Term
Platysma
Action of superior & inferior fibers
Supplied by what nerve? |
|
Definition
sup - tense skin to produce vertical skin ridge (shaving)
inferior - draws cover of mouth down (sadness or fright)
fascial nerve |
|
|
Term
| When suturing the neck, the skin must be sutured to the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cervical fascias:
1. ___: envelopes the entire neck, splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
2. ___: muscular portion - encloses infrahyoid muscle. visceral portion- surrounds thyroid, larynx, trachea, paharynx, esophagus
3. ___ - surroudns cervical vertebrae and the msucles associated with it
4. ___ - encloses the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve |
|
Definition
investing layer
pretracheal layer
prevertebral layer
carotid sheath |
|
|
Term
The ___ layer of deep cervical fascia helps prevent the spread of abscesses caused by tissue destruction
If infecetion occurs between the __ and __ fascia it can spread to thoracic cavity
Pus from abscesses posterior to ____ fascia could cause difficulty swallowing and speaking |
|
Definition
investing
investing and pretracheal
prevertebral |
|
|
Term
| ___ space - permits movement of pharynx, esophagus, larynx, and trachea during swallowing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ is used to feel the jugular venous pulse in the sternocleidomastoid region |
|
Definition
| lesser supraclavicular fossa |
|
|
Term
Lateral cervical region/posterior triangle contents:
___ artery
___ nerve
___ artery pulsation felt here
Pressure point - compression of 3rd part of ___ artery against 1st rib can control bleeding in upper limb |
|
Definition
occipital
CN XI
subclavian
subclavian |
|
|
Term
4 triangles in the anterior cervical region
Where can the carotid pulse be felt?
Where can the thyroid gland be felt? |
|
Definition
Submental
Submandibular
Carotid - carotid pulse
Muscular (digastric) - thyroid |
|
|
Term
| Sternocleidomastoid - origin, insertion, innervation, action |
|
Definition
Sternal head Origin: upper part of anterior surface of manubrium
Clavicular head origin: superior surface of medial 1/3 of clavicle
Sternal head Insertion: lateral 1/2 of superior nuchal line
Clavicular head insertion: laterial surface of mastoid process
Innervation: CN XI and branches from anterio rami c2-3
Action: tilt head toward shoulder on same side, rotate head to turn face to opposite side, draw head fwd (togheter) |
|
|
Term
___ is the most common type of fibrous tumor that develops in the SCM before or at birth
Presentation at birth necessitates a breech delivery.
Occasionally happens as a result of difficult delivery
May require surgical release of SCM from inferior attachemnts to manubrium to allow person to rotate head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscles of the anterior cervical region:
4 suprahyoids
4 infrahyoids |
|
Definition
Suprahyoids:
digastric
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
mylohyoid
infrahyoids:
sternohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid |
|
|
Term
___ muscles depress the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage during vocalization, swallowing, and masticatino. Contain ansa cervicalis and hypoglossal nerve.
___ muscles depress the mandible, elevate the hyoid. Active during swallowing and chewing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three arteries are the major source of blood in the head and neck? |
|
Definition
| common carotid, external carotid, internal carotid |
|
|
Term
The carotid sinus ___ reacts to changes in arterial pressure
The carotid body ___ monitors O2 level in blood. It is stimulated by the low levels of O2 and initiates reflees that increase rate and depth of resp, cardiac rate, and BP |
|
Definition
baroreceptor
chemoreceptor |
|
|
Term
| 2 branches off the thyrocervical trunk that are seen in the neck |
|
Definition
| suprascapular and transverse cervical arteries |
|
|
Term
| The vertebral atery is the first part of the ___ artery. It ascends through the foramina of the transverse processes of C6-C1 and enters the cranial cavity through the ___. |
|
Definition
subclavian
foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
external jugular
anterior jugular
posterior external jugular
internal jugular |
|
|
Term
Veins of the neck:
___: begins by the union of the posterior division of the tretromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein. terminates in the subclavian vein.
___: begins from the confluence of the superficial mandbiular vein. terminates into the external jugular vein
___: begins in occipital vein
___: begins at jugular foramen in posterior cranial fossa as a continuation of sigmoid sinus. Joins with the subclavian and forms the brachiocephalic |
|
Definition
external jugular
anterior jugular
posterior external jugular
internal jugular |
|
|
Term
| 4 tributaries of the external jugular vein |
|
Definition
Posterior external jugular
Anterior jugular
Transverse cervical
Suprascapular |
|
|
Term
| 7 tributaries of the internal jugular vein |
|
Definition
inferior petrosal
facial
lingual
pharyngeal
superior and middle thyroid
occipital |
|
|
Term
Nerves in the neck:
2 cervical spinal nerves
5 cranial nerves
1 sympathetic trunk |
|
Definition
cervical plexus and brachial plexus
CN: Vii, IX, X, XI, XII
Cervical symp trunk |
|
|
Term
Cervical plexus: Formed by ventral primary divisions of __-__ nerves
Supplies |
|
Definition
C1-C4
Supplies some neck muscles, diaphragm, skin of head, neck, and chest |
|
|
Term
| For regional anesthesia during neck surgery, the anesthetic is injected where? |
|
Definition
| posteiror border of SCM - mainly at jxn of middle and sup 1/3s |
|
|
Term
Cervical sympathetic trunk:
3 ganglia:
____ 80% of people fuses with 1st thoracic ganglion. Star shaped, transverse process of C7
___: Smallest. Occassionally absent. C6 vert or cricoid, anterior to vertebral artery
___: fused C1 to C4 ganglia at level of C1 and C2. Good landmark for sympathetic trunk due to large size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lympatic drainage of neck |
|
Definition
Lymph vessels drain to terminal lymph nodes then to either:
R jugular trunk to jugulosubclavian jxn or right lymphatic duct
OR
L jugular trunk to thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
| 6 groups of cervical lymph nodes |
|
Definition
submental and submandibular
upper lateral
middle lateral
lower latteral
posterior cervical
anterior cervical |
|
|
Term
Boundaries of the root of the neck:
Lateral, anterior, posterior |
|
Definition
Lateral: first ribs
Anterior: manubrium
Posterior: 1st thoracic vertebra |
|
|
Term
Viscera of neck:
2 parts of endocrine layer
2 parts of resp layer
2 parts of alimentary canal |
|
Definition
thyroid and parathyroid
larynx and trachea
pharynx and esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-neoplastic and non-inflammatory enlarement during menstruation and pregnancy
lack of iodine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
swelling of neck
compression of trachea, esophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
The ___ is the superior expancded part of the alimentary system posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, extending inferior past the larynx.
It extends from the cranial base to the inferior border of the ___ anteriorly and the inferior border of the ___ posteriorly at the level of the larynx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 parts of pharynx:
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nasopharynx:
Respiratory function
Nose opens into nasopharynx through two ___
The ___ opens on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
Small aggregation of lymphoid tissue called __ in this region. Hypertrophy or edema of this may occlude auditory tube with accumulation of the secretions in the middle ear.
Infection in the nasopharynx may produce ____
___: in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. hypertrophy of this may interfere with nasal resp and phonation |
|
Definition
choanae
auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube
tubal tonsil
otitis media
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) |
|
|
Term
Oropharynx:
digestive function
Bounded by ___ superiorly, base of tongue inferiorly, and palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches laterally.
Extends from the soft palate to the superior border of the epiglottis
___ are on each side of the oropharynx
Also ___ tonsils |
|
Definition
soft palate
palatine tonsils ("normal tonsils")
lingual tonsils |
|
|
Term
Laryngopharynx:
Lies posterior to larynx and anterior to C4-C6
___ are on either side of larynx. Swallowed foreign bodies may lodge here. Sharp objects may damage the __ nerve. |
|
Definition
| piriform recesses, internal laryngeal |
|
|
Term
| ___: ring of lymphoid tissue extending around the pharynx. Includes pharyngeal, tubual, palatine, and lingual tonsils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ tonsil: grows rapidly after birth but then atrophies from 8-10 years. Becomes nasal breathing problem for ~5 year olds.
Repair results in impairment of ability of soft palate to close the pharyngeal isthmus fully, causing ___? |
|
Definition
pharyngeal (adenoid)
excessive nasality of speech |
|
|
Term
____: inflammation of pharyngeal tonsils. can obstruct passage of air from nasal cavities into nasopharynx, causing mouth breathing.
Infection can spread to ____ tonsils, which cauess swelling and closure of the pharyngotympanic tube, causing hearing impairment.
Infection can then spread to the middle ear, causing ___.
S\ |
|
Definition
Adenoiditis
tubal tonsils
otitis media |
|
|
Term
Tonsillectomy is removal of the __ tonsils and the fascia sheet covering the tonsillar bed.
Complications: excessive bleeding, ___ (which accompanies the tonsillar artery), ___ can rupture, causing bleeding |
|
Definition
palatine
CNIX
internal carotid |
|
|
Term
2 layers of pharyngeal muscles
What do they do and what nerve are they supplied by? |
|
Definition
external circular - constrictors - superior, middle, and inferior - vagus nerve
internal longitudinal - palatopharyngeal (vagus nerve), salpingopharyngeal (vagus nerve), stylopharyngeus (CN IX) - elevate the pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking |
|
|
Term
| The ___ is part of the resp system and is the complex organ of voice production (the voice box). It is composed of bone, cartilage. Located in anterior neck and level of C3-6. Connects oropharynx with trahcea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sound production (phonation)
Regulates amount of air that enters the lungs
Acts as a valve to prevent food in the pharynx from entering the trachea
Provides a sphincter as a part of the valsalva manuever |
|
|
Term
| The Laryngeal Skeleton consists of 9 cartilages |
|
Definition
3 single: cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottic
3 paired: aretenoid, corniculate, cuneiform |
|
|
Term
___ cartilage: laminae fuses anteriorly to form the laryngeal prominence (adam's apple)
___ cartilage: is a complete ring of cartilage
___ cartilage: superior border of the cricoid cartilage lamina
___ cartilage: leaf-shaped, consisting of elastic cartilage, gives flexibilty to epiglottis. it blocks inlet of larynx upon swallowing.
___ cartilage: attaches to apices of the arytenoid cartilages
___ cartilages do not directly attach to other cartilages |
|
Definition
thyroid
cricoid
arytenoid
epiglottic
corniculate
cuneiform |
|
|
Term
3 extrinsic membranes and ligaments of the larynx that connect cartilage
3 intrinsic |
|
Definition
Extrinsic:
Thyrohyoid (with median and laterla thyrohyoid ligament)
Hyoepiglottic ligmanet
Cricotracheal ligament
Intrinsic:
Quadrangular membrane
Aryepiglottic ligament
Cricothyroid ligament |
|
|
Term
Laryngeal cavity:
Extends from ___, through which it communicates with the laryngopharynx to the inferior border of cricoid cartilage.
___: between laryngeal inlet and vestibular folds
___: central airway between vestibular and vocal folds
___: recesses extending latearlly from the middle part of the largneal cavity
___: inferior cavity of the larynx between vocal forlds and inf border of cricoid |
|
Definition
laryngeal inlet
laryngeal vestibule
middle part of laryngeal cavity
laryngeal ventricle
infraglottic cavity |
|
|
Term
___ are the "true" vocal cords
__ are the "false" vocal cords
___ is the vocal apparatus of the larynx
The size and shape of the ___ makes the sound of the voice |
|
Definition
vocal folds
vestibular folds
glottis
rima glottidis |
|
|
Term
| The ___ are the source of the sounds (tone) that come fromt he larynx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lower pitch range in the voice of postpubertal males results from what? |
|
Definition
| greater length of vocal folds |
|
|
Term
What is the most common symptom of laryngeal disease
The incidence of laryngeal cancer is greatest in what population? What are symptoms? |
|
Definition
hoarseness (trachyponia)
smokers
hoarseness, earache, dysphagia, enlarged pretracheal or paratracheal lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic and Intrinsic laryngeal muscles |
|
Definition
Extrinsic: supra and infrahyoids
Intrinsic: cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid, lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid, vocalis (go with vocal ligaments), and transverse & oblique arytenoids |
|
|
Term
Laryngeal muscles:
___: abduct the vocal folds to open the rima glottidis
___, ___, and ___: adduct the vocal folds to close the rima glottidis
___ and ___ tighten the vocal folds |
|
Definition
posterior cricoarytenoid
lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenod, thryoidarytenoid muscles
cricothyroid and vocalis |
|
|
Term
Blood supply of larynx:
___ arteries: branches of the superior and inferior thyroid artery
___ vein: drain into the superior and inferior thyroid veins
Nerves of larynx? |
|
Definition
laryngeal
laryngeal
superior and inferior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
| The ___ is the site of the emergency airway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The neurocranium consists of 4 singular bones and two paired bones:
It also has a ___ (skull cap) |
|
Definition
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
paired: temporal and parietal
calvaria |
|
|
Term
The viscerocranium consists of 15 irregular bones...
3 singular bones and 6 pared bones: |
|
Definition
Singular: mandible, ethmoid, vomer
Paired: maxillae
inferior nasal conchae
zygomatic
palatine
nasal
lacrimal |
|
|
Term
| 6 bones of the facial aspect of the cranium |
|
Definition
frontal
zygomatic
orbit
nasal
maxilla
mandible |
|
|
Term
Superior aspect of the cranium:
The __ sutures separate the frontal and parietal bones
The ___ sutures separate the parietal bones
The ___ suture sepearte the parietal and temporal bones from the occipital bone
The __ is the landmark formed by the intersectio of the sagittal and coronal sutures |
|
Definition
coronal
sagittal
lambdoid
bregma |
|
|
Term
| Contents of the anterior cranial fossa |
|
Definition
foramen cecum
cribriform foamina in cribriform plate
anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina |
|
|
Term
| What is found in the cribriform foramina? |
|
Definition
| axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium -- form olfactory nerves |
|
|
Term
| Contents of the middle cranial fossa |
|
Definition
optic canals (optic nerves and ophthalmic arteries)
superior orbital fissure (othalmic veins and nerve, CN III, IV, VI)
foramen rotundum (maxillary nerve (CN V2)
foramen ovale (mandibular nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery)
Foramen spinosum (middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of CN V3)
Foramen lacerum (deep petrosal nerve and some meningeal arterial branches) |
|
|
Term
| Contents of the posterior cranial fossa |
|
Definition
Foramen magnum
Jugular foramen -
hypoglossal canal
condylar canal
mastoid formane |
|
|
Term
What foramen?
- medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI, dural veins, anterior and post spinal arteries |
|
Definition
| magnum -- posteiror cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
What foramen?
CN Ix, X, and XI, sup bulb of IJV, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses, meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries |
|
Definition
| jugular - posterior cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
What foramen?
hypoglossal nerve |
|
Definition
| hypoglossal canal - psoterior cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
What foramen?
optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic artereis |
|
Definition
| optic canal - middle cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
what foramen?
ophtalmic veins, ophtlamic nerve (CN V1), CN III, IV, VI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What foramen?
maxillary nerve (CN V2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What foramen?
Mandibular nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What foramen?
Middle menningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of CN V3 |
|
Definition
| foramen spinosusm - middle cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| Why is fx of the pterion of most concern? |
|
Definition
| bc middle meningeal artery passes through |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT within the contents of the carotid sheath?
Internal Jugular
Vagus Nerve
External Jugular
Common Carotid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of the carotid body?
Affects cardiac rate and blood pressure in response to low levels of oxygen.
Is stimulated by low level of O2 and inittiates reflexes that increase rate and depth of respiration.
Monitors O2 level in blood
All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is NOT true about the vertebral artery?
It passes anterior to the carotid sheath
It is a branch off the first part of the subclavian artery
It enters the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum
It ascends through the foramina of the transverse process of C6-T1 vertebrae. |
|
Definition
| it passes anterior to the carotid sheath |
|
|
Term
The cervical plexus supplies which of the following?
Neck muscles
Skin of the head, neck, and chest
Diaphragm
All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements about the pharynx is incorrect?
The pharynx extends from the cranial base to the i nferior border of the cricoid cartilage anteriorly and the inferior border of C6 posteriorly.
The pharynx is widest at the inferior end, where it is continuous with the esophagus.
The pharynx is divided into 3 parts: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
The pharynx has both respiratory fxn and digestive fxn |
|
Definition
| The pharynx is widest at the inferior end, where it is continuous with the esophagus |
|
|
Term
an elderly lady was walking her dog and chewing on some leftover chicken when she felt something lodged in her throat. What is the most likely place it would lodge?
Epiglottis
Piriform recess
Carina
Esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mrs. Cleveland notice that her daughter was having an increased difficulty in breathing through her nose. What is a likely cause?
Foreign body in nostril
Enlarged pharyngeal tonsil
Andenoid tonsil
Allergies |
|
Definition
| Enlarged pharyngeal tonsil |
|
|
Term
A 14 year old boy begins to realize that his voice is going through some changes, specifically becoming deeper, deeper than Nathan's voice. What is most likely happening to his vocal folds?
They are becoming tighter
They are growing longer
They are shortening
They are wider |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of teh following enter the middle cranial fossa except
Maxillary
Hypoglossal
Mandibular
Midle Meningeal artery and vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When Jill gets done with Insanity, she has malar flush over the zygomatic bone that could be confused wtih the disease...
Kaposi's sarcoma
Systemic Lupus
Insanity
Herpes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A fracture of the pterion requires immediate treatment or death will ensue due to the superficial location of what vessel?
Cavernous sinus
Middle Meningeal Artery
Maxillary artery
Pterygoid venous plexus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After the birth of a couple's first child, they notice their baby boy's head is long, narrow, and wedge shaped. The doctor explains that this can occur when...
There is premature closure of the coronal suture
There is premature closure of the lamboid suture
There is premature of the sagittal suture
There is linear calvarial fracture |
|
Definition
| There is premature closure of the saggital suture |
|
|
Term
A 65 y/o male presents to the dermatology PA due to pain and eruption of small vesicles running along the left temporal region close to the eye and eyebrow. The PA intelligently diagnoses the man with herpes zoster. What nerve may be affected by this virus?
Temporal branch of facial nerve
Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve
Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve
Ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve |
|
Definition
| Opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
A patient presents complaining of severe pain when he drinks orange juice is the morning with breakfast. What is the most likely problem?
Sialolith
Parotiditis
Dental caries
Thrush |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
While eating a steak, Wayne finds it difficult to chew and grind his food on the right side. Being in PA school, he knows that he is having difficulty with lateral movments of his TM joint. What muscle may be the problem?
Right temporalis
left lateral and medial pterygoids
Masseter muscle
all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space called that permits movement of the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, and trachea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 tonsils located in the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
| tubal and pharyngeal (adenoids) |
|
|
Term
| What nerve accompanies the tonsillar artery on the lateral wall of the pharynx and is vulnerable to injury during a tonsillectomy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 internal longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles that elevate the pharynx while swallowing? |
|
Definition
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus |
|
|
Term
| Where do the lymphatics from the R. Jugular trunk drain into? |
|
Definition
| Jugulosubclavian junction or Right lymphatic duct |
|
|
Term
| What forms the anterior boundary of the root of the neck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 of the 3 structures that a goiter can compress |
|
Definition
trachea
esophagus
Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What structure could be occluded with hypertrophy or edema of the tubal tonsil? |
|
Definition
| auditory tube (aka pharyngotympanic or eustachian tube) |
|
|
Term
| What is waldeyer's ring and what does it include? |
|
Definition
| A ring of lymphoid tissue that extends around the pharynx. It includes the pharygeal, tubal, palatine, and lingual tonsils |
|
|
Term
| What four bones join at the pterion? |
|
Definition
| frontal, parietal, temporal, phenoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the orbicularis occuli? |
|
Definition
| orbital, palpebral, and lacrimal |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 symptoms you will see with a patient who has Bell's Palsy |
|
Definition
Distorted facial expression
sad affect
sagging of effected area
accumulation of food in the oral vestibule
salivary dribbling from corners of mouth |
|
|
Term
| Name the three main nodes that lymph from the face drain into before going to the deep cervical nodes. |
|
Definition
| parotid, submandibular, submental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcified deposit within the parotid duct |
|
|
Term
| Platysma is contained in ___ fascia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrous tissue tumor that develops in the SCM before or at birth is a condition called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior cervical triangle is divided into two triangles, Occipital and Subclavian by the ___ muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ is stimulated by the low level of O2 and initiates reflexes that increas the rate and depth of respirations, cardiac rate, and BP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ artery lies between the anterior and middle scalenes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cervical plexus is formed by ventral primary division of ___ to ___ nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The aperture between the vocal folds is called the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After swallowing, if a fish bone gets stuck in the piriform recess and pierces the mucus membrane, the nerve injured would be the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The foramen rotundum is the passage for which cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
| maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
| The bregma is the landmark formed by the intersection of the ___ and ___ sutures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The temporalis, masseter, and ___ elevate (close) the mouth and mandible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A calcified depossit within the parotid duct is called a ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The upper lip and lateral lower lip drain into the ___ nodes of the lymphatic system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pt is unable to wrinkle her brow due to loss of fxn of this muscle ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pt presents with a toothache and facial pain, your diagnosis is mumps, caused by... |
|
Definition
| infection of the parotid duct |
|
|
Term
| A 14 t/o female is at the dentist having a cavity int he 2nd molar filled when she has a tonic-clonic seizure. she lacerates the right upper internal posterior muscosa. She has likly injured the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the muscles of the soft palate are innervated by the ___ & ___ nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paralysis of the ___ muscle can lead to suffucation when a pt lays supine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior 2/3 of the special sensory of the tongue is innervated by ____. And the posterior 1/3 of the general sensory of the tongue is innervated by the ____ |
|
Definition
| facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Lesli presents to the ER with blindless and pain in the left eye. While obtaining the HPI she states that she went to the dr 3 days ago and had an infection of the ___ sinus by failed to fill the Rx. What sinus is most likely infected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ elevates the tarsal plate and is innervated by the sympathetic fibers from the carotid plexus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ controls the thickness of the lens to focus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What elevates, adducts, and rotates the eyeball medially? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the vascular layer of the eyeball is known as _____ which may progress to severe visual impairment and blindness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to the ___ results in inability to rotate eye laterally and at rest the eye rotates medially causing internal strabismus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The internal TM is innervated by the ___ nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a local factory for the production of stainless steel processing tanks, high noise levels cause the __ & ___ muscles of the middle ear to contract. |
|
Definition
| tensor tympani and stapedius |
|
|
Term
| A young boy walking on a trail at the Springfield nature center hears a rustling of leaves to his right and quickly turns his head to find a deer looking back at him. To maintain balance, the movement of the endolymph in his semicircular ducts stimulates hair cells in the ___ and __ crests, which produce electrical signals carried by the vestibular dvision of the __ nerve |
|
Definition
maculae and ampullary
vestibulocochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
| Wayne and Nathan are caught fighting at a local bar and Nathan recieves a blow to the left ear causing internal hemorrhage between the perichondrium and auricular cartilage. If left untreated, ___ will result ___ commonly known as ___. |
|
Definition
fibrosis
Cauliflower/boxer's ear |
|
|
Term
| When performing an aspiration of the TM, the needle should be inserted in the ___ region to avoid the ___ nerve. |
|
Definition
posteroinferior
chordae tympani |
|
|
Term
Cleft palate is the failure of the mesenchymal masses in the lateral palatine processes to meet and fuse with each other. this condition usually results in
a higher incidence in men than women
will self-resolve as the child grows up
Improved breathing because of the larger nasal sinus'
a 3% risk of having children with a cleft palate |
|
Definition
| 3% risk of having children with cleft palate |
|
|
Term
The sulcus terminalis...
is a remnant of the embryologic thyroglossal duct
is associated with the anterior part of the tongue
separates the tongue into oral and pharyngeal parts
is associated wtih the pharyngeal parts of the tongue |
|
Definition
| separates the tongue into oral and pharyngeal parts |
|
|
Term
Injyr to the hypoglossal nerve will cuase the tongue...
to deviate to the paralyzed side when protruded
to block the airway when laying down
to fall posteriorly |
|
Definition
| to deviate to the paralyzed side |
|
|
Term
Sublingual absoprtion of drugs is beneficial bc...
if can enter the blood stream in less than 1 min
can be a pill, power, or spray
bypasses the liver and Gi tract
all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The nasal septum is made of all of the following except:
Perpeidcular plate of the ethmoid
vomer
cartilaginous part
frontal bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
infection of the ethmoid air cells can cause which of the following
no serior complications
breaking through the medial orbital wall
potential blindness
B&C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A pt presents to your office with pain and tenderness over the suerior cheek bone you recognize this to be most likely sinusitis of the maxilarry sinus. you know this is the most common paranasal sinus infection bc...
the ostia can be obstructed from congestion due to the inability of the isnus to drain into they are full
they are the largest sinus
they are closest to your oral cavity
they are the only sinuses that drain into your nasal cavity |
|
Definition
| ostia obstructed bc sinus cant drian until its full |
|
|
Term
Which paranasal sinus can be transilluminated?
frontal
sphenoid
ehtmoid
maxillary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The orbicularis oculi is innervated by branches of what nerve?
CN V
CN VI
CN VII
CN VIII |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following structures is not located in the middle vascular coat of the eyeball?
Sclera
choroid
iris
ciliary body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The region of the highest visual acuity is termed the ...
optic disc
macula lutea
vitreous chamber
fovea centralis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CN III palsy may result in all of the following except:
Complete ptosis of the eyelid
A fully dilated, non-reactive pupil
A fully adducted eye
A depressed eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During an eye exam of teh optic disc and surrounding structures a condition known as papilledema will result in visualization of the following:
The optic disc & retina will appear retracted
The optic disc and retina will appear swollen
the retina and macula will appear retracted
the retina and macula will appear swollen |
|
Definition
| the optic disc and retina will appear swollen |
|
|
Term
Upon descent of an airplane flight, this structure is responsible for equalizing pressure between the tympanic cavity and atmosphere, known as airplane reflex:
external auditory canal
tympanic membrane
eustachian tube
ossicles of the middle ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Perforation of the TM can be caused by all of the following except:
Trauma with subsequent fx of the middle ear structures
Excessive contraction of the stapedius
insertion of a foreign body within the ear canal
infection of the middle ear, otitis media
excessive pressure |
|
Definition
| excessive contraction of the stapedius |
|
|
Term
Sensorineural or perceptive deafness is most commonly a result of damage to which o the following structures along the auditory pathway:
Damage to the cochlear nerve
damage to the EAC
Damage to the stapedius
Damage to the hair cells in the inner ear |
|
Definition
| Damage to the hair cells in the inner ear |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue: |
|
Definition
Palatoglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus |
|
|
Term
| How would a pt present who has injury to the hypoglossal nerve? |
|
Definition
| atrophy or paralysis to one side of the tongue. tongue will deviate to the paralyzed side during protrusion |
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical correlations involved in a cleft palate? |
|
Definition
Hyper nsala resonance of the voice
possible ear infections, feeding problems, and teething issues
may require speech therapy |
|
|
Term
| Name the nerves involved with special sensation of each area of the tongue |
|
Definition
Anterior 2/3: CN VII, chorda tympani
Posterior 1/3: CN XI
Epiglottis: CN X |
|
|
Term
| You are inspecting a pt and notice that the uvula deviates to one side. What nerve is damaged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 bony structures of the nasal septum |
|
Definition
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
vomer |
|
|
Term
| You notice a pt is experiencing difficulting with drainage of their tears. hat is the strucutre that may be occluded and where would you look for it? |
|
Definition
Nasolacrimal duct
inferior nasal meatus |
|
|
Term
| Pt present with pressure and pain of the maxillary and frontal sinuses. what test could be done to confirm diagnosis of sinusitis? |
|
Definition
| transillumination of the sinuses |
|
|
Term
| Explain the need for intubation prior to surgery. |
|
Definition
| When a pt is anesthetized, the genioglossus muscle is paralyzed and the tongue tends to fall posteriorly, blocking the airway. |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 clinical observations you would notice in a pt wiht complete CN III palsy. |
|
Definition
complete ptosis of the eyelid
Fully dilated, non-reactive pupil
Fully abducted eye that is also depressed |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the orbit are often fxed when a person receives a blow to the eye? |
|
Definition
| medial and inferior walls of the orbit |
|
|
Term
| If a pt is experiencing hyperacusis or hyper acusia, what muscle and it innervating nerve are damaged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 common causes of tinnitus |
|
Definition
age related hearing loss
exposure to loud noise
ear wax blockage
head or neck injuries |
|
|
Term
| Name the contents of the vestibular labyrinth |
|
Definition
utricle
saccule
semicirculare ducts |
|
|
Term
| Summarize how humans perceive balance |
|
Definition
| as the head rotates or changes position, endolymph in the vestibular labyrinth moves which moves the hair cells in the maculae and ampullary crests. This movement is perceived by CN VIII and then transmitted to the brain. |
|
|
Term
| List what dural innervation is found in the middle cranial fossa. |
|
Definition
Meningeal branch of the maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
| A pt just went throuhg a lumbar puncture and did not keep her head down. she is experiencing a terrible headache. What specific type of headache is she experiencing. Why does this occur? |
|
Definition
dural headache.
this occurs bc the displacement of the brain cuases pulling on the dura that results in pain due to stimulation of nerve endings in the dura mater. |
|
|
Term
| Explain what characteristics CNI has that no other CN has. |
|
Definition
| only cell nerves arising from the CNs that are capable of regenerating |
|
|
Term
| If the optic chiasm is split down the middle crossing fibers are damaged. How would vision be affected |
|
Definition
| peripheral vision loss in both eyes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 dilations in the neural tube and when do they appear during fetal development? |
|
Definition
hindbrain
midbrian
forebrain
end of 4th week |
|
|
Term
| Describe and list 2 fxns of the thalamus |
|
Definition
it serves as a relay station for impulses travelling to and from the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and basal ganglia
mediates sensation (except for smell), some motor activities, cortical arousal |
|
|
Term
| What is the limbic system and name its 5 structures |
|
Definition
major center for processing and forming emotions, learning, memory
comprised of 3 gyri, hippocampus, amygdala, mamillary processes, anterior thalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 fxns of each of the cerebral lobes of the brain |
|
Definition
Occipital - vision is only fxn
frontal - primary motor cortex, memory, personality, speech
parietal - general senses and taste
temporal - hearing, smell, taste, language, speech, past memories |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the diencephalon |
|
Definition
epithalmus
doral thalamus
hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Where is CSF produced and what is the pathway of CSF in the brain starting with the lateral ventricles |
|
Definition
CSF - produced by choroid pelxus
Lateral ventricles --> 3rd ventricle --> 4th ventricle --> subarachnoid space (through medial and lateral apertures) --> venous drainage |
|
|
Term
| What are the two sources of arterial blood supply to the circle of willis and through which openings do they enter the cranium? |
|
Definition
internal carotids - through carotid canal
Vertebral arteries - through foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| What does the hypothalamus maintain and to what extent? |
|
Definition
| homeostasis - BP, temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, body weight |
|
|
Term
| 3 Parts of the brain stem? |
|
Definition
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| Describe sensory relay from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
all sensory input except smell first enters the thalamus
then is relayed to the appropriate center of the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Cerebralspinal fluid is located in the subarachnoid space, which is between the ___ and ___ mater. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ nerve cells are the only ones arising from the CNS that can be regenerated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lesion splits the optic chiasm in the middle resulting in ___ vision loss in both eyes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN IV innervates the ___ muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to the abducens nerve (CN VI) would result in inability to rotate the eye ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to ___ nerve can cause hoarseness, impaired swallowing, and GI dysfunction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trauma, such as fxed mandible, may injure the __ nerve, resulting in paralysis and eventual atrophy of one side of the tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By the end of the __ _ week, the neural tube exhibit 3 dilations called the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ are the subcortical nuclei of the telencephalon, forming parts of the ___ system |
|
Definition
basal ganglia
extrapyramidal |
|
|
Term
| The ___ serves as a relay station for impulses traveling to and from the spinal cord, brain stem, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and cerebrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THe ___ is the major center for emotion formation and processing learning and memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The diffuse network of neurons extending fromthe spinal cord to the thalamus and subthalamus is known as the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ventricular system of the brain consists of two lateral ventricles, 3rd and 4th ventricles, connected by the ___ |
|
Definition
| cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) |
|
|
Term
| At certain areas of the base of the brain, the arachnoid and pia are widely separated by the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CSF is secreted by cells of the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does CSF circulate in the brain?
Epidural space
subdural space
subarachnoid space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A 4 y/o boy answers the phone but hands it to his mom bc he thinks no on is on the line. mom discovers he is unable to hear in his left ear. This is a problem with which CN?
facial
vestibulocochlear
mandibular portion of trigeminal
trochlear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During a physical exam, a dr notices that a pts tongue is deviated to the right. Which is false reguarding the pts condition?
lesion of hypoglossal nerve
paralysis of right genioglossus muscle
paralysis of left genioglossus muscle
tongue most likely appears shrunken and wrinled |
|
Definition
| paralysis of left genioglossus |
|
|
Term
Damage to the vagus nerve could produce all of the following deficits EXCEPT:
dysphagia
assymmetrical palate rise
dysphonia
GI difficulties |
|
Definition
| assymmetrical palate rise |
|
|
Term
If the optic chiasm is split down the middle (in the saggital plane), which of the following would result?
peripheral field vision loss
total vision loss
right eye blindness
left eye blindness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The extraocular eye muscles are innervated by which of the following cranial nerveS?
CN III
CN IV
CN VI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which CN originates in the pons?
olfactory
vagus
trochlear
abducens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CSF travels in which order?
3rd vent --> 4th vent --> lateral vent --> subarachnoid space
lateral vent throguh cerebral aqueduct into 3rd vent
3rd vent through cerebral aqueduct to 4th vent
3rd vent throuhg median/lateral apertures to lateral vent |
|
Definition
| 3rd vent through cerebral aqueduct into fourth vent |
|
|
Term
Drew got hit in the forehead during a hockey game and experienced server head trauma. You would expect his to have all of the following symptoms except:
short term memory loss
emotional disturbances
problems picking up a pencil
tasting his dinner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which portion of the developing brain gives rise ot the thalmus and hypothalamus?
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
hindbrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A tumor in the hippocampus would cause what deficits?
long term memory loss
sleep problems
short term memory loss
behavior disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All sensory info relayed to the brain stops first at the thalamus except:
vision
hearing
taste
smell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
While performing a PE, the PA notices that the pt is unable to maintain her balance with her eyes closed. This would indicate a lesion in what part of the brain?
cerebellum
basal ganglia
frontal cortex
medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ischemia is noted in the frontal part of the brain. the vessel most liekly involved is the ....
vertebral artery
internal carotid artery
basilar artery
superior cerebellar artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The basilar artery is formed by the union of which arteries
internal carotid
anterior cerebral
posterior cerebral
vertbral |
|
Definition
|
|
