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the study of form, animal design
result of natural selection
fitness depends on: design changes and external environment |
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| developmental history of an animal |
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| evolutionary history of an animal |
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| common function (may/may not have common ancestry) |
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| features that look alike (may/may not be homologous or analogous) |
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| Needs of animal organ systems |
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Definition
-temperature maintenance
-metabolic needs
-environmental stressors
-behavior/activity
-physical stressors of design
-support for locomotion |
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| roles of integumentary system |
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Definition
-protection from environment
-sensory detection
-respiration
-excretion
-thermoregulation
-locomotion
-water regulation
-nourishment of young
-pheromone production
-Vitamin D production
-mating behavior
-prey/predator camouflage |
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Term
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Definition
top layer of craniate skin
-multilayered epithelial tissue
-for defense/protection
-prevents water loss
-respiration
-excretion
-secretions (lubrication, defense, granular (poison)
stratified epithelial tissue
-in fish and amphibians: produces mucous
-in terrestrial animals: outer layers are cornified or keratinized to act as a barrier against mechanical abrasion, water loss, and microorgansims |
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| derivatives of the epidermis |
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Definition
-glands
-hair (mammals)
-feathers (birds)
-scales (reptiles and birds)
-beaks and combs (birds)
-horns and antlers
-baleen (filter-feeder system in mouth of whales)
-friction ridges
-rattles (snakes)
-knee pads
-tori (heels pads of paws) and apical (phalange pads of paws) pads |
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Term
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Definition
second layer of craniate skin
-connective tissue that lies below epidermis, provides support: strong, flexible
-nerve and vascular input: contains blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
-sensory receptors: touch, pressure, and temperature
connective tissue
-areolar connective: arrangement is linear, has network of fibers that give strength to epithelial layer of epidermis
Two layers
-papillary layer: areolar tissue with collagen and elastin; collagen; dermal ridges make finger prints
-Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue that is made up of collagen is bundled, provides strength and flexibility without wrinkling; sensory receptors, contains hair follicles and oil and sweat glands |
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-Sudoriferous glands
-Sebaceous glands
-Mucous glands
-Granular glands
-Mammary glands
-Avian oil glands |
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Definition
-sweat glands: temperature regulation and scent glands in mammals
-eccrine glands: sweat on frictional areas (footpads) that enhance tactile perception and adhesion; for temperature control in humans
-Apocrine glands: scent glands, hormone (sympathetic nervous system) controlled, located in axillary and urogenital areas in humans
-Ceruminous glands/Modified apocrine glands: produce waxy product |
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-oil glands; reduce water loss and make skin and hair pliable
-antibacterial
-scent glands (like in a skunk) |
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-give skin a protective coat
-reduce friction of swimming in aquatic animals |
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-irritants and toxins for defense
-pheromones |
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Definition
-milk production for young in mammals
-milk is a mixture of water, fats, carbohydrates, and lipids
-gland consists of numerous lobules: cluster of secreting alveoli in which milk is produced; alveoli are surrounded with myoepithelial cells
-alveoli open to a common gland duct
in humans: raised epidermal papilla form nipples; adipose form around it to make breast
in ungulates (large, hoofed animals): gland ducts empty into a cistern with teat ducts leading to surface
in monotremes (mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth): gland duct opens directly onto surface |
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| Avian oil glands (uropygial glands) |
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Definition
-located near tail in birds
-preening: bird spreads oil on feathers
-makes feathers pliable, clean, and waterproof |
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Term
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Definition
Chromatophores (in dermis)
-melanophores: melanin (black/brown stimulated by UV light); melanin is contained in vessels that will disperse among cell to change its color
-erythrophores: carotenoids (red/orange)
-xanthophores: xanthins (yellow/gold)
-iridophores (silvery)
hormonally/neurally controlled
-by sympathetic nervous system
-by epinephrine: melanophore stimulating hormone from pituitary gland
functions of integument color
-temperature regulation
-camouflage/defense
-mating behavior |
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Term
| derivatives of the dermis |
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Definition
-scales (chondrocytes/sharks/stingrays and osteichthyes/other fish)
-spur on ankles (birds)
-osteoderms or bone (reptiles like crocodile)
-carapace and plastron (turtle)
-armour (armadillo)
-teeth (both dermal and epidermal)
-brood patch (bird): chest area that helps females incubate eggs |
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Definition
5 layers thick (Can Laura Give Sarah Books)
-stratum corneum: flat, dead cells, 2/3 of epidermis, tough and waterproof, filled with keratin filaments; cels die because they are closer to surface and further from blood supply
-stratum lucidum: translucent layer found in thick skin, lots of keratin filaments
-stratum granulosum: produce keratin
-stratum spinosum: maturing cells that push to surface, web of filaments and desmosomes, accumulate keratin
-stratum basile: constantly dividing; new epidermis about every month, contains melanocytes
contains
-desmosomes: connection between cells that are made up of proteins and glycolipids
-keratinocytes: majority of cells near surface
-Merkel cells: sensory receptors (touch)
-melanocytes: make melanin that gives skin its color, provides protection from UV light, extended cells that transfer melanin to keratinocytes
-Langerhan's cells: epidermal dendritic cells, macrophages for immune defense |
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Term
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Definition
-made up of keratinized cells filled with hard keratin
-shaft of hair is made up of 3 layers of cells
-hair pigment comes form melanocytes at base
-arrector pili: muscle that will make hair stand up
-root hair plexus: nerve around hair for sense of touch
-pelage: long guard hair and thick underhair (most furred animals have it)
-whiskers and quills are modified guard hairs
hair growth
-hair follicle supports hair deep into dermis, surrounded by sebaceous glands
-growth is dues to mitosis of cells in hair bulb |
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| Shark (chondroichthyes) integument |
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Definition
-Epidermis: many layered, few mucous glands
-Dermis: thicker, layer of melanophore below epidermis, placoid scales
-Placoid scales: bony base, spin is dentin coated in enamel, scale is dermal but protrudes through epidermis |
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| Fish (osteichthyes) integument |
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-Epidermis: mucous helps with water balance, reduces drag while swimming, and is a barrier to bacteria; glands produce poison and pheromones
-Dermis: collagen in plies, chromatophores and photophores (emit light), scales and dermal bones |
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-light-generating glands in deep sea fish; light is generated by bacteria, there is a chemical reaction in the gland
-functionsL species recognition, feeding (light attracts prey) |
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Shapes
-cycloid
-ctenoid
-consists of a thin layer of acellular bone over a plate of collagen
-translucent and flexible
-covered with a thin epidermis
-chromatophores lie near scale |
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Term
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Definition
-Epidermis: thin stratum corneum for gas exchange, mucouls glands (multicellular mucous glands keep skin moist), granular glands (produce pheromones, toxins, and nutrients for young)
-Dermis: connective tissue loosely attached to muscle (not always attached to muscle-in anurans/frogs), chromatophores |
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Definition
epidermis
-scales: heavily keratinized cells
-lots of hard keratin reduces water loss
-ecdysis: shedding of outer epidermis in snakes and lizards (in crocs the scales grow throughout life, in turtles more layers of keratin are added to shell)
-muscle attachment to sheets of scales allow for movement in some snakes
-claws: hard from keratin and calcium salts
dermis
-dermal bone (shell of turtle)
-plate of bony osteoderms (crocs and lizards)
-scent glands
-chromatophores |
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Term
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Definition
-molting of reptile skin with grown (molts in patterns, typically from head to toe)
-the stratum basile makes new layers of epidermis under the old layers
-white blood cells invade the space between the new and old epidermis, causing autolysis and the outer layers to detach |
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Definition
-epidermis: thin with little keratin (except on feet and head), feathers, claws, beak, scales on feet
-dermis: thin and loosely attached to underlying muscles, dermal bone, oil gland |
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Term
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Definition
Three types: contour, down, filoplume
-derived from the epidermis
-laid out in distinct tracts on the body
-have arrector plumarum muscles to make feathers stand
-color due to: chromatophore pigments and cells scattering light
-growth: dermal papilla forms pushing out of the epidermis
-pit in dermal papilla forms for the feather sheath
-columns of cells of shaft separate, cornify, and develop into barbs
functions
-flight
-temperature control
-behavioral display (mating)
-sensory |
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Term
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Definition
all modifications of stratum corneum
made of two parts: ungis and subungis
claws
-curved, keratinized at tips of digits
-high calcium content
-found in most reptiles, birds, and mammals, some amphibians
nails
-growth at nail matrix
-stabilizes skin at tips of fingers for grasping
hooves
-hoof wall
-ungis: dead cells
-helps with shock absorption when walking |
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Term
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Definition
true horns (bovines, giraffes, rhinos)
-both sexes have
-not branched
-last all year, grow throughout life (not shed)
-bony core surrounded by keratinized sheath
antlers (deer, elk, moose)
-found in males only
-branched
-consist of bone core with a highly vascular layer of skin on the outside
-shed annually
-Deer antler growth: bone buds appear in spring, skin covering by end of spring, antlers die and detach in the late fall |
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