Term
| 1. What is the significance of the fact that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilaginous rings? |
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Definition
| - Prevents trachea from collapsing when esophagus presses on it. The rings are incomplete in the back allowing the esophagus to expand |
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Term
| 2. What is the function of pleural membranes |
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Definition
| - Double layered sac around the lungs |
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Term
| 3. Name two functions of the nasal cavity mucosa |
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Definition
| - Warm incoming air , moisten air – warms , humidifies and filters |
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Term
| 4. Trace a molecule of oxygen from the external nares to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs |
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Definition
| - External nares Nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea Alveoli 1 bronchi 2 bronchus terminal bronchus respiratory bronchioles |
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Term
| 5. Define external respiration , internal respiration and cellular respiration |
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Definition
- External respiration – breathing – air moves outside the body to alveoli
- Internal respiration – o2 + co2 capillaries body cells |
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Term
| 1. Why do cellular respiration (a.k.a. aerobic respiration, a.k.a. oxidative phosphorylation) and breathing, also called external respiration, both have the word “respiration” in their names—what do they have in common? |
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Definition
| Cellular respiration occurs only within individual cells. it is a process that occurs within all cells, not those of a particular system. Both are processes that exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| 2. Through what structures does air pass as it goes from the outside air to your lungs? (Assume you are breathing through your nose, and list the structures in order). |
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Definition
| Nostril nasal cavity nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs |
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Term
| 3. The pharynx is divided into three parts. Why-- how are the parts different? Use your own words. |
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Definition
a) Nasopharynx – Continuous with the nasal cavity. Serves only as an air passageway.
b) Oropharynx – Continuous with the oral cavity. Serves as food and air passageway.
c) Laryngopharynx - Extends to the larynx and at the larynx it divides into two parts , the respiratory and digestive paths. Serves as food and air passageway. |
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Term
| 4. Where in your respiratory system (be specific; “lung” is not an acceptable answer) does oxygen actually move from air to blood and vice versa for carbon dioxide? What are all the other parts of the respiratory system for, then (in general)? |
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Definition
Oxygen moves from air to blood by the respiratory membrane. It passes from the alveolar air to the capillary blood
Other parts of the respiratory system serve as entrances and exits to the gas exchange location. |
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Term
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Definition
| air is taken into the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| air passes out of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of ait inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions |
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| – amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation |
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Term
| What is the name for the volume of air you breathe in or out in a normal resting breath? |
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Definition
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Term
| If instead of a normal resting breath, you breathe in normally but then breathe out (expire) as hard as you can (like blowing out your birthday candles), what is the name of the new respiratory volume you have now used? |
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Definition
| Expiratory reverse volume |
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Term
| 1) Did tidal volume change after exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| Did inspiratory and expiratory reserves change after exercise? |
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Definition
| - Yes, IRV and ERV both decreased. IRV decreased a lot, ERV didn’t decrease as much. |
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Term
| Did exercise influence the time taken for each breathing cycle |
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Definition
| - Yes , it made the time for each breathing cycle shorter. |
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Term
| Did the volume of air passing in and out of the resting subject’s lungs each minute increase or decrease due to exercise? If so, was the change due to an increase in the rate of breathing, the depth of breathing (tidal volume), or a combination of both factors? |
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Definition
| - It increased , - A combination of both increase in breathing rate and increase in depth of breathing |
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Term
| Did exercise influence the vital capacity of the individual? |
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Definition
| - We have a slightly lower vital capacity after exercise but really I think a person’s vital capacity is always the same no matter what, it just depends how it is distributed |
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Term
| If the tidal volume changed due to exercise, can this be accounted for by changes in the IRV, the ERV, or a combination of both? (Remember, the R stands for Reserve—IRV and ERV are reserves that TV can “take from” when needed, such as when exercising!) |
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Definition
| - Tidal volume did increase due to exercise which can be accounted for by a change in IRV and ERV. It is mostly accounted for by a change in IRV though, only a little from ERV. |
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Term
| 6) Why does re-breathing expired air cause this change in respiratory rate? |
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Definition
| - When a person re-breaths their expired air it is causing their CO2 levels to be increase because they are breathing back in their CO2. Therefore once they stop breathing in CO2 their body higher respiratory rate in order to push out the excess CO2 and lower CO2 levels. |
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Term
| 7) Is the respiration rate after hyperventilation faster or slower than that during normal quiet breathing? Why? |
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Definition
| - My groups results found that respiration rate was slightly faster but I think it should be slower because when a person hyperventilates they are breathing out a lot of CO2 causing a major decrease in CO2 therefore when they stop hyperventilating they have low CO2 and they must build up the CO2 in order to start breathing properly again. |
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Term
| 8) Can the breath be held for a longer or shorter time than normal after hyperventilating? Why? |
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Definition
| - You should be able to hold your breath longer, since the CO2 pressure to breathe is reduced. |
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Term
| 9) Why is there a change in breath-holding ability after exercise? (Be precise!) |
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Definition
| - the effect is CO2, not oxygen. Remember that oxygen does not normally regulate breathing; CO2 does |
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Term
| 10) Why was the time different between the two trials? Be precise. |
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Definition
- Right except that it’s not just the rate, but the amount of CO2 per breath—in order words the body is just making more CO2, so even if you breathed at the same rate the solution would still change color quicker
- After exercise your breathing rate is higher therefore you breath out more CO2 which turns the solution clear faster. |
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Term
| 1. As food moves through your GI tract (alimentary canal), what organs does it encounter-- in order, from mouth to anus |
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Definition
| - Mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus |
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Term
| 2. Which tunic of the GI tract (alimentary canal) is responsible for: |
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Definition
a) contractions that push food through the tract and mix it with enzymes?
- Muscularis externa
b) absorption of food molecules?
- Mucosa
c) secretion of enzymes into the lumen of the tract?
- Mucosa
d) providing the blood supply to the tissues of the tract?
- Submucosa |
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Term
| 3. Why do we have different kinds of teeth (incisors, molars, etc.)? |
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Definition
| - Different teeth have different functions. For example incisors are used in biting, they have a shearing action. Canines are used for tearing food (used more for animals) |
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Term
| What is the liver’s digestive function (it has metabolic functions as well)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the gallbladder aid the liver in this function? |
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Definition
| The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed for the digestive process |
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Term
| 1) Why is incontinence a normal phenomenon in the child under 1 ½ to 2 years old? |
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Definition
| They have not yet gained control over voluntary sphincter , its take time |
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Term
| 2) Trace the anatomical pathway of a molecule of creatinine from the glomerular capsule to the urethra |
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Definition
| - Glomeruler capsule PCT loop of henle DCT collecting duct renol pelvis ureter bladder urethra |
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Term
| 3) What is important functionally about the specialized epithelium in the bladder |
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Definition
| - It can get thinner to accommodate more urine |
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Term
| 5. As urine moves through the urinary system, what organs/tubes does it flow through, in order, on its way out of the body? |
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Definition
| - Kidneys - Glomerulus- proximal convoluted tubule- loop of henle- distal convoluted tubule- collecting ducts- ureter- bladder- urethra |
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Term
| 6. How is the urethra different in structure, and different (partially) in function, between women and men? |
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Definition
- In men the urethra is long and it serves as a urine channel as well as providing a passageway for semen
- In women the urethra is short and only serves as a urine channel |
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Term
| 7. What is the major function of the urinary system? |
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Definition
| - Removal of nitrogenous waste from the body |
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Term
| 8. Normally, all the glucose and amino acids that make it into the kidney tubule (filtrate) are pumped back into the bloodstream (usually by active transport, though sometimes by other methods). This process is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| 1) What is normal volume of urine excreted in a 24 hour period |
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Definition
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Term
| 2) What substance is responsible for the normal yellow color of urine |
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Definition
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Term
| 3) Which has a great specific gravity: 1 ml of urine or 1 ml of distilled water? Why? |
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Definition
| - Urine, because it has dissolved solutes which weigh more than water |
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Term
| 4) Explain the relationship between the color, specific gravity and volume of urine |
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Definition
| - More color great specific gravity less volume |
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Term
| 5) How does a urinary tract infection influence urine pH. 6) How does starvation influence urine pH |
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Definition
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Term
| 7) What are renal calculi and what conditions favor their formation |
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Definition
| - If urine is extremely concentrated some of the solute becomes crystallized forming renal calculi |
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Term
| 8) Glucose and albumin are both normally absent in the urine but the reason for their exclusion differ. Explain the reason for their absences |
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Definition
| - Glucose is reabsorbed by tubular reabsorbtion and albumin is too large to pass through glomular filtration membrane. |
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Term
| 9. How (e.g. higher or lower concentration) and through what mechanism do urine concentration (osmolality) and urine color change in someone who is dehydrated? (This isn’t exactly written in Exercise 41A, but you can determine the answer from other sources, such as your brain and textbook). Remember, mechanisms are causal lists of changes- “this happens so that happens which makes urine concentration go up/down |
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Definition
| - Dehydration water concentration in body decreased solute concentration in body increase increase water leaving filtrate before it becomes urine urine is more concentrated , osmolality is greater urine is now composed of a greater percentage of urea = more yellow color |
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Term
| 10. Blood has glucose in it, and glucose is small enough to be filtered into the kidney—lots of it gets in there. Why does urine, then, normally have no glucose—what happens to the glucose that gets into the kidney? What disease do you probably have if it does get into the urine? |
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Definition
- Glucose get reabsorbed into the blood during tubule reabsoption
- diabetes mellitus |
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Term
| 11. In lab this week we will be measuring the “specific gravity” of urine. Why—what is specific gravity a measure of? What makes urine’s specific gravity higher than water’s? |
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Definition
- Specific gravity = The relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water
- Urine weighs more than water because it has dissolved solutes in it which weight more than water. |
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Term
| How did the measurement of urine specific gravity change after drinking water? What are the physiological mechanisms responsible for this change? Specific gravity decreases |
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Definition
| - Drinking water water absorbed in GI tract plasma osmolality decreases Na+ concentration in plasma decreases stimulates osmoreceptors stimulates posterior pituitary inhibits ADH targets collecting ducts of kidneys decreases water reabsorption urine osmolality decreases /urine solute concentration decreases urine specific gravity decreases |
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Term
| Were the changes in urine specific gravity different in the water-and-salt group, or in the sugar water group? |
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Definition
| - The water- salt group had a higher specific gravity than the other two groups because the salt goes into the urine. In the water-sugar group the sugar is being reabsorbed to the blood. In the just water group there wasn’t any extra added solute so it was mainly water therefore having a lower specific gravity. |
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Term
| Compare and explain the differences in urine chloride concentration in the three different experimental groups. |
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Definition
- The just water group decreased, the water-salt group originally decreased but then gradually increased and the water-sugar group increased and decreased.
- The water group is getting diluted therefore the chloride concentration is going to decrease. The water-salt group is getting diluted a little but it is also added chloride when salt in taken in. Therefore the chloride concentration increases. The water-sugar group should not really have an effect on chloride concentration. Are results jumped all over the place which is probably due to another factor such as previous items eaten or this may be the normal range for chloride concentration. |
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Term
| What was the average pH of your subject’s urine? Does this match with his or her recent diet, according to the information in the lab manual? |
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Definition
- Water – 5 , Water+salt – 4, Water+sugar – 7
- These pH levels do match the subjects recent diets. |
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Term
| 12. What are the two products, or functions, of testes, and what are the two associated products/functions of ovaries? |
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Definition
- Testes – sperm production and testosterone production
- Ovaries - egg production and estrogen and progesterone production |
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Term
| 13. What is the general, overall function of the “accessory reproductive organs” of the male, as a group—the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands? (Do not give their separate functions! The point is to see the forest, not the trees.) |
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Definition
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Term
| 14. Female and male reproductive organs are built from the same “starting parts,” or indifferent tissues, in utero. a) What organ or tissue in the female corresponds to the male’s penis? b) What organ or tissue in the male corresponds to the female’s labia majora? |
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Definition
- The clitoris corresponds to the penis
- The scrotum corresponds to the labia majora |
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Term
| 15. What are the three layers of the uterine wall (see figures in lab manual)? Which one is partly shed periodically during menstruation, and which one provides the contractions that expel a fetus during birth? |
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Definition
- Endometrium, myometrium and serosa
- Endometrium is partly shed periodically during menstruation
- Myometrium provides contractions that expel a fetus during birth |
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