Term
|
Definition
| the two principal divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the _________ nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of time in which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential is called the __________ period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central nervous system contains the ________ and the ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _________ neurons carry nerve impulses from receptors to the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the somatic nervous system and the ______ nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the neuroglia that produce the myelin sheath in the cnetral nervous system are the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nucleus of a neuron is located in the _______ of the neuron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve impulses are conducted toward the cell body by a neuronal process called a(n) ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve impulses arise in an area at the junction of the axon hillock and the initial segment called the _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synaptic vesicles store _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general term for any neuronal process is a nerve _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuron with several dendrites and one axon is classified as a(n) _______ neuron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effectors for general somatic efferent neurons are __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system generally are clustered together to form _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ion channel that opens in response to direct changes in the membrane potential is called a(n) _________ channel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a membrane that polarization is more negative than the resting level is said to be ______________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid opening of voltage-gated sodium ion channels brings about _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recovery of the resting potential due to opening of voltage gated potassium ion channels and closing of voltage gated sodium ion channels is called ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impulse conduction that appears to jump from one neurofibral node to the next is called ________ conduction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest, fastest conducting, myelinated nerve fibers are called type ____ fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a nerve impulse arrives at a synaptic end bulb or varicosity, the depolarization phase opens voltage-gated _______ channels in addition to opening voltage gated sodium ion channels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neurotransmitter that causes hyperpolarization of the membrane is said to cause a(n) _____ postsynaptic potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integration of the effects of the neurotransmitters from several presynaptic neurons by a postsynaptic neuron is referred to as _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GABA and glycine act as inhibitory neurotransmitters because they open chemically gated _______ channels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alkolosis results in ___________ excitability of neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neuronal circuit in which a postsynaptic neuron receives input from several different soruces is called a ________ circuit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degeneration of the distal portion of a damaged neuronal process is called ________ degeneration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gaps in the myelin sheath of an axon is called _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of functional contact between two neurons of between a neuron and an effector is called a(n) _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of the spinal meninges is the __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the _______ space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the adult, the spinal cord extends from the medulla to the _______ vertebra. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tapering end of the spinal cord below the lumbar enlargement is called the _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| roots of the spinal nerves that angle inferiorly in the vertebral canal from the end of the spinal cord form the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cell bodies of the peripheral sensory neurons are located in swellings known as __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor neuron axons are contained in the ________ root of a spinal nerve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cdross bar of the gray matter H surrounding hte cnetral canal of the spinal cord is called the gray ____, while the arms of the H are called gray _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clusters of neuron cell bodies within the spinal cord are called __________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory information regarding pain, temperature, touch, and deep pressure is transmitted via the ________ tracts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor impulses stimulating precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles are transmitted via the ______ tracts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in the internal or external environment are sensed by the component of a reflex arc known as the _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the effector in a reflex arc is the heart, a gland, or smooth muscle, the reflex is called a(n) _______ reflex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the receptors in the stretch reflex arc are the ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a sensory nerve impulse enters the spinal cord on the same side that the motor impulse leaves it, the arrangement is called a(n) _____ reflex arc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses leave on the opposite side, as in the crossed extensor reflex, the arrangement is called a(n) ______ reflex arc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a single sensory neuron activates several muscles via the action of association neurons in other parts of the spinal cord, the arrangement is called a(n) _______ reflex arc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extension of the great toe in response to gentle stroking of the outer margin of the sole of the foot is called a positive ______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the effector in a reflex arc is a skeletal muscle, the reflex is called a(n) ________ reflex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are _________ pairs of spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the connective tissue wrapping each fascicle of nerve fibers is called the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of a spinal nerve containing the autonomic components is the _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventral rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 are known as _______ nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phrenic nerve arises from the ________ plexus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carpal tunnel syndrome usually results from the compression of the ______ nerve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entire nerve supply of the shoulder and upper limb is provided by the ____ plexus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to the ____ nerve results in the inability to extend the leg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest nerve in the body is the ________ nerve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the area of the skin providing sensory input to one pair of spinal nerves is called a(n) _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shingles is caused by the same herpes virus that causes __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| COMT and MAO are enzymes that break down ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __________ is a neuropeptide that transmits pain related input from peripheral pain receptors to the CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the neuropeptides produced by the hypothalamus that are released as hormones from the posterior pituitar gland are ________ and __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cranial nerve V is the ________ nerve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the _______ nerve conducts sensory information concerning hearing and equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mantle layer of the neural tube develops into _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cranial nerve and spinal nerves develop from the embryonic structure known as the _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cerebrum develops from the primary brain vesicle known as the _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebral hemispheres is the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ventricles of the brain normally are filled with _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| networks of capillaries involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid are called __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid passes from the third to the fourth ventricle through the ______ in the midbrain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into the blood through structures called __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small brain regions in the walls of the third and fourth ventricles that can monitor chemical changes in blood because they lack a blood brain barrier are called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brain stem consists of the ____, _______, and ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus are prominent nuclei on the dorsal side of the ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rising osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid stimulates the thirst center located in the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upfolds of the cerebral cortex are called ________ or convulutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regions int he pons that help control respiration are the ___ and the ___ areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red nucleus is a region of the _______ involved in coordinating muscular movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the _______ produces the hormone melatonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the middle cerebellar penduncles conduct afferent impulses from the ______ to the _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest portion of the diencephalon is the ______. |
|
|
Term
| pituitary gland; hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| infundibulum is a stalklike structure that attaches the ______ to the _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum is the ______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region/lobe of the cerebrum that cannot be seen from the exterior surface of the brain is the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white fibers that connect the transmit nerve impulses between gyri in the same central hemisphere are called ______ fibers. |
|
|
Term
| aspartate, glutamate, GABA |
|
Definition
| amino acids that act as excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain are ___ and _______; the amino acid, ___________ acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substantia nigra is particularly rich in the neurotransmitter _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two principal types of cerebrovascular accident are _______, due to the decreased blood supply, and ________, due to rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sense organ transduces a stimulus into a ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve impulses are conducted from a receptor to the central nervous system by _________ neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medical term for pain relief is _______ |
|
|
Term
| substantia nigra; basal ganglia |
|
Definition
| parkinsons disease is associated with deterioration of neural connections between the _________ of the midbrain and the _________ of the cerebrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long term potentiation is a phenomenon believed to occur in a region of the cerebrum known as _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| daily sleep wake cycle is known as ________ rhythm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to recognize by feel the size, shape, and texture of an object is called __________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __________ is the conscious or unconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors that provide information concerning body position and movement are classified as __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if a stimulus directly increases or decreases the exocytosis of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles, it is said to elicit a ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in sensitivity to a long term stimulus is called ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visceral pain that is perceived as localized in the skin served by the same segment of the spinal cord is called ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain that is perceived as occurring in an amputated limb is called _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proprioceptors that monitor the force of muscle contraction are the _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors that detect changes in temperature are called ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most dreaming occurs during the ________ stage of sleep. |
|
|
Term
| reticular activating system |
|
Definition
| awakening from sleep involves increased activity in fibers known as the ________ that project from the brain stem through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ______ of the cerebral cortex is the major control region for initiation of voluntary movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hair cells of the utricle and saccula are covered in part by a layer of calcium carbonate crystals called _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the _______ have the primary role in maintenance of dynamic equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ________ is an abnormally high intraocular pressure due to buildup in aqueous humor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the receptors for gustatory sensations are located in the __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bactericidal enzyme present in lacrimal fluid is _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous tunic of the eyeball consists of the ________ and the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shape of the lens is altered for near or far vision by the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hole in the center of the iris is the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photoreceptors called ________ are most important for seeing shades of gray in dim light, while _________ provide color vision in bright light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the area in the exact center of the posterior portion of the retina whose name translates literally as yellow spot is the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leading cause of blindness is a loss of transparency of the lens known as a ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye are separated by the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the anterior and posterior cavities of the eye are separated by the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intraocular pressure is produced mainly by _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jellylike substance filling the posterior cavity of the eye is the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bending of light rays as they pass through different media is called _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in curvature of the lens for near vision is called _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with aging, the lens loses its elasticity, and therefore, its ability to change shape. this condition is known as _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medial movement of eyeballs so that both are directed toward the object being viewed is called ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photopigment in rods is _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the light absorbing portion of all visual photopigments is _________, which is derived from vitamin ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external auditory canal and the middle ear are separated by the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the auditory ossicles are the __________, _______, and the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle ear and the nasopharynx are connected by the ___________ |
|
|
Term
| vestibule, cochlea, semicircular ducts |
|
Definition
| the three areas of the bony labryinth are the __________, the _________, and the __________ |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands |
|
Definition
| effector tissues for autonomic motor neurons are ________, __________, and _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an autonomic motor neuron that extends from the CNS to an autonomic ganglion is called a ________ neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autonomic motor neuron that extends from an autonomic ganglion to a visceral effector is called a _______ neuron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on the location of preganglionic cell bodies, the sympathetic division of the ANS is sometimes called the ________ division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on the locations of preganglionic cell bodies, the parasympathetic division of the ANS is sometimes called the ______ division. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse in ________ ganglia in or near visceral effectors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ganglia lying close to large abdominal arteries that receive sympathetic preganglionic fibers are the ____________ ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _________ ganglia lie in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the coccyx. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia, which are named for the large abdominal arteries they are near, are examples of ________ ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic preganglionic fibers that connect the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve with sympathetic trunk ganglia are collectively called the ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the effector for sympathetic postganglionic fibers leaving the middle and inferior cervical ganglia is the _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic postganglionic fibers that connect sympathetic trunk ganglia with spinal nerves are collectively called the _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axon collaterals of the fibers of the white rami communicantes that extend through multiple sympathetic trunk ganglia are called ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic preganglionic fibers that pass through sympathetic trunk ganglia to terminate in prevertebral ganglia are called __________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cholinergic neurons release the neurotransmitter __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that inactivates acetycholine is ________. |
|
|
Term
| epinephrine, norepinephrine |
|
Definition
| adrenergic neurons release the neurotransmitters _________ or ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific cells affected by a particular hormone are called ________ cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local hormones that act on neighboring cells are called ____, while those that act on the same cell that secreted them are called _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prostaglandins and leukotrienes belong to the structural class of hormones known as ____, which are derived from fatty acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific proteins that transport most steroid hormones in the blood are synthesized in the _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| role of cAMP in the function of water soluble hormones is to act as a(n) __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cAMP is inactivated by the enzyme __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors on the outer surface of target cell membranes are linked to adenylate cyclase molecules on the inner surface by molecules called _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when 2 hormones complement each other's action and both are needed for full expression of the hormonal effects, the interaction is called a(n) ________ effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release of hormones from the adenohypophysis is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones that influence endocrine glands other than their source are called ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GHIH, or ______, inhibits the release of hGH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the target organ for ACTH is the _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the target organs for oxytocin are the _________ and the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower htan normal water concentration in the blood is sensed by osmoreceptors in the ______, which activate the cells that synthesize and release the hormone __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid hormones are synthesized by attaching ______ atoms to the amino acid _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in body temperature resulting from increased metabolic rate is called _________ effect of thyroid hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete _________ |
|
|
Term
| kidneys; sodium; potassium |
|
Definition
| principal target organ for aldosterone is the _________, where it stimulates the reabsorption of _______ ions and the excretion of _________ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the glucocorticoid that is most abundant and that is responsible for most of glucocorticoid activity is _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DHEA is the principal _______ secreted by the adrenal cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones that are sympathomimetic are secreted by the _________. |
|
|
Term
| glucagon, insulin, somatostanin. |
|
Definition
| alpha cells of pancreas secrete _______, while the beta cells secrete _______, and the delta cells secrete ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone whose release from the pineal gland is governed by the daily dark-light cycle is __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ovaries produce the female sex hormones _________ and ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if a diabetic injects too much insulin, the principal symptom would be ______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if levels of glucocorticoids are low, the regulatory negative feedback loop would dictate an increase in secretion of ___________ and ______. |
|
|
Term
| adrenal cortex; arterioles |
|
Definition
| the target organs for angiotensin II are the ________ and the __________ |
|
|
Term
| mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens |
|
Definition
| the adrenal cortex is subdivided into three zones that secrete different hormones--the zone glomerulosa, which secretes _______, the zone fasciculata, which secretes ______, and the zone reticularis, which secretes ________. |
|
|
Term
| calcium, magnesium, phosphate |
|
Definition
| the effect of parathyroid hormone on the kidney is to increase the reabsorption of ________ and __________ and to promote excretion of _________ ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enlarged thyroid gland is called a _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the buffy coat on centrifuged whole blood is formed by the ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma minus its clotting proteins is called ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gamma globulins are also called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common of the plasma proteins are the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gamma globulins are produced by ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which formed elements of the blood are produced is called ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erythropoietin is a hormone produced mainly by the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbaminohemoglobin forms when hemoglobin combines with _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells are highly specialized to transport _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during the breakdown of red blood cells, iron is removed from hemoglobin and transported in the bloodstream by a plasma protein called __________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during the breakdown of red blood cells, the non-iron portion of heme is converted into a green pigment called ___________, then into an orange pigment called __________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood is called the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intrinsic factor aids in the absorption of ______ by the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils |
|
Definition
| the three types of granular leukocytes are the _______, the _______, and the ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which phagocytes are attracted to chemicals released by microbes or inflamed tissue is called ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| granular leukocytes that are thought to produce enzymes that are antagonistic to the mediators of allergic reactions are the _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stoppage of bleeding is called _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme ________ digests the fibrin threads of a blood clot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a common anticoagulant that acts as an antagonist to vitamin K is __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rupture of a red blood cell is called __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selectin and integrins are examples of ________ molecules that assist in the _________ of white blood cells from the bloodstream into the interstial fluid. |
|
|
Term
| proerythroblasts; red bone marrow |
|
Definition
| the target cells for erythropoietin are _______, which are located in the ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stimulus for release of erythropoietin is ________ in the kidney. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white blood cells that produce histamine and heparin are the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agranular leukocytes that develop into macrophages outside the bloodstream are the __________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| among the various ethnic groups in the US, the two most common blood types are type _______ and type ________ |
|
|
Term
| A antigens; anti-B antibodies |
|
Definition
| people with type A blood have isoantigens called ___ one their red blood cells and isoantibodies called ________ in their plasma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during the platelet release reaction, the prostaglandin ______ activates platelets and acts as a vasoconstrictor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by the enzyme ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organs and tissues included in the cardiovascular system are the ________, ________, and __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ________ side of the heart is the pump for pulmonary circulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the area of the thoracic cavity in which the heart is located is called the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the visceral layer of the serous membrane is also called the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma of adjacent cardiac muscle fibers that contain gap junctions and desmosomes are called _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are semilunar valves between the right ventricle and the _________ and between the left ventricle and the ____________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left atrium receives blood from the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the medical term for reduction in blood flow is __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cardiac excitation normally begins in the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a site other than the normal cardiac pacemaker takes over the job of initiation of the heart beat, that side is referred to as a(n) _________ focus |
|
|
Term
| ventricular depolarization |
|
Definition
| the qrs complex of an ecg represents _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the term _______ refers to the contraction of the heart; the term _________ refers to the relaxation of the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of listening to the heart sounds with a stethoscope is called __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of blood ejected per beat from a ventricle is called the _________ |
|
|
Term
| stroke volume; heart rate |
|
Definition
| cardiac output equals _________ times _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ratio between maximum achievable cardiac output and resting cardiac output is the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood pressure is monitored by ________ in the walls of the aortic arch and the carotid arteries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the fetus, blood flows directly from the right atrium to the left atrium through the ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proliferation of smooth muscle cells and accumulation of fatty substances in the walls of arteries characterize the condition known as _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buildup of fluid or blood in the pericardial cavity leads to compression of the heart known as _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buildup of fluid or blood in the pericardial cavity leads to compression of the heart known as _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the superior chambers of the heart are the __________, and the inferior chambers of the heart are the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the external groove that separates the upper and lower chambers of the heart is the ______________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular ridges and folds in the internal walls of the ventricles are known as the ____________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right atrioventricular valve is also known as the _______ valve, and the left atrioventricular valve is also known as the _________ valve. |
|
|
Term
| superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, |
|
Definition
| deoxygenated blood is returned into the heart via the _______, the _________, and the ___________ |
|
|
Term
| anterior interventricular; circumflex |
|
Definition
| the left coronary artery divides into the _________ branch and the ________ branch |
|
|
Term
| posterior interventricular; marginal |
|
Definition
| the right coronary artery divides into the _______ branch and the _______ branch |
|
|
Term
| great cardiac vein; middle cardiac vein |
|
Definition
| the principal tributaries carrying blood into the coronary sinus are the _________ and the ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medical term for a heart attack is a(n) ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action potentials are transmitted from the bundle branches to myocardial cells of the ventricles by cells called ______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the forces involved in circulating blood throughout the body is called _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood flows through the ______ of a blood vessel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tissue that forms a continuous layer of cells lining the inner surfaces of the heart and blood vessels is __________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased sympathetic stimulation in blood vessels with beta adrenergic receptors results in _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume is called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cardiovascular center is located in the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypercapnia and severe hypoxia stimulates _____ located in the walls of the carotid sinus and aortic arch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the term _________ refers to a rapid resting heart/pulse rate; the term _________ refers to a slow resting heart/pulse rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| various sounds that are heard while taking blood pressure readings are called _________ sounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first vessel to branch off the aorta after the coronary arteries is the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood bypasses the fetal liver through a vessel called the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a weakened section of the wall of an artery or vein that bulges outward is called a(n) _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both vasoconstriction and increased secretion of aldosterone are stimulated by the hormone _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capillaries, such as those in the liver, that are wider in diameter than other capillaries and that have spaces between the endothelial cells in their walls are called _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease producing organisms are called _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defense mechanisms that provide general protection against a wide range of disease-producing organisms are collectively called ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine that are specialized for fat transport are called ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the main collecting duct of the lymphatic system is the _________ |
|
|
Term
| red bone marrow; thymus gland |
|
Definition
| the primary lymphatic organs are the ____ and the __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the major secondary lymphatic organs are the ________ and the __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of about 20 normally inactive proteins in the blood and on cell membranes that enhance phagocytosis and inflammation is called the ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the type of lymphocyte that provides nonspecific resistance is the ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attraction of phagocytes to a particular area by chemicals released from damaged cells or by pathogens is called ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that are recognized as foreign by the immune system and that provoke immune responses is called ____________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytokines secreted by virus-infected cells that inhibit viral replication in uninfected cells are ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the antigen binding site is located in the _________ region of an immunoglobulin molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most antibodies belong to the ____ class of immunoglobulins. |
|
|
Term
| plasma cells; memory B cells |
|
Definition
| activated B cells clone and differentiate into antibody secreting cells called __________ or into _________ for future protection against the same antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which antibodies coat a microorganism to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis is called __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cells exhibiting CD8 proteins on their plasma membrane are known as ____________ T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| t cells that exhibit CD4 proteins on their plasma membranes are known as ________ T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial antigens that have reactivity but lack immunogenicity are called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin, the resulting compound is called __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the greatest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as ________ |
|
|
Term
| medullary rhythmicity; pneumotaxic, apneustic |
|
Definition
| the respiratory center of the brain consists of the ________ area in the medulla oblongata and the _________ and ___________ area in the pons |
|
|
Term
| medulla oblongata; carotid bodies; aortic bodies |
|
Definition
| central chemoreceptors are located in the __________; peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the _________ and _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central chemoreceptors respond to changes in pH or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a person who is hyperventilatin, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a person who is hypoventilating, the concentration of hydrogen ions ______ causing extracellular pH to _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood exceeds 40 mmHg, the condition is called _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the medical term for a nosebleed is ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spitting of blood from the respiratory tract is called _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells is known as ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx are the _________ |
|
|
Term
| thyroid cartilage; larynx |
|
Definition
| the anatomical term for the adam's apple is the __________; which is part of the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the pleural cavity fills with air, the condition is known as _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the section of a lung supplied by a tertiary bronchus is called a(n) ____________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the lung alveoli is called _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas _____ as the volume of the container increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal quiet breathing is called _____; temporary cessation of breathing is called __________; painful, labored breathing is called ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the detergent-like substance that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid is called ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded is called __________ |
|
|
Term
| bronchodilation; decrease |
|
Definition
| greater sympathetic stimulation to bronchioles causes __________, which causes airway resistance to _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of air that moves in and out of the airways with each inspiration and expiration during normal quiet breathing is called the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air that remains in the lungs even after the expiratory reserve volume is expelled is called the __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _________ states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present. |
|
|
Term
| partial pressure; solubility coefficient |
|
Definition
| henry's law states that at a constant temperature, the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the ________ of the gas and its ____________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as the partial pressure of oxygen in blood increases, the percent saturation of hemoglobin _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as extracellular pH decreases, percent saturation of hemoglobin _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as temperature of blood increases, percent saturation of hemoglobin __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as respiratory rate decreases, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood __________, resulting in a(n) __________ in extracellular pH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 10"-12" tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder are the __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mucosa of the urinary bladder includes _______ epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smooth muscle layers surrounding the mucosa of the urinary bladder are collectively known as the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the normal component of urine that is derived from the detoxification of ammonia produced as a result of deamination of protein is _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hormone that increases the water permeability of the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule is __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plasma concentration at which a substance begins to spill into the urine because its transport maximum has been surpassed is called the ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to impulses from renal sympathetic nerves is _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the substrate for the enzyme secreted by the justaglomerular cells is _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to the presence of ______ in blood plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the blood vessels surrounding the loop of Henle that help maintain the hypertonic conditions in the peritubular spaces of the renal medulla are called the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the apex of a renal pyramid is called a renal _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized epithelial cells with pedicels covering glomerular capillaries were called _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the percentage of plasma in afferent arterioles that becomes glomerular filtrate is called the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid flowing in opposite directions in parallel tubes is called _________ flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that increase the rate of urine flow are called _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urine is expelled from the bladder by an act called _____; also known as urination or voiding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the product of the catabolism of nucleic acids that is normally present in urine and that may crystallize into kidney stones is ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of red blood cells in urine is called ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the polysaccharide used in renal function tests because its clearance equals the glomerular filtration rate is ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most tubular reabsorption of water, sodium ions, and potassium ions occurs in the _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the renal tubules are less permeable to water in the region known as the __________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretion of potassium ions by cells by the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts is regulated primarily by the hormone _________ |
|
|
