
in cranial plexus
-innervates diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
in brachial plexus
-tingling in arm if held up too long |
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Term
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Definition
in brachial plexus
-funny bone |
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Term
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Definition
in brachial plexus
-carpal tunnel |
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Term
| lateral femoral cutaneous nerve |
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Definition
in lumbar plexus
-anterior thigh becomes numb or painful |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-somatic receptors register stimulus
-afferent nerve fibers carry message to dorsal horn of spinal cord
-integrating center in spinal cord or brainstem issue signal
-efferent nerve carry motor impulse to skeletal muscle |
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