Term
Respiratory System
(primary function) |
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Definition
| to supply the blood, and the cells that need it, with oxygen and to dispose of carbon dioxide (respiration) |
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Term
| other functions of Respiratory System |
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Definition
To assist/allow for olfaction
· To assist/allow for speech-movement of air across the vocal cords(vibration)
-couldn’t speak if this weren’t true
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) Pulmonary Ventilation (movement of air by the lungs): the movement of air into and out of the lungs, with gas and the outside world, so that the gases are continuously changed and refreshed (breathing)
1) External respiration: the movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood, and also the movement of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs.
1) The transport of respiratory gases: This is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and of carbon dioxide from the tissue cells to the lungs. This transport is accomplished by the cardiovascular system using the blood as a transporting fluid.
1) Internal respiration: the movement of oxygen from the blood to the tissue cells and of carbon dioxide from the tissue cells to the blood. This is known as the exchange of respiratory gases between the body’s blood and into the tissue cells.
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Term
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Definition
| is not involved in gas exchange rather it is just used as a pathway that is carrying the gases. The organs of this zone cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air. As a result air reaching the lungs are cleaner(less dust and bacteria) then when it first entered the system and it is now warm and damp. |
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Term
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Definition
is the actual site of gas exchange.
upper(above): air that enters this system before the right and the left main bronchi
lower(below): air that enters the system after the right and the left main bronchi |
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Term
Conducting Zone- The Nose |
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Definition
| - to moisten and warm the entering air -to filter and to clean the inspired air -to serve as a resonating chamber for speech -house olfactory (smell) receptors |
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Term
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Definition
1) The external nose- fashioned by the nasal and the frontal bones superiorly. Hair follicles, and oil and sweat glands are found at the very opening of the nose.
2) The nostrils- also referred to as the nares or the external nares
3) the nasal cavity- lies in and posterior to the external (inner nose) this is a hollow chamber of the nose that is responsible for getting air prepared for the exchanging of gases. When air enters the nasal cavity it is in the nasal vestibule |
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Term
| Parts of the nasal cavity: |
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Definition
respiratory mucosa
olfactory epithelium
nasal conchae
paranasal sinuses (nasal sinuses):
soft and hard palates
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Term
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Definition
| made up of ciliated pseudo stratified(looks like more than one layer but is really only one layer) columnar epithelial tissue containing scattered goblet cells that rests on the lamina propria that is richly supplied with mucous and serous glands(secrete a watery fluid containing enzymes) |
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Term
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Definition
| -cilia is like “oars on a boat” meaning that they move in the same direction in order to propel the junk or liquidly material across a surface something across a surface. They contain multicellular mucous glands |
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Term
| the layers below the epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| - the layers below the epithelial tissue (multi cellular exocrine gland)is what dumps the mucous into the nasal cavity. |
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Term
| -the multi cellular exocrine glands |
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Definition
the multi cellular exocrine glands secrete natural protective substances(antioxidants)that are called lysozymes and defenins that help to kill junk
-about a quart of mucosy substance ends up in the stomach per day |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a small area of specialized nervous tissue tucked in the roof of the nasal cavity. These specialized neurons are capable of reproducing themselves and this is very rare for the nervous system to do this. Location is a thin layer of bone made up of bony structures of the face and the head that separates them from the olfactory bulb and the above neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are like speed bumps. We have 3 on either sides of the nasal cavity. The point of the nasal conchae is to create turbulence which gives them an increased chance of filtering more junk out. |
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Term
| paranasal sinuses (nasal sinuses): |
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Definition
| we have a total of eight of these( 4 in pairs). These are like caves which are connected by narrow tunnels to the nasal cavity.(tunnel coming off of the nasal cavity) Their function is to create a situation where air(when breathing in) is forced to stay up in the nasal cavity in order so that it can get cleaned until it is ready to go to the lungs. |
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Term
| why do we get nose bleeds |
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Definition
| because the blood vessels are so close to the surface and it is very easy for them to break through the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a portion that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. Both of these combined make up a wall that separate this two cavities. hard-is made up of bone soft- is made up of soft tissue structure |
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Term
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Definition
- The pharynx, or often referred to as the throat, is the membrane-lined cavity which is located behind the nose and the mouth, connecting them to the esophagus. It often resembles a garden hose. |
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Term
| three main parts that are part of the pharynx |
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Definition
| nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. |
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Term
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Definition
| this serves only as an airway passageway that is made up of ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelial cells in order to propel the mucosa down the passageway |
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Term
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Definition
| is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the inner ear. Ear infections occur when junk gets into the tubes. This tube opens up in the nasopharynx. The tonsils are found here. We have 4 pairs of tonsils and two are located here. |
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Term
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Definition
| are involved with immunity. These are structures of the lymphatic system where white blood cells are found to catch small amounts of junk hanging out there. This is like the body’s natural vaccine program. The two that are located here are the tubal tonsils and the pharyngeal tonsils. |
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Term
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Definition
| surround the auditory tube |
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Term
- pharyngeal tonsils(adenoids): |
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Definition
| located in the nasopharynx and they trap and destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynx in the air. |
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Term
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Definition
| when we swallow food the uvula( little grape) swings upwards so that the food won’t go up the nose |
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Term
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Definition
| this is located behind the hanging ball and posterior to the oral cavity. Both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through it because it extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis. It is made up of protective stratified squamous epithelium this allows for increased friction and greater chemical trauma accompanying food passage. |
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Term
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Definition
| serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. This lies directly posterior to the upright epiglottis and extends to the larynx where the respiratory and digestive pathways diverge. |
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Term
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Definition
| a protective structure referred to as the voice box, is made up of nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments. The largest of these cartilages is the thyroid cartilage, which is a shield shape located just above the trachea. It contains more testosterone that’s why the Adam’s apple is so big. All of these cartilages are made up of hyaline except for one which is the epiglottis(elastic cartilage). The second largest is the cricoid cartilage which is inferior to the trachea cartilage |
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Term
| 6 other cartilages that are paired |
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Definition
| arytenoid(2): anchor points for the vocal chords -9 cartilages of the larynx: cuneiform(2) and corniculate(2), whose location is on the posterior and lateral walls of larynx, arytenoid(2), thyroid(1), cricoid(1), epiglottis(1) |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a floating bone that is tucked under the jaw and does not make any contact with any other bone |
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Term
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Definition
| is the ninth cartilage which is flexible and spoon shaped composed of elastic cartilage. This is flap of connective tissue that serves as a gate. This is almost entirely covered by a taste bud containing mucosa. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the part of the voice box that consists of vocal cords, two fibrous sheets of tissue in the larynx, and the v shaped slit like opening in between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the inflammation of the larynx, and the vocal cords don’t vibrate the way that they are supposed to. |
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Term
| conducting zone – trachea |
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Definition
| -divides into right and left main bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
-pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-lamina propria
-submucosa
-cartilage rings
-adventitia |
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Term
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Definition
| (end of trachea, splits into bronchi) |
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Term
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Definition
-right and left main bronchi (hilum – medial surface where bronchi enter lungs)
-secondary, tertiary, etc. bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
-smaller than 1 mm diameter
-no more hyaline cartilage in walls |
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Term
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Definition
| -last area where gas exchange can’t occur |
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Term
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Definition
| -defined by presence of alveoli |
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Definition
-smaller than 0.5 mm diameter
-contain alveoli |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
-movement of air through respiratory tree
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Definition
-from trachea to right and left main bronchi
-series of bronchi (secondary, tertiary etc.)
-series of bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| elastic fibers, smooth muscle tissue (framework) |
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Term
-bronchopulmonary segments
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Definition
-served by own artery/vein
-surrounded by CT
-importance relating to disease/surgery
-further segmented into CT enveloped lobules |
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Term
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Definition
| about size of pencil eraser |
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Term
-circulations serving lungs
-pulmonary circulation
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Definition
-pulmonary trunk/arteries (right ventricle)
-pulmonary veins (left atrium) |
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Term
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Definition
-bronchial arteries and branches
-veins of bronchial circuit |
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Term
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Definition
| rejoining of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| infection of pleura, build-up of fluid |
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Term
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Definition
-pressure gradient (high to low)
-inspiration vs. espiration |
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Term
pressure gradient (high to low)
-dependent upon…
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Definition
-muscle contraction
-elastic recoil of lungs
-adhesion (pleural fluid) |
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Term
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Definition
-contraction of ispiratory muscles
-external intercostal muscles
-diaphragm
-increase in volume of lungs (pressure inside lungs decreases
-air rushes in – down its pressure gradient
-pressure equalizes |
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Term
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Definition
-relaxation of inspiratory muscles
-decrease in volume of lungs (pressure in lungs becomes greater than outside pressure)
-air leaves lungs – down its pressure gradient
-pressure equalizes |
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Term
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Definition
| other muscles to increase process (abdominal muscles) |
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Term
amount of air moved in+out of lungs |
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Definition
| **6 liters of air moved in + out of lungs |
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Term
how many liters when desperate for air |
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Definition
| **200 liters when desperate for air |
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Term
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Definition
-gastrointestinal tract (GI) / alimentary canal
-accessory digestive organs |
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Term
-gastrointestinal tract (GI) / alimentary canal
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Definition
mouth, most of pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
-carries food during its entire trip though body |
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Term
-accessory digestive organs
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Definition
| -teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
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Term
-Digestive system processes
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Definition
-ingestion (eating)
-propulsion (moving food, swallowing {deglutition}, peristalsis
-mechanical digestion (teeth, tongue, stomach contraction, segmentation
-chemical digestion (saliva, stomach acid)
-absorption (nutrient absorption)
-defecation (removal of undigestible food) |
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Term
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Definition
| -serous membrane lining the inside of abdominopelvic cavity + covering surface of |
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Term
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Definition
-visceral peritoneum (individual organ)
-parietal peritoneum (cavity wall)
-serous fluid
-mesentery |
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Term
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Definition
-two layers of serous membrane fused back to back
-acts like a rope – holds intraperitoneal organs in place
-intraperitoneal organs vs. retroperitoneal organs
-intra=organs inside abdominopelvic cavity
-retro=organs behind abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
-layers of gastrointestinal tract |
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Definition
-mucosa (innermost)
-lamina propria
-submucosa
-muscularis externa (muscularis)
-serosa (outermost)
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Term
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Definition
-epithelial layer
-protection
-secretion / absorption
-tight junctions |
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Term
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Definition
-areolar CT
-blood vessels
-location of mucosa associated lymphatic tissues (MALT)
-muscularis mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
-smooth muscle tissue
-increases surface area
-always semi-contracted |
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Term
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Definition
-areolar CT
-connects mucosa to muscularis externa
-location of larger vessels
-rich with elastic fibers
-submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system |
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Term
-muscularis externa (muscularis)
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Definition
-inner circular layer of smooth muscle
-sphincters
-outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
-myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
-visceral peritoneum
-areolar CT covered by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) |
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Term
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Definition
-semi-autonomous nervous system of alimentary canal, capable of reflex activities w/o
communication with CNS
-more than 100 mil neurons |
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Term
-organs of digestive system |
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Definition
-oral cavity
-salivary glands
-saliva
-pharynx
esophagus
-stomach
-stomach walls
-gastric juice
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Term
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Definition
-mucous lined cavity (defensins)
-continuous w/ oropharynx
-contains teeth / gums / tongue
-bolus formation
-presence of papillae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-intrinsic SG (buccal glands)
-extrinsic salivary glands
-control of salivation
-buccal glands – maintenance moisture
-extrinsic SG – parasympathetic stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-cleanses / rinses mouth
-dissolves food particles so they can be tasted
-moistens food (bolus formation)
-begins chemical breakdown of food
-lingual lipase (breaks down fats)
-salivary amylase (breaks down sugars)
-97 – 99.5% water
-very slightly acidic pH 6.75 – 7.00
-contains ions, mucus (mucin), enzymes, antibodies, antimicrobials |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-pathway of food (oral cavity – oropharynx – laryngopharynx)
-histology
-inner stratified squamous epithelium layer (mucous production)
-two layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal, outer circular) – responsible for
Deglutition |
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Term
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Definition
-approx. 25cm long
-peristalsis begins following deglutition
-contains all four alimentary canal layers
-collapsable
-gastrointestinal sphincter |
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Term
-gastrointestinal sphincter |
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Definition
| opening between esophagus and stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| hole in diaphragm punctured by esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| connection of esophagus and stomach |
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Term
-heart burn
-gastric juice regurgitates into esophagus through gastroesophageal sphincter
-common with hiatal hernia (esophageal hiatus)
-chronic heart burn can be a sign of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (aka acid reflux) |
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Definition
-gastric juice regurgitates into esophagus through gastroesophageal sphincter
-common with hiatal hernia (esophageal hiatus)
-chronic heart burn can be a sign of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (aka acid reflux) |
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Term
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Definition
-pre cancerous condition
-stratified squamous changes into simple columnar (like stomach) due to acid exposure |
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Term
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Definition
-temporary “storage tank”
-upper left quadrant of peritoneal cavity
-cardiac stomach – fundus – body – lesser + greater curvatures, pyloric antrum, pyloric
canal |
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Term
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Definition
| separates pyloric canal from duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-contain all four alimentary canal layers
-modifications:
-epithelial layer
-muscularis externa – contains an innermost oblique layer |
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Term
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Definition
-pH of gastric juice is 1.5-3.5 – very potent
-contents
-mucous, H+ and Cl- ions – form hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic facto |
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Term
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Definition
substance that allows absorption of vitamin B12, injections
-vitamin B12 essential for red blood cell formation |
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Term
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Definition
| breach of gel-like mucosal barrier of stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent damage to underlying tissue |
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Term
-causes of gastric ulcers & gastritis
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Definition
-bacterial infection – helicobacter pylori (90%)
-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s) inhibits prostaglandins
-prostaglandins (hormone helpers)
-inhibit production of alkaline mucous |
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Term
-digestive processes of stomach
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Definition
-continues the mechanical demolition begun in oral cavity
-beginning of protein degradation – HCL / Pepsin
-continued activity of lingual lipase |
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Term
-regulation of gastric secretion |
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Definition
-cephalic (reflex) phase
-gastric phase
-intestinal phase
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Term
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Definition
-prepares stomach for digestion
-short term (few minutes)
-triggered by aroma, sight, taste, though of food
-autonomic nervous system innervation |
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Term
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Definition
-lasts 3-4 hours
-stretch sensitive cells – detect distention
-pH regulation – negative feedback loop |
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Term
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Definition
-partially digested food (chyme) enters small intestine
-causes release of intestinal (enteric) gastrin |
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Term
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Definition
-beginning of small intestine
-fills / distends – enterogastric reflex
-tightens pyloric sphincter – puts “brakes” on food entry
-release of enterogastrones – inhibit gastric juice release |
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Term
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Definition
-on average, emptying take 4 hours
-peristaltic waves
-highly dependent upon movement of food through duodenum |
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