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Definition
| formed by palatine and maxillary bones |
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Definition
| formed of muscle in shape of arch |
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Definition
• Partition between mouth and nasopharynx
• Fauces is archway or opening from mouth to oropharynx
• Uvula is conical-shaped process suspended from midpoint of arch |
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Definition
- floor of mouth
– Skeletal muscle components covered by mucus membrane |
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Definition
| origin/insertion in tongue; alter shape and size of tongue for speech and swallowing |
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Definition
| insert on tongue, originate on another structure; genioglossus - protrudes tongue; hyoglossus - depresses tongue |
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Definition
| blunt root; tip; central body |
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Definition
| sides and upper surface (dorsum) of tongue - circumvallate, fungiform, and filiform |
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Definition
| located on sides of circumvallate and fungiform papillae |
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Term
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Definition
| median pit on dorsum of tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| midline fold of mucus membrane on undersurface of tongue; ankyloglossia (tongue-tied) - congenital condition caused by short frenulum; restricts tongue movements |
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Definition
| folds on either side of lingual frenulum |
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Definition
| largest; secrete watery serous liquid containing amylase |
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Definition
| compound gland; contain both serous (enzyme) and mucus-producing elements |
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Definition
produce only mucus-type saliva (Does not produce Enzymes)
All are exocrine gland (Run from the cavity to the mouth) |
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Definition
| • Organs of mastication designed to cut, tear, and grind ingested food |
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Definition
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Definition
| narrow portion surrounded by gums |
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Definition
| portion that fits into socket of alveolar process |
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Definition
| hardest tissue in body; covers crown |
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Definition
| softer; makes up greatest portion of tooth |
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Definition
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Definition
| hollow cavity within dentin containing connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerves |
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Term
| – Dental caries (tooth decay) |
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Definition
| disease of enamel, dentin, and cementum; results in demineralization and destruction of tissue with cavity formation |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammatory disease of gums (gingivae) and periodontal membrane |
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Term
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Definition
• Deglutition involves passage of rounded mass of food (bolus) from mouth to stomach
• Serves both respiratory and digestive systems
• After food bolus has passed through pharynx, it enters digestive tube proper |
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Term
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Definition
• Extends from pharynx to stomach piercing the diaphragm
• Flattened, collapsible tube |
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Definition
| portion above esophageal opening |
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Definition
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Definition
| constricted lower portion |
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Definition
| portion nearest esophagus |
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Term
| – Cardiac (Sphincter muscle) |
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Definition
| guards opening of esophagus into stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| guards opening of pylorus into duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (needed for absorption of B12 for rbc production) |
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Term
| – Zymogenic (chief) cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secrete stomach gastrin (hormone stimulating release of HCl and pepsinogen) |
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Term
| • Divisions of small intestines |
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Definition
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Definition
| between ileum and cecum of large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
– Contain capillaries and lacteals
– Villi and microvilli (brush border) increase surface area for digestion and absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| blind pouch at beginning of large intestine; contains twisted, coiled tube, vermiform appendix |
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Definition
| last of GI tract; terminates in anal canal; opening to exterior is anus |
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Definition
– Divided into right and left lobes; several subdivisions
– Lobes divided into lobules by blood vessels and fibrous partitions
– Lobules composed of plates of hepatic cells radiating from central vein
– Portal & hepatic artery blood flows through sinusoids to central vein
– Bile collects in tiny ducts |
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Term
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Definition
– Carbohydrate metabolism - maintains normal blood glucose level
– Fat metabolism - stores; beta oxidation; cholesterol breakdown
– Protein metabolism - deamination; urea formation; synthesis of plasma proteins
– Removal of drugs and hormones
– Phagocytosis - destruction of rbc
– Activation of vitamin D
– Storage - vitamins, glycogen
– Synthesis of bile salts - necessary for fat digestion
– Excretion of bile |
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Term
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Definition
| • Common bile duct formed by union of cystic (gall bladder) and hepatic (liver) ducts and opens into duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
– Sac of smooth muscle with mucus lining arranged in rugae
– Stores bile for later use |
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Term
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Definition
– Divided into lobes and lobules
– Pancreatic cells pour secretion into duct that runs length of gland and empties into duodenum; may be accessory duct
– Islets of Langerhans - clusters of cells, not connected with ducts; lie between pancreatic cells |
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Term
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Definition
– Acinar units (98% of cells) - secrete pancreatic juice
– Beta cells of islets of Langerhans secrete insulin
– Alpha cells secrete glucagon |
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Term
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Definition
| all changes food undergoes in alimentary canal |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of foods into chemical and physical forms that can be absorbed and metabolized |
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Definition
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Definition
| secretion is reflex initiated by stimulation of taste buds, other receptors in mouth and esophagus, olfactory receptors, and visual receptors |
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Definition
– Controlled reflexly by same stimuli that initiate salivary secretion
– Controlled chemically by gastrin (hormone) released by pyloric mucosa in presence of partially digested proteins
– Enterogastrone (hormone) and gastric inhibiting peptide (GIP) have inhibitory effect on gastric secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| – Regulated by both nervous and hormonal mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) which stimulate pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreatic juice rich in sodium bicarbonate |
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Term
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Definition
| juice rich in digestive enzymes |
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Definition
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Definition
| controlled chemically by secretin |
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Term
| Bile – Ejection into duodenum |
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Definition
| high fat concentrations in chyme causes intestinal mucosal release of CCK which relaxes muscles of gall bladder |
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Term
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Definition
– Local reflexes in response to presence of chyme
– Secretin and CCK stimulate production |
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Term
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Definition
- passage of substances through intestinal mucosa into blood or lymph
• Active transport and diffusion are involved |
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Term
| • Generalizations about metabolism (2) |
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Definition
| – Catabolism and Anabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks food molecules into smaller molecules releasing energy |
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Term
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Definition
| builds food molecules into larger molecules; uses energy |
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Term
| – Chemical energy transferred to |
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Definition
| high-energy bonds of ATP (phosphorylation) |
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Term
| – Breaking of high-energy bonds of ATP yields |
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Definition
| energy used for cellular work |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of electrons or hydrogen ions from a molecule; results in decrease in energy content |
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Term
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Definition
| gain of electrons or hydrogen ions to a molecule; increase in energy content |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction reactions always coupled in cell |
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Term
| – Two common carriers of hydrogen |
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Definition
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Term
| • Glucose transport through |
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Definition
| cell membranes and phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| transport through cell membranes |
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Term
| – Glucose phosphorylation |
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Definition
| conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate catalyzed by enzyme glucokinase; insulin increases activity of glucokinase so promotes glucose phosphorylation |
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Term
| produced after respiration |
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Definition
| Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| move insulin into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
occur without oxygen) that convert one glucose molecule to 2 pyruvic acid molecules; yields 2 molecules ATP (less than 5% of ATP produced)
(Split the 6 Carbon into two groups of the pyruvic, having 3 and 3 for the carbon) |
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Term
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Definition
– Series of reactions that convert pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide (decarboxylation) and remove hydrogen atoms to NAD and FAD
– Takes place in mitochondria and requires oxygen |
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Term
| • Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
– Hydrogen atoms removed during TCA cycle enter chain of carrier molecules (electron transport system)
– As electrons move down electron transport system, they release small bursts of energy used for oxidative phosphorylation (joining phosphate to ADP to form ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| – For every NADH entering electron transport 3 ATP’s produced; for every FAD, 2 ATP |
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Term
| – Depends on cells receiving adequate oxygen supply since electrons and hydrogen ions |
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Definition
| combine with oxygen to form water |
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Term
| – If oxygen not available |
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Definition
| electron transport and ATP formation cease |
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Term
| – Occurs in mitochrondria |
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Definition
| (oxygens are used to carry hydrogen ions-therefor we are unable to produce ATP! |
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Term
• Glucose anabolism
Occur, reaction, Co2, H2 (removed hydrogen), ATP
[This is a chart-it may not make sense. lol sorry] |
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Definition
Cytoplasm, Glycolyis (Glucose), 0, 2 NADH, 2
Mitochondria ,Krebs circle(2 Pyrubic acids, 2 Carbon), 2, 2 NADH, 0 (If we don’t have oxygen, the pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid-2 ATP)
Mitochondria , Acetyl(CO2), 4, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2, 2
Mitochondria, Electron Transport (NADH[NAD+H2+3 ATP] and FADH2[FAD+H2+2 ATP]=Water), 0, 0, 30 ATP and FAD-4=38ATP overall |
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Term
| • Glycogenolysis (Catabolic Reaction) |
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Definition
– In liver cells - when blood glucose level decreases below midpoint of normal, enzyme increases conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose
– In muscle cells - glycogen changed back to glucose-1-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage; occurs in muscle cells and liver cells when blood glucose level exceeds 120-140 mg/deciliter [New Formation of Glycogenesis] |
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Term
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Definition
| converts protein or fat compounds into glucose; growth hormone, ACTH, and glucocorticoids have stimulating effect on rate of gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| accelerates glucose utilization by cells - enhances glucose transport through membranes and glucose phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates thyroid gland to increase secretion of thyroxin which accelerates catabolism(aka, glucose catalyzation) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases glycogenolysis (opposite of increasing blood glucose level) |
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Term
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Definition
| - increases phosphorylase activity in both liver and muscle cells (removes phosphate so more glucose is available |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids which stimulate gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases fat deposition, increases fat mobilization and catabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
– Release of fats from adipose tissue cells, followed by their catabolism
– Occurs when blood contains less glucose than normal or less insulin than normal
– If excessive leads to ketosis |
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Term
| • Anabolism (protein synthesis) |
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Definition
| primary importance because proteins used for enzymes, hormones, antibodies, blood proteins, and structural proteins |
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Term
| – Deamination of amino acid molecule to form |
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Definition
| ammonia and keto acid; mainly in liver cells |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of heat produced (energy expended) in waking state when body at complete rest, 12-18 hours after last meal, in comfortably warm environment |
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Term
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Definition
| - based on fact that definite amount of heat is produced for each liter of oxygen consumed |
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Term
• Metabolic rates
• Factors influencing |
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Definition
– Size
– Gender
– Age
– Abnormal functioning of certain endocrines
– Fever
– Certain drugs
– Other factors such as pregnancy and emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of an element |
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Term
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Definition
| made of protons and neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| complete giving up or taking on of an electron; when loses or gains electron becomes a charged atom or ion; ions in solution known as electrolytes; unlike charges attract and attraction called ionic bond |
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Term
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Definition
| sharing of electron pairs; if one pair of electrons is shared, known as single bond; two pairs shared a double bond; and three pairs shared a triple bond |
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Term
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Definition
| movement from region of greater concentration to lesser concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of particles from region of greater conc. to region of lesser conc. until equally distributed |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion mediated by carriers (specific proteins) in cell membrane; occurs faster than diffusion and depends on |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of water molecules through selectively permeable membrane from area of higher water conc. to an area of lower water conc. |
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Term
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Definition
| has lower conc. of solutes thus higher conc. of water; rbc undergo hemolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| has higher conc. of solutes and lower conc. of water than normal; rbc under crenation (>.09NaCl) [Crenation-shrivels up] |
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Term
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Definition
Protein synthesis
Composition
Tiny granules of rRNA and protein
Function
Protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| - network of canals and sacs extending through cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| site of fatty acid, phospholipid, and steroid synthesis and detoxifies some chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| - ribosomes attached synthesize proteins for export |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of cell division; chromosome number constant |
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Term
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Definition
Chromosomes become visible as double-stranded structure
Centrioles migrate to poles and spindle fibers appear
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes line up on equatorial plate |
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Term
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Definition
| - centromeres separate and chromatids move to opposite poles |
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Term
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Definition
Chromosomes uncoil and resemble chromatin material
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus re-form
Spindle fibers disappear
Cytokinesis occurs - cytoplasm divides by cleavage furrow |
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Term
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Definition
| relative constancy of the internal environment, notably with respect to its chemical composition, osmotic pressure, hydrogen ion concentration, and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
location: covers and lines various parts of the body
functions: specializes in absorptions, secretion, and providing protective barriers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| more than one layer of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| appears stratified but consists of only one layer of cells, some of which do not extend to the surface of tissue; found in treachea |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| surface cells vary from sqamous to cuboidal depending on degree of stretching |
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Term
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Definition
| usually arranged to form continuous sheets with very little intercellular material; sheets composed surface layer of skin and of mucous and serous membranes; basement membrane, an adhesive, permeable material, attaches epithelial layer to underlying layer of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Definition 17
no blood vessels in epithelial tissue; oxygen and food diffuse form capillaries in connective tissue beneath epithelium; plasma membranes of adjacent epithelial cells modified at interval so as to hold cells together; undergo division |
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Term
| Simple Squamous Epithelium |
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Definition
single layer of flat cells
location: alveoli of lungs, lining of blood vessels, surface layer of serous membranes (pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum), capilaries, and kidneys
function: diffusion and filtration |
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Term
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
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Definition
several layers of flat cells
location: forms surfaces exposed to wear and tear such as surface of skin and of mucous membrane lining the mouth, esophagus, and vagina
function: protection |
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Term
| Simple Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
single layer of columnar and goblet-shaped cells, and in some places. ciliated cells
location: composes surface of mucosa lining stomach, intestine, uterus, uterine tubes, and parts of respiratory tract
functions: absorption, secretion, and transport of mucus (stuff will move through it) |
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Term
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
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Definition
single layer of square-shaped cells
location: covers surface of ovaries, found in the eye, lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands
functions: secretion and absorption |
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Term
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Definition
intercellular material (matrix) predominates and determines physical characteristics; consists of fluid, gel, or solid matrix, with or without fibers
function: connects, supports, transports, and defends
types: collagen, elastic, and reticular |
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Term
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Definition
similar to loose but contains mainly adipocytes (fat cells); cannot see fibers
locations: subcutaneous layer of skin, around heart and kidneys, marrow of long bones, and padding around joints
functions: protection, insulation, support, and reserve food |
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Term
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Definition
outer layer of skin, stratified squamous epithelium
layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost layer of epidermis; hairless skin contains Merkel's (tactile) disc, Langerhans cells, and melanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| protection: prevents invasion of dermis and deeper structures by microorganisms, chemicals, and radiation rays/temperature regulation: related to varying amounts of blood in dermis and amount of sweat secreted/ sensation: sensations of heat, cold, pressure, and pain/ vitamin D synthesis: steroid compound in skin converted to vitamin D in presence of sunlight/ (can be reservoir for blood) & (excretion & absorption) |
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Term
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Definition
| attach to follicle; secrete sebum, an oily substance, into follicle |
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Term
| Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands |
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Definition
| numerous in most areas of skin - especially palms, soles, forehead, and axillae; involved in maintaining homeostasis of body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| located in external ear canal; secrete cerumen (ear wax) - provides sticky barrier preventing entrance of foreign bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| unspecialized cells, develop into osteoblasts; found in periosteum, endosteum, perforating and central canals |
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Term
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Definition
| develop into bone cells but lost ability to divide; secrete collagen and other aorganic components |
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Term
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Definition
| mature bone cells; formed as matrix develops around osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organic matrix impregnated with calcium salts and reinforced with collagenous fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| striated, voluntary muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| visceral, involuntary muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cross bridges of thick filaments (myosin) attach to thin filaments (actin) and pull them toward the middle of the sarcomere |
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