- support body weight

- locomotion

- support body weight

- locomotion

- from the spinal column to the lower limb (via pelvic girdle)

- from the femur to the knee to the tibia to the ankle to the foot

- gap between the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone

- greater sciatic foramen

- lesster sciatic foramen

- obturator canal

- ilium

- ischium

- pubis

- superior and largest part of hip

- body joins the two ishium and pubis

- ala (wing) and it's border (the iliac crest)

- anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

- anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

- posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

- ishial spine

- ischial tuberosity

- forms the anterio-medial part of the hip bone

- two pubic bones articulate at the pubic symphysis

- pubic crest

- acetabulum

- obturator foramen

- cup-like socket on the lateral part of the hip bone

- articulates with the head of the femur

- average is 130 degrees 

- in younger children the angle is >130

- angle in old individuals is <130 (causes strain on head)

- "ankle bone"

- mostly covered with cartilage

- no muscle attachment

- rests on 2/3 of the calc

- "heel bone"

- largest and strongest foot bone

- transmits most of body weight from talus to ground

- "little ship"

- articulates with talus and cuneiforms

- >130 degrees

- longer limb

- back bending

- <130 degrees

- shorter leg

- limping

-flexion/extension

- abduction/adduction

- medial/lateral rotation

- circumduction

- MCL

- LCL

- PCL

- ACL

- patellar

- flexion/extension

- medial/lateral rotation

- dorsiflexion (extension)

- plantarflexion

- same muscle tension, change in muscle length

- concentric/eccentric

- tendons

- bones

- ligaments

- muscles

- fat

- medical conditions

1.) heel strike (initial contact)

2.) flat foot (loading response)

3.) midstance

4.) heel off (terminal stance)

5.) toe off (preswing)

- body weight is supported

- pelvis and foot are stabilized

1.) initial (toe off)

2.) mid-swing (leg length is shortened)

3.) heel strike (terminal swing)

- flexed at heel strike

- extended at toe-off

- some rotation

- balanced by muscles during stance phase

- dorsiflexed at heel strike

- ankle gradually plantarflexes until heel off

- extended at beginning, flexed at end

- some rotation

- pelvis is balanced by musles

- initially extended

- flexed to shorten the limb and allow swing

- extended at end for heel strike

- plantarflexed initially (at heel off)

- dorsiflexed at heel strike

- between the ischial tuberosity and sacrum

- greater sciatic foramen

- between the spine of the ischium and sacrum

- lesser sciatic foramen

O: ilium

I: lesser trochanter

M: hip flexor

O: lumbar vertebrae

I: lesser trochanter

- hip flexor

- illicus

- psoas

O: ilium and sacrum

I: lateral femur and IT band

M: hip extensor & lateral rotator

O: ilium

I: greater trochanter

M: hip abductor (pelvis leveler)

O: ilium

I: greater trochanter

M: hip abductor (pelvis leveler)

O: ilium

I: iliotibial tract of fasciae latae

M: stabilizer of knee extension

O: sacrum

I: greater trochanter

M: hip lateral rotation

O: ischium

I: greater trochanter

M: hip lateral rotation

O: pelvis

I: greater trochanter

M: hip lateral rotation

O: ischium

I: proximal femur

M: hip lateral rotation

- superior to the piriformis

- Superficial branch: deep to glut max, supplies glut max

- Deep branch: between glud med and min, supplies glut med and min and TFL

- inferior to piriformis

- supplies glut max, piriformis, and quad femoris

L: under the inguinal ligament

S: anterior compartment of the thigh 

L: through the obturator foramen

S: medial compartment of the thigh

L: runs through the greater sciatic foramen, superior to piriformis

S: glut med and min, TFL

L: runs through greater sciatic foramen, inferior to piriformis

S: glut max

L: runs through the greater sciatic foramen, inferior to piriformis

S: posterior compartment of thigh

- obuturator internus

- superior gemellus

- inferior gemellus

- quadratus femoris

O: greater trochanter

I: tibial tuberosity

M: knee extension

O: proximal femur

I: tibial tuberosity

M: knee extension

O: shaft of femur

I: tibial tuberosity

M: knee extension

O: AIIS

I: tibial tuberosity

M: knee extensor and hip flexor

O: ASIS

I: medial proximal tibia

M: knee and hip flexor

- vastus lateralis

- vastus medialis

- vastus intermedius

- rectus femoris

- sartorius

O: pubis

I: medial proximal tibia

M: knee flexor and hip adductor

O: pubis

I: femur

M: adductor and flexor of hip

O: pubis

I: middle 1/3 of the linea aspera

M: hip adductor

O: margins of obturator foramen and membrane

I: trochanteris fossa of femur

M: lateral rotator of hip (also holds head of femur in acetabulum)

O: pubis

I: proximal linea aspera

F: adducts hip

O:

- adductor part: ischiopubic ramus

- hamstring part: ischial tuberosity

I: entire length of femur to medial epicondyle

- adducts hip

O: ischial tuberosity

I: medial condyle of tibia

M: knee flexor and hip extensor

O: ischial tuberosity

I: medial condyle of the tibia

M: knee flexor and hip extensor

O:

- long head: ischial tuberosity

- short head: linea aspera

I: head of fib

M: knee flexion and lateral rotation, hip extensor and lateral rotator

S to D: semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis

- make the "goose foot"

- external iliac artery

- femoral artery

- adductor magnus

- hamstrings

- vastus lateralis

- head and neck of femur

(anastamose with lateral circumflex)

"lateral" muscles of thigh

(anastamose with medial circumflex)

- deep femoral artery

- perforating branches of the femoral artery

- medial and lateral circumflex arteries

- adductor brevis

- obturator externus

- pectineus

- gracilis

L: through the greater sciatic foramen, inferior to piriformis

S: posterior compartment of thigh

- lateral femoral cutaneous

- saphenous nerve

- anterior femoral cutaneous

- from L2 and L3

- sensory function in thigh

L: under sartorius, above adductor canal

S: anterior compartment of thigh

- sensory function in thigh

S: anterior compartment of thigh

- sensory function to thigh

- inguinal ligament

- sartorius

- adductor longus

L to M:

- femoral nerve

- femoral artery

- femoral vein

- lymphatics

- Femoral VAN runs into it

- Goes from apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus

- between the sartorius and adductor longus/magnus

- tibialis anterior

- extensor hallicus longus

- extensor digitorum longus

- fibularis terius

- fibularis longus

- fibularis brevis

- gastrocnemius

- soleus

- plantaris

- popliteus

- flexor hallucis longus

- flexor digitorum longus

- tibialis posterior

O: proximal anterior tibia

I: tarsal bone (medial cuneiform)

M: dorsiflexion and inversion

O: medial anterior shaft of fibula

I: distal phallanx of the hallucis

M: big toe extensor, dorsiflexor

O: proximal anterior tibia and fibula

I: distal phallanx of toes 2-5

M: extensor of toes 2-5, dorsiflexor

O: inferior anterior fibula

I: styloid of the 5th

M: dorsiflexion and eversion

O: head and lateral proximal shaft of the fibula

I: 5th metatarsal

M: eversion

O: lateral fibula

I: 5th metatarsal

M: eversion

O: 

- medial head: posterior distal femur

- lateral head: lateral epicondyle of femur

I: calcaneal tendon

M: knee flexion and plantarflexion

O: proximal posterior tibia and fibula

I: calcaneal tendon

M: plantarflexion

O: distal femur

I: calcaneal tendon

M: weak plantarflexion

O: lateral epicondyle of the femur

I: posterior tibia

M: rotate femur on fixed tibia (locked knee)

O: inferior posterior fibula

I: base of the distal phallanx of the hallux

M: weak plantarflexion and hallux flexion

O: posterior tibia, fibula

I: base of 2-5 distal phalanges

M: 2-5 flexion and plantarflexion

O: posterior tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane

I: base of tarsals and metatarsals

M: plantarflexion and inversion

- anterior to posterior order

- Tibialis posterior

- flexor Digitorum longus

- posterior tibial Artery

- tibial Nerve

- flexor Hallucis longus

L: through the popliteal fossa

S: posterior compartment of the leg

D: deep and superficial

L: winds around the head of the fibula and divides

S:

- deep: anterior compartment

- superficial: lateral compartment

SENSORY

L: with small saphenous vein

S: calf

SENSORY

L: branches from femoral nerve

S: medial side of the anterior and posterior leg

Medial side:

- medial head of gastroc

- semitendin/membranosus

Lateral side:

- lateral head of gastroc

-  long head of biceps femoris

- tibial nerve

- popliteal artery

- popliteal nerve

- plantaris

- popliteus (floor)

- subtaler

- transverse talar (talcalcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid)

- tarsometatarsal

- metatarsophalangeal

- interphalangeal joints

- lever

- propels the body forward

- medial longitudinal

- lateral longitudinal

- transverse

- medial

- lateral

- passage of tendons and muscle bellies

- weight distribution

- anterior

- posterior

- extensor digitorum brevis

- extensor hallucis brevis

O: calcaneus

I: proximal phalanges of 2-4

M: extension of toes 2-4

O: calcaneus

I: proximal phalanx of big toe

M: extension of MP joint of big toe

- abductor hallucis

- abductor digiti minimi

- flexor digitorum brevis

O: calcaneal tuberosity

I: proximal phalanx of the toe

M: abductor of big toe at MP, flexor of big toe

O: calcaneal tubserosity

I: proximal phalanx of toe 5

M: abductor of toe 5

O: calcaneal tuberosity

I: middle phalanges of toes 2-5

M: flexor of toes 2-5 at PIP

- quadratus plantae

- 4 lumbricals

O: calcaneal tuberosity

I: tendons of flexor digitorum longus

M: assist FDL to flex toes 2-5

O: tendons of FDL

I: tendons of FDL

M: flexor of MP joint, extensor of PIP joint

- flexor hallucis brevis

- flexor digiti minimi brevis

- adductor hallucis

O: cuboid and lateral cuneiform

I: proximal phalanx of big toe

M: big toe flexor

O: 5th metatarsal

I: proximal phalanx of 5th tow

M: flexor of 5th toe

O:

- transverse head: MP joint ligaments

- oblique hear: metatarsals

I: proximal phalanx of big toe

M: adductor of big toe

- planter interossei

- dorsal interossei

O: medial side of metatarsals of toes 3-5

I: proximal phalanges of toes 3-5

M: adduction of toes 3-5

O: sides of metatarsals 2-5

I: proximal phalanges of toes 2-4

M: abduction of toes 2-4

- extensor digitorum longus

- extensor hallucis longus

- flexor digitorum longus

- flexor hallucis longus

W: dorsal compartment

S: muscles on dorsum of foot

- medial plantar artery

- lateral plantar artery

W: planter compartment

S: medial side of foot, muscles of big toe (except adductor hallucis)

W: plantar compartment

S: lateral side of foot, muscles of deep layer

- motor

- dorsal compartment

- supplies: extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis

- motor

- plantar compartment

- supplies: abductor hallucis, flexor digitorm brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, first lumbrical

- motor

- plantar compartment

- supplies: quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, plantar and dorsal interossei, adductor hallucis, lateral three lumbricals

- dorsal

- supplies skin on distal dorsum of first 3.5 toes

- dorsal

- supplies skin on distal dorsum of last 1.5 toes

- dorsal

- supplies skin between big toe and second toe

- dorsal

 - supplies most of the dorsum of the foot

- dorsal

- supplies lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot

- plantar

- supplies skin on medial side of sole and first 3.5 toes

- plantar

- supplies skin on lateral side of sole and last 1.5 toes

- plantar

- supplies heel

- between sacrum and ilium

- superior to the greater sciatic foramen

- between sacrum and ilium

- superior to the anterior sacroiliac ligament

- ligament of head of femur

- iliofemoral ligament

- pubofemoral ligament

- ishiofemoral ligament

- pubis to femur

- blends with the iliofemoral

- keeps head of femur in contact with acetabulum

- makes it deeper

- obturator a.

- lateral circumflex femoral a.

- medial circumflex femoral a.

- patellar ligament

- MCL/TCL

- LCL/FCL

- PCL

- ACL

- medial collateral lig/tibial collateral lig

- medial epicondyle of femur to medial aspect of tibia

- next to pes anserine

- attached to medial meniscus

- lateral collateral lig/fibular collateral lig

- from lateral epicondyle of femur to head of the fibula

- posterior cruciate ligament

- anterior femur to posterior tibia

- anterior cruciate ligament

- posterior femur to anterior tibia

- weakest cruciate

- ball and socket

- synovial

- hinge

- synovial

- quadriceps femoris

- inferior fibers of VMO/VLO

- hamstring

- they are fibrocartilage

- deepen the articular surface

- they are shock absorbers and knee stabilizers

- hinge

- synovial

Lateral:

- posterior talofibular

- anterior talofibular

- calcaneofibular

Medial:

- come together as the deltoid ligament

- anterior tibiotalar

- tibionavicular

- tibiocalcaneal

- posterior tibiotalar

- branches of the fibular artery

- branches of anterior and posterior tibial arteries

- interosseus talocalcaneal ligament (posterior)

- talonavicular ligament (superior)

- calcaneonavicular ligament (inferior)

- bifurcate ligament (lateral)

- bifurcate ligament

- long plantar ligament

- plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (short plantar)

- broad thick ligament

- supports head of talus

- resists depression of medial arch of foot

- longest and strongest ligament in sole of the foot

- inferior to the short planter

- between inferior surface of calcaneus and cuboid/base of metatarsal bones

- very strong

- supports the joint

- help long plantar ligament to resist depression of lateral arch of foot

- medial and lateral collateral ligaments

- plantar ligaments

- deep transverse metatarsal ligaments