Term
| What questions are asked by anatomists? |
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Definition
What is it?
How does it work?
Why is it the way it is?
-What is our function?
-How does it develop?
-What is it's evolution? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Science of comparing early development to adult development |
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Definition
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Term
| Comparing structures between species; studying of evolution |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anatomical position? |
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Definition
| feet shoulder width apart, palms facing anteriorly, |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| What is superior and inferior? |
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Definition
| Towards the head; towards the feet |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What characteristics do all chordates have? |
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Definition
1) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
2) notochord
3) pharyngeal pouches and arches |
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Term
| What characteristics do all vertebrae have? |
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Definition
1) dorsal hollow nerve cord
2) notochord
3) pharyngeal pouches and arches
4) vertebrae |
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Term
W[image]
What is A and B?
What is this?
What view is this?
Where is dorsal and where is ventral? |
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Definition
A = notochord
B=dorsal hollow nerve cord
Amphioxus
Lateral view
Dorsal is top; Ventral is bottom |
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Term
On pg 4 of lecture manual identify:
1) Dorsal Hollow nerve cord
2) notochord
for vertebrate embryo |
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Definition
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Term
Lecture pg 5
Embryo-Lateral View
-mouth
-pharyngeal pouches
-heart
-gut tube
-spinal cord
-notochord
-dorsal aorta
-lung bud
-gut tube |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pharyngeal arches does every human embryo have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do pharyngeal arches start as? |
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Definition
| Gills for water breathers |
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Term
| What is cervical fistula? |
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Definition
| the failure of pharyngeal arches to develop completely from gills to air breathing |
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Term
| What type of animals are vertebrate-Segmental or nonsegmental? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a segemental animal? |
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Definition
| Exhibits serial repetition of structures along the longitudinal axis of the body |
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Term
| Where does the serisal repetition of vertebrae come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify somites on lecture pg 6 |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are somites located on an embryo? Describe their look |
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Definition
| Dorsal side of embryo with two columns running segmentally |
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Term
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Definition
| Segmental groups of embryonic cells lying in pairs alongside the developing nerve cord |
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Term
| What structures in the trunk are derived from somites? |
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Definition
Vertebrae and ribs
skin
epaxial muscles-back muscles
hypaxial muscles-body wall muscles
Sternum
kidney
gonads |
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Term
|
Definition
| Divides the body into caudal and cranial sections |
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Term
| What are the sections of the trunk? |
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Definition
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Perineum |
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Term
| What is the axial skeleton? |
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Definition
Vertebral column
ribs
sternum |
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Term
| What is the Appendicular skeleton? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Function of the vertebral body? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Winking skull thoracic vertebrae test |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is spina bifida cystica? |
|
Definition
| failure of one or more arches to develop-results in a dorsal herniation of spinal cord covering or spinal cord-causes paralysis of lower limbs |
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Term
| What is spina bifida oculta? |
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Definition
| Present in 1/4 ppl...incomplete fusion of laminae of lumbar 5 and/or sacral vertebra = little bit of gap |
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Term
| How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral verts are there? |
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Definition
C1-7
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5 (fused) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is the curvature for the vertebral column for
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral/Coccyx |
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Definition
Cervical-concave anteriorly curve is anterior
Thoracic-concave posteriorly-curve is posterior
Lumbar-concave anterior-curve is anterior
Sacral-concave posteriorly-curve is posterior |
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Term
| What are the intervertebral foramen? |
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Definition
| Holes formed in between the spinous processes of vertebrae |
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|
Term
| What runs in between intervertebral foramen? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the curvature of the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
Acts as a spring for load bearing
Helps maintain balance. |
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Term
| What do interverterbral discs consist of? |
|
Definition
Nucleus Pulposus-inside
Annulus Fibrosis- outer layer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The transverse processes of the T1-12 vertebrae |
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Term
| Which region of the vertebral column articulates with the bony pelvis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Locate the obturator foramen |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Locate the superior iliac spine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Locate Ischial tuberosity |
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Definition
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Term
| Locate superior pubic ramus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Locate inferior pubic ramus |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Locate the Auricular surface |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Locate the sacroilliac ligament |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Locate the inguinal ligament |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| locate the obturator membrane |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Locate the Pubic symphysis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sacroiliac ligament connect? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sacrotuberous ligament connect? |
|
Definition
| Sacrum to Ischial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| What does the sacrospinous ligament connect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the inguinal ligament connect? |
|
Definition
| Anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Involuntary and unstriated |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle is trunk muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does embryonic skeletal muscle develop from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the somite regions of an embryo? |
|
Definition
Id on lecture pg 20
Occipital
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral |
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Term
| What are epaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal muscle dorsal to transverse processes |
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Term
| What are hypaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal muscles lateral and ventral to transverse processes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Commands sent by nerves to move muscles |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how a muscle moves? |
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Definition
| Innervation causes muscle to contract which means the insertion is pulled toward towards the origin. |
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Term
| What is insertion and origin? |
|
Definition
| Insertion is where the muscle attaches to the bone that is pulled towards the origin during muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bilateral action of epaxial muscle? |
|
Definition
| extension of vertebral column |
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|
Term
| Unilateral action of epaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
| lateral flexion of vertebral column |
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Term
| Most superficial epaxial muscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the directions of the fibers for epaxial muscles? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What muscles are just deeper than the splenius? |
|
Definition
| Illiocostalis, longissimus; spinalis |
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|
Term
| What muscle is deeper than illiocostalis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle is deeper than the semispinalis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What muscles make up the erector spinae muscles and what layer are they found? |
|
Definition
Splenius-most superficial,
illiocostalis, longissimus, spinalis - superficial
Semi-spinalis-intermediate
Mutlifidus-deep |
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|
Term
| What groups of muscles make up the hypaxial body wall muscles? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal hypaxial muscles; thoracic hypaxial muscles; pelvic hypaxial muscles |
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|
Term
| How many muscles are in the abdominal body wall and where are they, what are they? |
|
Definition
Locate:
5 total
Lateral Body wall (3): External oblique; internal oblique; transversus abdominus
Anterior body wall: (1) Rectus Abdominus
Posterior body wall: (1) Quadratus Lumborum |
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|
Term
| What is the fiber direction for internal obliques? |
|
Definition
| Praying hands starts in midline opening out and down |
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|
Term
| What is the fiber direction for external oblique? |
|
Definition
| starting at midline, opens up and out |
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|
Term
| Fiber direction for tranverse abdominus |
|
Definition
| Parallel with floor while standing |
|
|
Term
| What do all 3 lateral abdominal muscles form? |
|
Definition
| an aponeurosis called the rectus sheet |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sheet like tendon of insertion |
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|
Term
| What is the common insertion for the lateral abdominal wall hypaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Looking at a cross section; describe what order from superficial to deep the lateral ab. body wall muscles woudl be in? |
|
Definition
Superficial
-Ext. Oblique
-Int. Oblique
-Transverse Abdominus
Deep |
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|
Term
| What is the rectus abdominus enclosed in? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where does the rectus sheath provide double layer for rectus abdominis? Singler layer? Is the single layer anterior or posterior? |
|
Definition
Double-above navel
Single-below navel (only anterior) |
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|
Term
| Fiber direction of rectus abdominis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is where the rectus sheath ends called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the abdominal wall muscles? |
|
Definition
-Support and contain abdominal viscera
-flex;rotate the trunk
-creates pressure to aide in expelling substances through the nose and mouth or during urination/defecation and facilitates breathing |
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|
Term
| What meat is abdominal body wall muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Popular meat for thoracic hypaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there muscles in the anterior thoracic body wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From superficial to deep, name the hypaxial thoracic body wall muscles? |
|
Definition
| External intercostals; internal intercostals; transversus thoracis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of thoracic hypaxial muscle? |
|
Definition
Elevate and depress ribs to assist with breathing
Contains thoracic viscera |
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|
Term
| Fiber direction of external intercostals anteriorly; posteriorly? |
|
Definition
| open hands; praying hands |
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|
Term
| Fiber direction of internal intercostals anteriorly? posteriorly? |
|
Definition
| Praying hands; open hands |
|
|
Term
| Does external intercostals touch sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does internal oblique touch sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does external intercostals touch vertebral column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does internal intercostals touch vert. column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direction are ribs normally angled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fiber direction of transversus thoracis |
|
Definition
| lateral: parallel with floor if standing |
|
|
Term
| What muscles make up the pelvic hypaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
| Levator Ani; Coccygeus muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the pelvic diaphragm derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pelvic diaphragm? |
|
Definition
1) Raises pelvic floor to help compress abdomen during vomiting, coughing, sneezing
2) contains and supports pelvic viscera |
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|
Term
| During pelvic diaphragm contraction, what happens? |
|
Definition
| Insertion rises superiorly |
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|
Term
| What trunk systems can be segmental in appearance but not derived from somites? |
|
Definition
Nervous system
Circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| When does the circulatory system and nervous system appear segmental, and when do they not? |
|
Definition
| When feeding structures derived from somites (segmental) and when feeding structures not derived from somites (not segmental). |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the Nervous systom? |
|
Definition
1) Central Nervous system
2) Peripheral Nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What does the central nervous system consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the spinal cord grow from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the central nervous system |
|
Definition
1) receives and integrates sensory info
2) generate motor commands |
|
|
Term
| What is the peripheral nervous system made up of? |
|
Definition
cranial nerves
spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Where are cranial nerves located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are spinal nerves located? |
|
Definition
| Trunk with branches to the limbs |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the peripheral nervous system? |
|
Definition
1) Transmits sensory info to CNS from receptors
2) Transmits motor commands away from CNS to effectors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structure that receives commands from nervous system that triggers the target organ/muscle/gland to do something; receives and acts upon a motor command |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmits sensory organ from the actual organ/muscle etc back to the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What does a nerve cell/neuron consist of? |
|
Definition
| Cell body, axon, dendrites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sensory neuron? |
|
Definition
| Nerve cells that transmit sensory input back to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerve cells that carry output commands from brain to effectors |
|
|
Term
| What type of direction is a neural impulse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lecture pg 38 ID dendrites, cell body, axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a myelin sheath? What color is it |
|
Definition
| Lipid base whitish covering of the axon |
|
|
Term
| What does the myelin sheath do? |
|
Definition
| Speeds up rate of conduction |
|
|
Term
| What makes up white matter? |
|
Definition
| Axon and its myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| Lecture pg 38 ID myelin sheath |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up grey matter? |
|
Definition
| Dendrites and cell bodies |
|
|
Term
| What is multiple sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Degeneration of myelin sheaths causing loss of ability to move |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the trunk nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Spinal cord and spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
Central canal
Gray matter
White matter |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the grey matter? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Section of axon where the dorsal and ventral rami meet |
|
|
Term
| Trace a motor command from start to finish for hypaxial and epaxial muscle |
|
Definition
| Brain > central canal > Ventral horn > Ventral root > spinal nerve > dorsal rami (epaxial) ; ventral rami (hypaxial) effectors |
|
|
Term
| Trace sensory input from hypaxial/epaxial from start to finish |
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Definition
| Receptor > (epaxial) dorsal rami; (hypaxial) ventral rami; > spinal nerve > dorsal root ganglion > dorsal root > ventral horn > central canal > brain |
|
|
Term
| Where are the motor neuron cell bodies located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lecture pg 41 both pics ID all parts |
|
Definition
Lecture pg 41 2nd pic ID
dorsal horn
grey matter
dorsal root ganglion
lateral horn
ventral horn
dorsal rami
spinal nerve
ventral rami
dorsal root
ventral root |
|
|
Term
| What type of neuron does a dorsal root belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of neuron: ventral root? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of neuron-spinal nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal rami-type of neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ventral rami-type of neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerves run to skin from dorsal rami? ventral rami? |
|
Definition
Dorsal= posterior cutaneous nerves
Ventral = bilateral and anterior cutaneous nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve |
|
|
Term
| How many dermatomes are there? Name them |
|
Definition
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do cutaneous nerves supply? |
|
Definition
| sensory input from skin (dermatomes) back to the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor innervation to epaxial muscles and sensory innervation from dorsal skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory innervation from skin of the anterior and lateral body wall (via lateral and anterior cutaneous nerves). Motor innervation to hypaxial muscles |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the hypaxial thoracic muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates hypaxial abdominal wall muscles? |
|
Definition
| Thoracic ventral rami T7-T12 |
|
|
Term
| Why is the hypaxial body wall innervated by Ventral rami of t7-t12? |
|
Definition
| b/c ribs move inferiorly towards abdomen |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the pelvic hypaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-iliohypogastric nerve
-ilioinguinal nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled space lined by a serous membrane |
|
|
Term
| Are body cavities segmentaL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pleural cavities? |
|
Definition
| The cavity the lungs are located |
|
|
Term
| What is the pericardial cavity? |
|
Definition
| Cavity where heart is located |
|
|
Term
| What is a celomic cavity lined by? |
|
Definition
| Fluid secreting serous membrane (serosa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid secreted by the serous membrane to reduce friction |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the serous membrane called? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
Parietal serosa-lines outer cavity wall
Visceral serosa-lines the organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflamation of the pleural serous membranes-roughens membranes and results in friction |
|
|
Term
| What is pleural adhesion? |
|
Definition
sticking together of pleural membranes. Very painful during deep breathing
can be caused by trauma to the thorax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entry of air into pleural cavity from a penetrating wound. Results in collapse of lung. Breaks suction of plueral membrane to the lungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entry of blood into pericardial cavity from wound to the heart. Results in heart compression and circulation failure. |
|
|
Term
pg 48 lecture id on embryo
Mouth
spinal cord
gut tube
heart
trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ID Esophgus; lungs; trachea; bronchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tube that runs from mouth to anus |
|
|
Term
| Where is the esophogus located? |
|
Definition
| Just ventral to the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Are Digestive and respiratory system segmental? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an area of the thorax located in the midline. Consists of the trachea, esophagus, heart, great blood vessels, phrenic, and vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between veins and arteries? |
|
Definition
Veins drain blood to heart
Arteries carry blood away from heart |
|
|
Term
| Describe the blood flow internal to the heart |
|
Definition
| Right Atrium > Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) > Right ventricle > Pulmonary semi lunar valve > Pulmonary trunk > Right and left pulmonary arteries > cappillary beds of lungs > right and left pulmonary veins > left atrium > Left atrioventricular valve Bicuspid > Left ventricle > Ascending aorta > coronary arteries....arch of aorta >> various |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the heart valves? |
|
Definition
| To prevent blood from backflowing |
|
|
Term
| What type of valves are the atrioventricular valves (tri and bi cuspids)? |
|
Definition
| Active muscular contraction to close |
|
|
Term
| What type of valves are the semilunar valves? |
|
Definition
| Passively closed valves...closed by residual blood accumulation |
|
|
Term
| Describe blood flow to and from heart itself |
|
Definition
| cardiac vein > coronary sinus > Right atrium > right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) > Right ventricle > pulmonary semi lunar valve > pulmonary trunk > left/right pulmonary arteries > cap. beds of lungs > Pulmonary veins > left atrium > left atrioventricular valve bicuspid > left ventricle > Aortic semilunar valve > ascending aorta > coronary arteries > cap. beds of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can result from a valve deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a network of circulatory vessels that enables blood to travel to or from a region of the body via several routes; involves an interconnection of vessels |
|
|
Term
Lecture page 55 label:
Right Coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Coronary sinus
Atrioventricular sulcus
Interventricular sulcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depression on the heart where coronary veins rest in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart wall that correlates to a sulcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lump of cholesterol that causes hardening of a coronary artery due to build up of cholesterol and diminishes the lumen of the artery |
|
|
Term
| What is Myocardial Infarction? |
|
Definition
| Heart attack-death of heart tissue due to blockage of a coronary artery (vascular occlusion) |
|
|
Term
| What is coronary bypass surgery? |
|
Definition
| Cut a vein from another region of the body, cut through sternum and ribs, open the heart, suture the vein in place of bad artery to by pass blockage |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem of coronary bypass surgery? |
|
Definition
| Veins are not as thick and durable as arteries; very intrusive procedure |
|
|
Term
| What is angioplasty/stents? |
|
Definition
| thread device to point of an occlusion; inflate a balloon cholesterol against blood vessel to unblock; then mesh is inserted |
|
|
Term
| What vessels branch off the arch of the aorta? |
|
Definition
1) Brachiocephalic trunk
2) Left common carotid artery
3) Left Common subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| Is the arch of the aorta and branches symmetrical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the pattern branching from superior vena cava symmetrical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the right common carotid artery supply? |
|
Definition
| right side of head and neck |
|
|
Term
| What does right subclavian artery supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the left common carotid artery supply? |
|
Definition
| left side of head and neck |
|
|
Term
| Left subclavian artery supplies what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trace branches of Superior vena cava |
|
Definition
| Branches into Right left brachiocephalic vein > branches into left/right internal jugular vein/left/right internal subclavian vein |
|
|
Term
| what does the right internal jugular vein drain? |
|
Definition
| right side of head and neck |
|
|
Term
| What does the right subclavian vein drain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the left internal jugular vein drain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the left subclavian vein drain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lecture pg 57 label all vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do left and right posterior arteries branch from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the anterior left and right intercostal arteries branch from |
|
Definition
| Left and right internal thoracic arteries |
|
|
Term
| Where do the left and right internal thoracic arteries branch from? |
|
Definition
| Left and right subclavian arteries |
|
|
Term
| How is the posterior thoracic body wall drained? |
|
Definition
| Body wall cappillary beds > Left and right intercostal veins > left and right internal thoracic veins > Left and right brachiocephalic veins > superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| How is the left posterior body wall drained below T6? |
|
Definition
| Capillary veins > left posterior intercostal veins > hemiazygos (inferior to T6) > Azygos vein > superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| How is blood drained from posterior left thoracic body wall superior to T6? |
|
Definition
| Cap beds > Posterior left intercostal veins > accessory azygos vein > left brachiocephalic vein > superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| How does the right posterior thoracic body wall drain? |
|
Definition
| Cap beds > Right posterior intercostal veins > azygos vein > superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular partition between the abdomen and thorax. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of muscle is the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of somites is the diaphragm derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the diaphragm contracts, what direction does the central tendon move? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the diaphragm facilitate breathing? |
|
Definition
| serous pleural membrane follows the contraction of the diaphragm allowing gas pressure to lower which causes air from the outside to enter the lungs, when the diaphragm relaxes it creates high pressure that expels air from lungs |
|
|
Term
| What structures pass through the muscular diaphragm? |
|
Definition
1) Inferior Vena cava
2) esophogus
3) descending aorta
4) Vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
| What are the phrenic nerves derived from? |
|
Definition
C3, C4, C5 ventral rami
C3, 4, and 5 keep the diaphragm alive |
|
|
Term
| Why is the diaphragm innervated by c3,4,5 ventral rami? |
|
Definition
| Diaphragm begins its development in the neck |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what point does the descending aorta become the abdominal aorta? |
|
Definition
| When it passes through the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Lecture pg 63 label all the listed structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lecture pg 64 on embryo
id:
1) Pancreas
2) Liver
3) gall bladder
4) Trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organs are gut tube derivatives? |
|
Definition
Lungs
Liver
Gall bladder
pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What is the peritoneal cavity? |
|
Definition
| cavity that the abdominal viscera occupy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The serous parietal and visceral membrane surrounding abdominal viscera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double layer of serous membrane (peritoneum) that suspends the gut tube into the peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viscera that are suspended by mesentary |
|
|
Term
| What is retroperintoneal? |
|
Definition
| Viscera not suspended by a mesentery |
|
|
Term
| Pg 66 lecture Id all parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the development of the liver and stomach |
|
Definition
1) Liver is ventral to stomach.
2) Ventral mesentary attaches to ventral body wall, suspends liver; attaches to stomach
3) Dorsal mesentary attaches to dorsal body wall and suspends stomach
4) River Rapidly grows forcing stomach left and the liver right |
|
|
Term
| What does the ventral mesentary between liver and bodywall turn into after the liver and stomach rotate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dorsal mesentary turns into what after liver/stomach rotation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the ventral mesentery between the liver and stomach turn into after rotation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is special about the greater omentum? |
|
Definition
| It can pinpoint and adhere to sites of infection |
|
|
Term
| What way does the greater omentum curve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the development of small/large intestines |
|
Definition
| 1) Elongation then rotates counter clockwise around the superior mesenteric artery x 2 then retraction |
|
|
Term
| What are the jejunum and ileum suspended from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transverse colon suspended from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sigmoid colon suspended from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify all structures in Gilroy
12.4b; 12.4c; 12.8
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the gut tube are retroperitoneal |
|
Definition
1) cecum
2) ascending colon
3) descending colon
4) duodenum
5) pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What do the renal arteries supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the gonadal arteries supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the lumbar arteries supply? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal Epaxial and hyaxial muscles |
|
|
Term
| Lecture pg 71 id p1-3 and m1-3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the celiac trunk branch into? |
|
Definition
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| What is the Left Gastroepiploic artery? where is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the left gastroepiploic artery supply? |
|
Definition
| Greater curvature of the stomach is supplied |
|
|
Term
| What does the splenic artery supply? |
|
Definition
| pancreas, spleen, and left gastroepiploic artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the common hepatic artery supply? |
|
Definition
| Liver, gall bladder, lesser curvature of stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and greater curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What does the common hepatic artery branch into? |
|
Definition
-Gastroduodenal artery
-Hepatic proper artery |
|
|
Term
Lecture pg 72 identify:
Left gastric artery
splenic artery
common hepatic artery
left gastroepiploic artery
Gastroduodenal artery
right gastroepiploic artery
Hepatic proper artery
Right gastric artery
Superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Id all structures on lecture pg 73 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the gastrioepiploic arteries provide? |
|
Definition
| Collateral blood flow to the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What is collateral blood flow? |
|
Definition
| Blood flow being supplied by two or more arteries to the same organ |
|
|
Term
| What must blood flow from gutube pass through before it goes back to the heart? What system facilitates this? |
|
Definition
| Liver via hepatic portal system |
|
|
Term
| Describe general flow of guttube blood |
|
Definition
| Heart > arteries > capillary beds of guttube > veins > Hepatic portal system > cap of liver > vein > heart |
|
|
Term
| A cottage cheese structure represents what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does blood flow from gut tube pass through the liver when draining back to the heart? |
|
Definition
| Liver filters toxins released during digestion |
|
|
Term
| Lecture pg 74 id all parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures drain into the hepatic portal system? |
|
Definition
| Stomach, spleen, small intestine, large intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between hepatic portal veins and hepatic veins? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic portal veins drain into the liver; hepatic veins drain into inferior vena cava from liver |
|
|
Term
| What veins merge to form the hepatic portal vein? |
|
Definition
Superior Mesentaric vein
Splenic Vein
Right and left gastric vein |
|
|
Term
Out of these what is the hepatic portal system used for?
Gonads
Stomach
Spleen
Kidneys
Expaxial muscles
Large intestine
small intestine |
|
Definition
| stomach, spleen, large and small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What do the left and right renal veins drain from and into? |
|
Definition
| Kidneys to inferior vena cava -paired |
|
|
Term
| What do left and right gonadal veins (testicular or ovarian veins) drain from and to? |
|
Definition
| Gonads to inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| Locate the gonads in male and female |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is longer? Left or right renal vein? Why? |
|
Definition
| Left vein is longer because IVC lies on the right side of vert column |
|
|
Term
| Left gonadal vein drains from what to where? |
|
Definition
| Left gonad into left renal vein |
|
|
Term
| From to where does the right gonadal vein drain into? |
|
Definition
| Right gonadal vein to IVC at L4 |
|
|
Term
| What is the somatic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Voluntary motor information running from CNS to hypaxial and epaxial muscles |
|
|
Term
| How many neurons are required for a somatic motor pathway to a skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is somatic motor innervation? |
|
Definition
| commands sent to skeltal muscle |
|
|
Term
| Where are somatic motor cell bodies located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatic motor commands innervate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle are the abdominal viscera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are visceral motor neurons? |
|
Definition
(involuntary)
innervate smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
Glands |
|
|
Term
| How many neurons does a visceral motor command require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two neurons used in visceral motor commands called? |
|
Definition
| Preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Where do the preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons synapse? |
|
Definition
| In peripheral ganglia outside the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Where is the preganglionic cell body located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the post ganlionic neuron cell body located? |
|
Definition
| ganglion in the sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| Describe a visceral motor command signal? |
|
Definition
| Involuntary motor command that goes from brain > cell body in brain or lateral horn > travels along preganglionic axon > ganglion (for synapse) > cell body of postganglionic neuron (in ganglion)> axon of postgang neuro > effector of involuntary cardiac or smooth muscle or gland |
|
|
Term
| What type of nervous system are visceral motor commands a part of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the division of the automatic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| What does sympathetic ANS control? |
|
Definition
| Fright, flight, fight-a behavioral response |
|
|
Term
| Activation of the sympathetic ANS results in what? |
|
Definition
higher mental acuity
increase heart rate
dialated pupils |
|
|
Term
| What does the parasympathetic ANS control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What physical response does the Parasympathetic ANS result in? |
|
Definition
directs blood to the gut tube
secretes enzymes
takes blood from brain and limbs
pupils get small |
|
|
Term
| Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons leave the CNS? |
|
Definition
Brain
Sacral spinal segments S1-S4 ONLY!! |
|
|
Term
| Where is the synapse ganglion for parasympathetic systeM |
|
Definition
| Near or on the target organ, close to the efffector |
|
|
Term
| Where do preganglionic neurons for sympathetic motor innervation leave the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the ganglion located for synapsing sympathetic motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic trunk or prevertebral ganglia on anterior surface of abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| Where do the preganglionic neurons orginate for the trunk body wall (skin, blood vessels) sympathetic innervation? Where is the site of synapse? |
|
Definition
| T1-T12 spinal nerve; sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| Where do preganglionic neurons originate for sympathetic innervation of thoracic viscera (lungs; heart, esophogus)? Where do they synapse? |
|
Definition
| T1-T5 spinal nerve; sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| Where do the preganglionic neurons orginiate for sympathetic innervation of abdominal and pelvic viscera? (stomach to anus) Where do they synapse? |
|
Definition
| T5-L2 spinal nerve; prevertebral ganglia (anterior to abdominal aorta) |
|
|
Term
| What is the sympathetic response in abdominal viscera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do preganglionic neurons originate for parasympathetic innervation of the trunk body wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the synapse sites for parasympathetic innervation to the trunk body wall? |
|
Definition
| Trunk body wall does not have parasympathetic innervation |
|
|
Term
| Where do the preganglionic neurons originate for parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera? Where is the site of synapse? |
|
Definition
| Brain via Vagus nerves; (on, in, near) site to be innervated |
|
|
Term
| Where do preganglionic neurons originate for parasympathetic innervation of abdominal or pelvic viscera? Where is the site of synapse? |
|
Definition
For region stomach to left colic flexure: vagus nerves
Left colic flexure to anus: S2-S4 Spinal nerves
On/in/near site to be innervated |
|
|
Term
| Lecture pg 83, ID all parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the regions of the trunk |
|
Definition
Thorax
Diaphragm
Abdomen
Pelvis
Pelvic Diaphragm
Perineum |
|
|
Term
| What is the diaphragm innervated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle is the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle is the pelvic diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region inferior to the pelvic diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What structures make up the perineum? |
|
Definition
| Urogenital diaphragm; external anal and urethral sphincters; external genitalia |
|
|
Term
On lecture pg 85 ID:
Ischiorectal Fossa
Pelvic diaprhagm
Urogenital diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle is urogentital diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal hypaxial muscle and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the urogential diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| anchor and move external genitalia and anus |
|
|
Term
| What can happen if central tendon is damaged? |
|
Definition
| integrity of the urogenital diaphragm is compromised and can cause uteran prolapse |
|
|
Term
| ID all structures lecture pg 86 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the rectal folds? |
|
Definition
1) allows flatulence to pass by stool
2) slaloms stool slowing it down |
|
|
Term
| What connects inferiorly to the sigmoid colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of innervation do the internal anal and urethral sphincters receive? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic innervation to contract to hold stool/urine in place by closing the rectum; and also to tell it to relax when there is stool build up |
|
|
Term
| How many rectal folds are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the external urethral and anal sphincters do? |
|
Definition
| Allow a somatic (voluntary) response to hold stool in place by closing the rectum when internal sphincters are relaxed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle are external anal and urethral sphincters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lecture pg 87 ID all parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle are internal sphincters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the vas deferens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the gut tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscles make up the urogential diaphragm? |
|
Definition
transverse perineus muscle
external urethral sphincter muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where sperm matures after creation in the testes; stores sperm until ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| What do Bulbourethral Glands do? |
|
Definition
| Secrete product prior to ejaculation (pre cum); slippery substance that neutralizes the acidic environment of the spongy urethra |
|
|
Term
| What do seminal vesicles? |
|
Definition
| Contributes fluid to semen |
|
|
Term
| ID structures in lecture manual pg 90 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the peritoneal cavity interact with the pelvic viscera? |
|
Definition
| Inferior end dips down between pelvic viscera to form "peritoneal pouches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vesicouterine pouch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the erectile genitalia composed of? |
|
Definition
| Several masses of erectile tissue |
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle surround the external genitalia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the external genitalia attached to and adjacent to? |
|
Definition
| Attached to urogenital diaphragm; adjacent to bony pelvis |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the male erectile tissue during erection? |
|
Definition
| tissues are filled with blood; calling the penis to swell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of the bulbospongiosus muscle? |
|
Definition
| impedes blood from draining out of the erectile tissue to prevent loss of tumesence during an erection |
|
|
Term
| Male and female external genitalia are developed from what? |
|
Definition
| The same embryonic precursors |
|
|
Term
| Corresponding male ad female structures are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the Female-male homologs |
|
Definition
Bulbs of the vestibule > bulb of penis
Glans clitoris > Glans penis
Crura of the Clitoris > Crura of penis
Ovaries > testes
Labia majora > scrotum |
|
|
Term
On lecture pg 95, superior picture is what sex?
Inferior picture? |
|
Definition
Sup = male
inferior = female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are females more prone to urethral infections than males? |
|
Definition
| The female urethra is shorter and within closer proximity of the vagina and anus thereby making it easier for bacteria to travel to the urinary tract and bladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the descent of the gonads |
|
Definition
1) Gonads start off as undifferentiated @ T10
2) Follow the gubernaculum inferiorly alongside the posterior body wall
3) move anteriorly towards the anterior body wall as they reach the pelvis
4) Testes drop through the inguinal canal; ovaries stop before the inguinal canal
5) For ovaries, the gubernaculmum becomes the round ligament of uterus when ovaries stop; this extends to the labia majora
6) Testes have a small gubernaculum between them and the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| What is the gubernaculum? |
|
Definition
| The ropey guide which gonads follow during descent |
|
|
Term
| What can the gubernaculum become and how? |
|
Definition
| The gubernaculum becomes the round ligament of the uterus when the ovaries have stopped descending |
|
|
Term
| What allows the evagination of the abdominal body wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What passes through the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
| testes only; except in accidental cases where an ovary descends into the labia majora but this causes the ovary to not function |
|
|
Term
| What does the inguinal canal lead to? |
|
Definition
| Scrotum in males; libia majora in females |
|
|
Term
| Which sex has more coeloms? How many more? What are they called? |
|
Definition
| Males; 2 more; Tunica Vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| What are the tunica vaginalis derived from? When does this happen? |
|
Definition
| Peritoneal cavity as testes pass through the inguinal canal |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Tunica Vaginalis? |
|
Definition
| prevents friction in order to ensure that testes have the proper tempature to cultivate sperm |
|
|
Term
| What does the spermatic cord consist of? |
|
Definition
Ductus deferens
External oblique
Internal obliqe
Transversus Abdominis
Testicular Artery
Tesicular Vein
Genital nerve from L2 venral ramus |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the spermatic cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the superior gluteal artery pass through to exit pelvis? Supply? |
|
Definition
| Greater sciatic foramen; butt muscle |
|
|
Term
| What does the inferior gluteal artery pass through to exit the pelvis and supply? |
|
Definition
| Greater sciatic foramen; butt muscles |
|
|
Term
| What does the internal pudendal artery pass through to exit the pelvis? supplies? |
|
Definition
| greater sciatic foramen; supplies perineum by entering the pelvis via lesser sciatic foramen and ischiorectal fossa |
|
|
Term
| Where does the obturator artery exit the pelvis? What does it supply? |
|
Definition
| Obturator foramen; medial thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the internal pudenal arteries and veins pass through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What arteries branch off the internal illiac artery? |
|
Definition
Superior gluteal artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Internal pudendal artery
Obturator artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divides the body into left and right parts |
|
|
Term
| what is a transverse section? |
|
Definition
| divides body into cranial and caudal parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides the body into equal right and left halves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides body into unequal right and left parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divides body into ventral and dorsal parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divides the body into ventral and dorsal parts |
|
|
Term
| How many vertebrae compose the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
1) replaces the notochord as the central skeletal support for body
2) protects the hollow dorsal nerve cord
3) bears the weight of the body and transmits this weight to the lower limbs via the pelvic girdle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the vertebral arch? |
|
Definition
Pedicle
Lamina
Spinous process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contributes to the vertebral canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ID Intervertebral foramen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ID superior articular process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inferior Articular process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lumbar vertebrae do not have what? |
|
Definition
| do not have formina in transverse processes and lack costal facets for rib articulation |
|
|
Term
| Which way are cervical vertebrae concaved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way are thoracic vertebrae concaved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way are lumbar vertebrae concaved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way does sacral vertebrae concaved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which does the coccygeal region concave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exaggerated thoracic curvature; common in elderly women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accentuated lumbar curvature; common in pregnant women or fat ppl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common reason for scoliosis? |
|
Definition
| asymmetrical growth of vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| What type of joints are formed between inferior and superior vertbrae articular processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do herniated discs occur most commonly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does anterior longitudinal ligament connect? |
|
Definition
| anterior vert body to anterior vertebral body |
|
|
Term
| What does the posterior longitudinal ligament connect? |
|
Definition
| Posterior vertebral body to posterior vertebral body |
|
|
Term
| What does the supraspinous ligament connect? |
|
Definition
| spinous process to spinous process |
|
|
Term
| What does the nuchal ligament connect? |
|
Definition
| skull to cervical spinous process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ribs connect directly to sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ribs connect indirectly to sternum via intercostal cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ribs are floating ribs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of rib articulates with 2 vertebral bodies? |
|
Definition
| articular facets on the rib head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the rib tubercle articulate? |
|
Definition
| With thoracic transverse process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way does shaft of rib run at the angle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ID 3 parts of sternum: what are they called? |
|
Definition
| Manubrium; body; xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
| Name parts of the vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| Vertebral body, pedicle, lamina, spinous process, transverse process, costal facet (t only), superior and inferior articular process, vertebral foramen, intervertebral foramen |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the ribs? |
|
Definition
| head, articular facets, tubercle, neck, shaft, angle |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 sections of the hip bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ossa coxae; os coxae singular |
|
|
Term
| Name and ID all parts of the Os coxae |
|
Definition
| Acetabulum, obturator foramen, Ilium, ischium, pubis, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, iliac fossa, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, ischial ramus, superior pubic ramus, inferior pubic ramus, pubic symphisis, pubic tubercle |
|
|
Term
| What part of the ossa coxae do we sit on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and ID all Pelvic ligaments |
|
Definition
| Sacroiliac ligament, sacrotuberous ligament, inguinal ligaent, sacrospinous ligament |
|
|
Term
| What does the sacroiliac ligament connect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the sacrotuberous ligament connect> |
|
Definition
| Sacrum to the ischial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| What does the sacrospinous ligament connect? |
|
Definition
| Sacrum to the ischial spine |
|
|
Term
| What does the inguinal ligament connect? |
|
Definition
| anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle |
|
|
Term
| What is a muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| when insertion is pulled towards the insertion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List from superficial to deep the epaxial muscles...then ID |
|
Definition
| Splenius, Illiocostalis, Longisimus, Spinalis, Semispinalis, multifidus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inferior half of nuchal ligament, spinous processes of T1-T6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae, mastoid process, and posterior skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bilateral: extend head and neck
Unilateral: lateral flexion of head and neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cervical and thoracic dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
| What muscles compose the erector spinae? |
|
Definition
| Iliocostalis, Longissimus, spinalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iliac crest, posterior sacrum, and spinous process of sacral and lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iliac crest, posterior sacrum, and spinous process of sacral and lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iliac crest, posterior sacrum, and spinous process of sacral and lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transverse processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae, mastoid process of skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| Action of illiocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis? |
|
Definition
Bilateral: extend vertebral column and head
Unilateral: laterally flex vertebral column and head |
|
|
Term
| What innervates longissimus, iliocostalis, and spinalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the intermediate epaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does semispinalis start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transverse process of cervical and thoracic vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spinous processes of vertebrae 6-7 segemtns superior to origin, posterior skull near midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bilateral: extension of head and neck
Unilateral action: lateral flexion of neck and head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cervical and thoracic dorsal rami |
|
|
Term
| Deepest of intermediate epaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How far does mutlifidus run? |
|
Definition
| the whole length of vert column starting in sacral region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tranverse process of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vert. |
|
|
Term
| Insertion for multifidus? |
|
Definition
| spinous process of vert 2-3 segments superior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bilateral: extension of vert column
Unilateral: lateral flexion of vert column |
|
|
Term
| Name all epaxial muscles on T4 cross section |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and ID the hypaxial thoracic body wall muscles? |
|
Definition
| External intercostals, internal intercostals, transversus thoracis |
|
|
Term
| Origin and insertion for external intercostals; internal intercostals; |
|
Definition
| 11 pairs of muscles attached to ribs and occupying intercostals spaces |
|
|
Term
| Action of external intercostals |
|
Definition
| Elevate rib cage during quiet inspiration |
|
|
Term
| Action of internal intercostal muscles? |
|
Definition
| depress rib cage during forced expiration |
|
|
Term
| Insertion for Transversus Thoracis |
|
Definition
| Internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6 |
|
|
Term
| Origin for Transversus thoracis |
|
Definition
| Posterior surface of sternum |
|
|
Term
| action of transversus thoracis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates external intercostal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates intercostal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates transversus thoracis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the muscles and other parts of the abdominal body wall and ID |
|
Definition
| Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Internal oblique, transverus abdominis, quadratus lumborum, rectus sheath, linea alba, arcuate line |
|
|
Term
| Origin of rectus abdominis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insertion of rectus abdominis |
|
Definition
| sternum and costal cartilages 5-7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compress and support abdominal viscera, flex trunk |
|
|
Term
| Rectus abdominis innervation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External oblique insertion |
|
Definition
| linea alba via rectus sheat and iliac crest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compress and support abdominal viscera,flex and rotate trunk |
|
|
Term
| external oblique innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| Internal oblique insertion |
|
Definition
| linea alba via rectus sheath and lower 3 ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compress and support abdominal viscera, flex and rotate trunk |
|
|
Term
| Internal oblique innervation |
|
Definition
| thoracic and lumbar ventral rami |
|
|
Term
| transversus abdominis origin |
|
Definition
| lower 8 ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| Transversus abdominis insertion |
|
Definition
| linea alba via rectus sheath |
|
|
Term
| Transversus abdominis action |
|
Definition
| compress and support abdominal viscera |
|
|
Term
| Transversus abdominis innervation |
|
Definition
| thoracic and lumbar ventral rami |
|
|
Term
| Quadratus lumborum origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quadratus lumborum insertion |
|
Definition
| transverse processes of lower lumbar vertebrae and rib 12 |
|
|
Term
| Quadratus lumborum action |
|
Definition
bilateral: extend vertebral column
unilateral: laterally flex vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Quadratus lumborum innervation |
|
Definition
| thoracic and lumbar ventral rami |
|
|
Term
| What connects abdominal body wall muscles to linea alba? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the posterior rectus sheath stop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medial surface of pelvis from pubis to ischial spine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coccyx, levator ani muscle of opposite side and the structures that penetrate it (anus, vagina, and urethra) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supports pelvic viscera, raises pelvic floor, helps to compress abdominal contents during heavy breathing, vomiting, and coughing; raises anal canal over descending fecal matter during defecation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spinal cord a continuation of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinal cord extend to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the caudal collection of spinal roots called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the cauda equina formed? |
|
Definition
| inferior to conus medularis; below L2 |
|
|
Term
| Where is the spinal cord enlarged and why? |
|
Definition
| cervical and lumbar regions to innervate the limbs |
|
|
Term
| Name and ID parts of spinal cord and nerves |
|
Definition
| conus medullaris, cauda equina, gray matter, white matter, central canal, ventral horns, lateral horns, dorsal horns, meninges, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
|
|
Term
| Where are lateral horns present in? |
|
Definition
| thoracic, some lumbar and sacral levels of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What does white matter consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is gray matter composed of? |
|
Definition
| neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, surrounding central canal |
|
|
Term
| What does the dura mater surround? |
|
Definition
| loose fiting surrounding ventral and lateral horns |
|
|
Term
| Where is pia mater located? |
|
Definition
| tight fitting sheath around spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What connects arachnoid and dura mater? |
|
Definition
| thin spidery strands of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What fills the central canal and occupies space between arachnoid mater and pia mater? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cerebrospinal fluid? what does it do? |
|
Definition
| blood plasma derivative, nourishes CNS and serves as a flotation bath for spinal cord and the brain, keeping delicate tissue of the CNS from being crushed agaisnt surrounding bone |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there? Why? |
|
Definition
| 8; first pair exits veterbral column between skull and C1 |
|
|
Term
| ID anterior, lateral, and posterior cutaneous nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ID iliohypogastic and ilioinguinal nerves, what do they innervate? |
|
Definition
| Ventral rami that innervate abdominal body wall muscles and sensory innervation of buttocks and genital regions |
|
|
Term
| Where does pelvic diaphragm receive motor innervation from? |
|
Definition
| ventral rami of spinal nerves S3 and S4 |
|
|
Term
| what innervates thoracic body wall? |
|
Definition
| Thoracic ventral rami, intercostal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the abdominal body wall |
|
Definition
| T6-12 ventral rami, L1 ventral rami, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What innervates pelvic body wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pericardial cavity? |
|
Definition
| celomic space that heart lies in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity (visceral and parietal pericardium) |
|
|
Term
| Name and ID all parts of the mediastinum |
|
Definition
| Pericardial cavity, pericardium, right atrium, left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, chordae tendinae, papillary muscles, right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid), left atrio ventricular valve (biscupid), pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve, interventricular sulcus, atrioventricular sulcus, interventricular septum, atrioventricular septum, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, cardiac veins, ascending aorta, descending aotra, arch of aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, l. r. coronary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, right common carotid, right subclavian artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, left and right brachiocephalic veins |
|
|
Term
| Blood trace to left upper limb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood trace to the anterior thoracic body wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood trace to right side of head and neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood trace to left anterior thoracic body wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood trace to right anterior thoracic body wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood trace to right side of head and neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood trace to left side of head and neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood trace to posterior thoracic body wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ID trachea and left and right bronchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is trachea composed of? |
|
Definition
| C-shaped rings of cartilage joined by intervening membranes of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the trachea during inahalation? exhalation? |
|
Definition
| it stretches and descends; recoils to original position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where bronchi plunge into to enter lung (medial depression) |
|
|
Term
| Which bronchi is shorter and wider? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the bronchi branch into? |
|
Definition
| blind sacs called alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle is esophogus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| move food from mouth to pharynx to stomach |
|
|
Term
| What does sympathetic innervation do to esophagus and trachea? |
|
Definition
esophagus = inhibits peristalsis
trachea = dilated |
|
|
Term
| What does parasympathetic innervation do to esophagus and trachea? |
|
Definition
esophagus = stimulates peristalsis
Trachea = constricts trachea and bronchi tubes |
|
|
Term
| What provides parasympathetic visceral motor innervation to trachea and esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many lobes in left lung? in right? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical importances of the lung partitions into bronchopulmonary segments? |
|
Definition
1) limit the spread of infection
2) allows surgical removal of segements without damaging others |
|
|
Term
| Name of serous membrane surrounding lungs? |
|
Definition
| parietal and visceral pleura |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the serous fluid in the pleura |
|
Definition
1) acts as a lubricant to allow lung's external surface to move across surfaces without friction
2) fluid holds parietal and visceral pleura together allowing them to passively pull lungs to faciliate breathing by expansion and collapsing lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inferior border of rib cage, costal cartilages of ribs 6-12 and lumbar vetrebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flattens when contracted; dome-shaped when relaxed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phrenic nerves (ventral rami c3-5) |
|
|
Term
| Name blood vessels in the thoracic region and ID them |
|
Definition
| posterior intercostal arteries, anterior intercostal arteries, internal thoracic arteries, left and right subclavian arteries, anterior intercostal veins, posterior intercostal veins, descending aorta, left and right brachiocephalic veins, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, accessory azygos vein |
|
|
Term
| What innervates thoracic body wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the accessory azygos vein drain into? |
|
Definition
| Left brachiocephalic vein |
|
|
Term
| What do anterior intercostal arteries branch off of? What do they supply? |
|
Definition
| internal thoracic arteries; anterior intercostal spaces |
|
|
Term
| What do the posterior intercostal arteries branch off of? What do they supply? |
|
Definition
| Descending aorta; supply posterior intercostal spaces |
|
|
Term
| Drainage pattern for posterior intercostal veins to right atrium? |
|
Definition
| Left side superior (accessory azygos) > left brachiocephalic vein > superior vena cava; left side inferior cap beds > hemiazygos vein > azygos vein > superior vena cava; right side thoracic cap beds > azygos vein > superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| Drainage patter for anterior intercostal right side? |
|
Definition
| cap beds > intercostal veins > right internal thoracic veins > right brachiocephalic > superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| drainage pattern for posterior left side intercostal spaces? |
|
Definition
| Cap beds > left intercostal veins > left internal thoracic vein > left brachiocephalic vein > superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| Name abdominal viscera of the gut + subcomponents and ID |
|
Definition
| Stomach (fundus, greater curvature, lesser curvature, pylorus, pyloric sphincter, cardia sphincter) Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), Large instestine (cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, right colic flexure, left colic flexure, descending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle is the gut tube made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of innervation does the gut receive? |
|
Definition
| visceral motor innervation |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic response of the gut? |
|
Definition
| inhibition of peristalsis and constriction of blood vessels to digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic response of gut abdominal viscera? |
|
Definition
| stimulation of peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| What is the abdominal celom? ID it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the serous membrane lining abdominal viscera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double layer of peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ventral mesentaries? What do they connect? ID these |
|
Definition
1) falciform ligament: (ventral body wall to ventral surface of liver)
2) Lesser omentum: runs from liver to lesser curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What are the dorsal mesentaries? What do they connect? ID them |
|
Definition
1) Mesentary proper: posterior body wall to jejunum and ileum
2) transverse mesocolon-suspends the transverse colon from posterior body wall
3) greater omentum: posterior body wall to greater curvature looping anteriorly of abdominal viscera in between |
|
|
Term
| Name all abdominal viscera that are retroperitoneal |
|
Definition
| ascending colon, descending colon, duodenum, pancreas, kidneys (although not derived from the gut tube) |
|
|
Term
| Are the kidneys derived from the gut tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the liver begin as? |
|
Definition
| An outgrowth of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What organs are derivatives of the gut tube? |
|
Definition
| liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
|
|
Term
| How much does the average liver weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many functions does the liver have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the liver's digetive function? |
|
Definition
| produces bile, that is secreted into the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| ID the common bile duct and gall bladder; what are their functions? |
|
Definition
Common bile duct: allows for secretion of bile between liver and duodenum
Gall bladder: stores bile from liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| green alakline secretion from liver for aiding digestion by breaking up fats making it easier for enzymes from pancreas to break down food |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels are located around the common bile duct? |
|
Definition
| hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper |
|
|
Term
| What is the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscular sac for storing bile |
|
|
Term
| What are two functions of the liver? |
|
Definition
1) secete bile for aiding digestion
2) filtering blood draining from gut tube of toxins |
|
|
Term
| Locate and ID pancreas and pancreatic duct; what is its function? |
|
Definition
| provides enzymes via pancreatic duct to duodenum to digest food; also produces hormones that regulate sugar levels in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Is the spleen a derivative of the gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functionally what is the spleen a part of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
1) Cleanse blood by regulating balance between water and salt and acids to bases;
2) cleanses blood by disposing toxins, excessive concentrations of ions, and metabolic waste |
|
|
Term
| What is the product of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Locate and ID the ureters, functions? |
|
Definition
| Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
What gland lies within close proximity of each kidney? Function?
Are these |
|
Definition
| Suprarenal gland; secete hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline |
|
|
Term
| What type of innervation does abdominal viscera receive? |
|
Definition
| visceral motor innervation |
|
|
Term
1) What does the Vagus nerve provide to abdominal viscera?
2) What does S2-S4 spinal nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to? |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic visceral motor innervation from stomach to the left colic flexure
2)descending colon and sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic response of liver, gall bladder and pancreas? |
|
Definition
| secretion of digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What is peristalsis? When is it inhibited? |
|
Definition
| gut mobility; during sympathetic visceral motor innervation |
|
|
Term
| What provides sympathetic visceral motor innervation to abdominal viscera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sympathetic response of guttube, kidneys |
|
Definition
| peristalsis inhibited, constriction of blood vessels to gut and kidneys, promotion break down of glucose for energy |
|
|
Term
| Name the vessels bringing blood to the abdominal viscera and ID these |
|
Definition
| Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, left gastric artery, splenic artery, right gastric artery, left gastroepiploic artery, Right gastroepiploic artery, hepatic proper artery, gastroduodunal artery |
|
|
Term
| What arteries make up the celiac trunk? ID these |
|
Definition
| Left gastic artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| What branches from the common hepatic artery? |
|
Definition
| hepatic artery proper and gastroduodenal artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the hepatic proper artery give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the gastroduodenal artery give rise to? |
|
Definition
| right gastroepliploic artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the splenic artery give rise to? |
|
Definition
| Left gastroepiploic artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the celiac trunk branch from? What does it branch to? |
|
Definition
| abdominal aorta; to left gastric artery, to splenic artery, to common hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| What does left gastric artery branch from and to? |
|
Definition
From: Celiac trunk
To: lesser curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What does splenic artery branch from and to? |
|
Definition
From: celiac trunk
to: Left gastroduodenal artery; pancreas; spleen |
|
|
Term
| What does left gastroepiploic artery branch from and to? |
|
Definition
From: Splenic artery
To: Greater curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What does common hepatic artery branch from and to? |
|
Definition
From: Celiac Trunk
To: Liver,gall bladder, gastroduodenal artery, Hepatic proper artery |
|
|
Term
| What does gastroduodenal branch from and to? |
|
Definition
From Common hepatic artery
To: Right gastroepiploic artery, duodenum, pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What does right gastroepiploic artery branch from and to? |
|
Definition
From: gastroduodenal artery
To: greater curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What does hepatic proper artery branch off of and to? |
|
Definition
From: common hepatic artery
To: liver, Right gastric artery |
|
|
Term
| What does right gastric artery branch from and to? |
|
Definition
From: hepatic proper artery
To: supplies lesser curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What does the superior mesenteric artery branch from and to? |
|
Definition
From: abdominal aorta
to: duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| What does inferior mesenteric artery branch from and to? |
|
Definition
From abdominal aorta
To: descending colon; sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood trace to ascending colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood trace to descending colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood trace to lesser curvature of stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood trace to greater curvature of stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Locate and ID renal arteries and gonadal arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do renal arteries branch and where do they supply? |
|
Definition
| abdominal aorta at L1-L2: Kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Which renal artery is longer? |
|
Definition
| Right renal artery because aorta lies on the left side of vert bodies |
|
|
Term
| Where do gonadal arteries branch from and why? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal aorta around L2 because this is where gonads first develop in an embryo |
|
|
Term
| What are the serial homologs of the posterior intercostal arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feeds blood to rectus abdominis? where do they come from? |
|
Definition
| Right and left superior epigastric arteries; from right and left internal thoracic arteries (just a continuation) |
|
|
Term
| What do lumbar arteries branch from and supply? |
|
Definition
1) abdominal aorta
2) posterior and lateral abdominal body wall |
|
|
Term
| Locate superior epigastric arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the abdominal aorta end? |
|
Definition
| it branches into two common iliac arteries |
|
|
Term
| What do common iliac arteries come from where do the supply? |
|
Definition
From: abdominal aorta
To: L. R. Interal and external iliac arteries |
|
|
Term
| What do the internal iliac arteries feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do external iliac arteries feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the superior epigastric arteries form an anastomosis with? What is an anastomosis? |
|
Definition
| inferior epigastric arteries; a cross connection between tubes |
|
|
Term
| ID inferior epigastric arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the inferior epigastric arteries branch from? Located? feed to? |
|
Definition
From: external illiac arteries just superior toinguinal ligament
Located: deep within rectus sheath
Feed to: form an anastomosis with superior epigastric arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood trace to left ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood trace to right testis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood trace to sigmoid colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a venous portal system? |
|
Definition
| where capillaries drain from one organ into the caps of another (of course not directly from cap to cap) |
|
|
Term
| What is the portal system that drains the abdominal viscera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and ID the veins draining abdominal vsicera and body wall |
|
Definition
| hepatic portal vein, superior mesenteric vein, Right gastric vein, left gastric vein, right gastroepiploic vein, splenic vein, left gastroepiploic vein, inferior mesenteric vein; gonadal veins, renal veins, lumbar veins, inferior epigastric veins, external iliac veins, common iliac veins |
|
|
Term
| What does Left gastroepiploic vein drain to and from |
|
Definition
To: Splenic Vein
From: greater curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| Inferior vein, drains to and from? |
|
Definition
To: Splenic vein
From: descending colon and sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
| Splenic vein drains to and from where? |
|
Definition
To Hepatic portal vein
From: spleen, pancreas, left gastroepiploic vein, and inferior mesenteric vein, |
|
|
Term
| What does the right gastroepiploic vein drain to and from? |
|
Definition
To: superior mesenteric veing
From greater curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What does superior mesenteric vein drain to and from? |
|
Definition
To: hepatic portal vein
From: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| What do left and right gastric vein drain to and from? |
|
Definition
To: hepatic portal vein
From: lesser curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What does hepatic portal vein drain to and from? |
|
Definition
To: Capillaries of liver
From: Right and left gastric vein, superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein |
|
|
Term
| What do renal veins drain from and to? |
|
Definition
from kidneys to inferior vena cava
Left renal also drains left gonadal vein |
|
|
Term
| What renal vein is longer, why? |
|
Definition
| left renal vein is longer b/c IVC is to the right side of vert. column |
|
|
Term
| Where do the right and left gonadal veins drain to and from? |
|
Definition
To: Left (left renal vein) Right (IVC)
From gonads |
|
|
Term
| What do the lumbar veins drain to and from? |
|
Definition
To: IVC
From: cap beds of posterior abdominal body wall |
|
|
Term
| Blood trace posterior body wall |
|
Definition
| remeber the drainage is from lumbar bc posterior |
|
|
Term
| Anterior abdominal body wall blood trace |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the inferior epigastric vein drain to and from? |
|
Definition
From Anterior abdominal body wall
To: external iliac veins |
|
|
Term
| where does superior epigastric vein drain to and from? |
|
Definition
from: anterior abdominal body wall (caps)
To: Internal thoracic veins |
|
|
Term
| Where do external illiac veins drain to and from? |
|
Definition
From: inferior epigastric (maybe others, need to check)
To: common iliac veins |
|
|
Term
| Where do common iliac veins drain to and from? |
|
Definition
From: external iliac veins (also probably internal iliac veins but not in book?)
To: IVC |
|
|
Term
| Locate and ID greater sciatic notch and lesser sciatic notch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Pubic symphysis and what does it join? |
|
Definition
| Joint binding pubis to pubis |
|
|
Term
| Id the ischiorectal fossa; what is it? |
|
Definition
| space filled with fat, blood vessels, and nerves that supply the perineum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tbe body region inferior to the pelvic diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What is the perineum composed of? Id all parts |
|
Definition
1) Urogential triangle:
a)Urogenital diaphragm (Transverse perineus muscle; External urethral sphincter)
b) external genitalia
c) penetrated by urethra and vagina
2) Central tendon (perineal body)
3) Anal triangle
a) Penetrated by the anus
b) External anal sphincter muscle |
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the transverse perineus, external urethral sphincter, and external anal sphincter muscles? Locate it |
|
Definition
| Pudenal nerve (s2-s4 ventral rami) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the pudendal nerve originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transverse perineus Origin |
|
Definition
| Medial surface of ischial ramus and inferior pubic ramus |
|
|
Term
| Transverse perineus Insertion |
|
Definition
| Central tendon. vagina (female), and sphincter urethra |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the transverse perineus? |
|
Definition
| Supports pelic viscera by stabilizing central tendon, anchors genitalia |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the transverse perineus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External urethral sphincter Origin and insertion? |
|
Definition
| Loops around urethra and vagina in female; loops around membranous urethra in male |
|
|
Term
| External urethral sphincter Action and innervation? |
|
Definition
| Voluntary constriction of urethra, turns off urinary reflex; Pudendal nerve |
|
|
Term
| External anal sphincter Origin and insertion? |
|
Definition
| attached anteriorly to central tendon, posteriorly to coccyx; loops around and attaches to the anal canal |
|
|
Term
| Action of the external anal sphincter? |
|
Definition
| Voluntary constriction of anus, turns off defecatory reflex |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the external anal sphincter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the pelvic gut tube consist of?
ID these |
|
Definition
| anus and rectum; internal anal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What is the last section of the gut tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the anus? Where does it begin? |
|
Definition
| 3 cm long, at the point where the rectum passes through the levator ani muscle of the pelvic diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What is the internal anal sphincter? What is its function? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle inside anus that contracts involuntarily to prevent leakage of fecal matter between defecations |
|
|
Term
| What type of innervation keeps the internal anal sphincter contracted? |
|
Definition
| Automatic visceral motor innervation |
|
|
Term
| Name and locate the urinary organs? |
|
Definition
| Urinary bladder,urethra (prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy (penile) urethra), external urethra sphincter, internal urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What propels urine inferiorly? |
|
Definition
| Peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of the ureters |
|
|
Term
| What is the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
| a collapsible, muscular sac composed of smooth muscle that stores and expels urine |
|
|
Term
| How much urine can a bladder hold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females, where is the bladder located in relation to uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In males where is the bladder located anteriorly from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What propels urine from urinary bladder to urethra? |
|
Definition
| muscular contractions of urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thin walled tube that drains urine from bladder to the outside |
|
|
Term
| How long is the urethra in females? Where is it bound to? Where is the external urethral orifice? ID |
|
Definition
| 1.5 inches long; anterior wall of the vagina by connective tissue; anterior to to vaginal opening and posterior to clitoris |
|
|
Term
| How long is the urethra in males? What are its parts? Locate them |
|
Definition
| 8 inches, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra |
|
|
Term
| How long is the prostatic urethra? Where does it pass through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the membranous urethra pass through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the spongy urethra pass through ? For about how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Locate external and internal urethral sphincters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are male and female gonads called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peritoneal cavity against the lateral wall of the bony pelvis |
|
|
Term
| What happens during ovulation? |
|
Definition
| the gamete (occyte) is expelled into the peritoneal cavity, uterine tubes receive the occytes facilitated by fimbriae creating a current in peritoneal fluid |
|
|
Term
| What are the female reproductive organs, id them |
|
Definition
| ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, infundibulum, fimbriae, vagina, fornix |
|
|
Term
| What are the uterine tubes? |
|
Definition
| receive ovulated oocyte and provide site for fertilization |
|
|
Term
| What are the uterine tubes? |
|
Definition
| receive ovulated oocyte and provide site for fertilization |
|
|
Term
| What are the infundibulums? |
|
Definition
| lateral funnel shaped region of each uterine tube |
|
|
Term
| Where is the uterus in relation to the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take a zygote to reach the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In premenopausal women how big is the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the uterus? ID them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the uterus? ID them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the uterus? ID them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| retain and nourish a fertilized egg during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Superior rounded part of uterus is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the cervix project into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the central lumen not small? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes a mucus which fills cervical canal to help block infection from vagina to uterus |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the uterine wall? |
|
Definition
| perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peritoneum that covers uterus |
|
|
Term
| What is the middle myometrium? |
|
Definition
| middle layer of uterin wall that is smooth muscle that contracts forcefully during child birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost uterin wall, that provides a mucosal lining of the uterine cavity where the embryo burrows into |
|
|
Term
| What is shed during menstruation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the vagina? |
|
Definition
| exit canal for menstrual flow, birth canal, receives semen |
|
|
Term
| The lumen of the vagina is what? why? |
|
Definition
| very acidic to ward off infection |
|
|
Term
| What is the fornix? What is the hymen? |
|
Definition
| a recess around the inferiorly protruding tip of the cervix; an elaboration of tissue forming an incomplete diaphragm across the vaginal orifice |
|
|
Term
| Name the male internal genitalia; id them |
|
Definition
| testes, scrotum, inguinal canal, spermatic cord, epidiymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the testes reside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
| oblique trough running through the anterior abdominal body wall where the testes pass through to get to scrotum |
|
|
Term
| What do testes bring with them into the scrotum as the pass through the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
| abdominal body wall layers including peritoneum and lateral body wall muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
| the sum of blood vessels, nerves and abdominal body wall layers drug through the inguinal canal |
|
|
Term
| What happens to testes when body is hot, cold? |
|
Definition
hot = scrotum hangs loose to cool testes
cold = hangs close to warm, scrotum wrinkles to provide more warmth |
|
|
Term
| How long is the epidiymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe an ejaculation path |
|
Definition
| sperm from testes awaits in epididymus, goes to ductus deferens, ductus deferens joins with seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct; ejaculatroy duct runs through prostate gland and empties into urethra |
|
|
Term
| How long is the ductus deferens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is ductus deferens part of the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
| yes it passes through the inguinal canal |
|
|
Term
| What are the male accessory glands? ID them |
|
Definition
| seminal vesicles (2), 1 prostate, and 2 bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
| What do seminal vesicles do? |
|
Definition
| provide 60% of seminal fluid for ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| What does the prostate gland do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the bulbourethral gland do? |
|
Definition
| provides a mucus that enters spongy urethra during sexual arousal (precum) to neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra and lubricates urethra for smooth passage of semen |
|
|
Term
| What are the female external genitalia called? name them, and id them |
|
Definition
| Vulva: mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, clitoris, glans of clitoris, bulbs of vestibule, crus of clitoris, bulbospongiousus muscles, ischiocavernosus muscles, paraurethral glands, greater vestibular glands |
|
|
Term
| Name the male external genitalia, id them |
|
Definition
| penis, scrotum, bulb of penis, glans penis, crus of penis, bulbospongiosus muscle, ischiocavernosus muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the erectile tissue called that the bulb of clit or penis is located? locate for both male and female |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the erectile tissue called that composes the crura of the clit or penis? ID these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the female glands associated with female genitalia? What do the do? ID them |
|
Definition
paraurethral glands: secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual arousal
2: Greater vestibular glands-secrete mucus during sexual arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
female: central tendon
Male: central tendon and midline raphe |
|
|
Term
| Bulbosspongiosus insertion |
|
Definition
Female: bulbs of vestibule
Male: bulb of penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Helps produce and maintain erection
Male only: helps empty spongy urethra |
|
|
Term
| Bulbospongiosus innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ischiocavernosus Insertion |
|
Definition
Female: crus of clitoris
Male: crus of penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps produce and maintain erection of clitoris and penis |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the ischiocavernosus muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the reproductive homologs (7 pairs0 |
|
Definition
Ovaries > testes
Labia majora > scrotum
glans clitoris > glans penis
bulbs of vestibule > bulb of penis
Crura of clitoris > crura of penis
greater vestibular gland > bulbourethral glands
paraurethral glands > prostate glands |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic response of rectum and bladder? |
|
Definition
| inhibition of internal anal sphincter causing defecation (relaxation); contracts bladder, relaxes internal urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What provides parasympathetic visceral motor commands to the pelvic viscera and reproductive organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic response of the clitoris or penis? |
|
Definition
| engorgement of erectile tissue with blood |
|
|
Term
| What provides sympathetic visceral motor innervation to reproductive and pelvic viscera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic visceral motor response of internal sphincters; clitoris or penis? |
|
Definition
| contraction to aid in urinary and fecal continence; causes ejaculation and remission of erection |
|
|
Term
| What arteries and veins that service the pelvis and perineum? ID them |
|
Definition
| right and left common iliac artery, external iliac arteries, internal iliac arteries, internal pudendal artery, gonadal arteries, internal pudendal veins, internal iliac veins, external iliac veins, common iliac veins, right and left gonadal veins |
|
|
Term
| What does external iliac artery supply/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What branches from the internal iliac artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the internal pudendal artery supply and branch from |
|
Definition
Supplies: structures of the perineum including the external genitalia
Branches from: internal iliac artery |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the internal pudendal artery travels? |
|
Definition
| leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen, reenters through lesser sciatic foramen, the travels through the ischiorectal fossa |
|
|
Term
| What does the internal pudendal vein drain from and to? |
|
Definition
From: perineum
To: internal iliac vein |
|
|
Term
| Where does the left gonadal drain from and to? |
|
Definition
From: gonads
To: left renal vein |
|
|
Term
| Where does the right gonadal vein drain from and to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood trace rectum, bladder, uterus transvese perineus muscle, clitoris penis, testis, ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomyatlases Thorax 3.1 |
|
Definition
|
|
