Term
| The posterior relationship of the larynx are to what cervical vertebrae in men? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the laryngeal derivative of the 4th pharyngeal arch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the laryngeal derivate of the 6th pharyngeal arch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the nerve that innervates the laryngeal derivative of the 4th arch? Be specific. |
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Definition
| superior laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X). |
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Term
| What is the nerve that innervates the laryngeal derivative of the 6th arch? Be specific. |
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Definition
| recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X). |
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Term
| What separates superior deep cervical lymph nodes from inferior deep cervical and paratracheal lymph nodes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many cartilagenous pieces constitute the larynx? |
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Definition
| 9 do. Epliglottic (1), thyroid (1), cricoid (1), cuneiform (2), corniculate (2), & arytenoid (2). |
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Term
| What part of the thyroid cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage? What type of joint is this? |
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Definition
| Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. Synovial joint |
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Term
| Name all the ligaments of the larynx |
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Definition
1.) median cricothyroid ligament
2.) cricotracheal ligament
3.) Vocal ligmant
4.) lateral thyrohyoid ligament
5.) median thyrohyoid ligament (4 & 5 makes up the thyrohyoid membrane)
6.) thyroepiglottic ligament
7.) hyoepiglottic ligament |
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Term
| What muscles attach to the muscular process of the arytenoids? The vocal ligment attaches from the vocal process of the arytenoid to what part of the larynx? What attaches to the superior portion of the arytenoid cartilages? |
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Definition
1.) posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles.
2.) Attaches to inferior part of thyroid cartilage.
3.) aryepiglottic folds |
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Term
| What is another name for the false vocal fold? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the anterior part of conus elasticus? What are the other ligaments that constitute conus elasticus? |
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Definition
1.) cricothyroid ligament (includes median)
2.) Vocal ligament & cricothyroid ligament |
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Term
| What muscles attach to the oblique line of the thryoid cartilage lamina? |
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Definition
| sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles |
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Term
| Which cartilages do not articulate with any other parts of the laryngeal skeleton (cartilage or bone)? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the boundries of the aditus (or laryngeal inlet, or superior laryngeal aperture). What are two cavities found within and what demarcates these boundries? |
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Definition
| bounded by the superior border of the epiglottis, the aryepiglottic folds to either side, and the interarytenoid fold posteriorly. The cavity of the larynx is divided into supraglottic and infraglottic parts by the vocal folds. |
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Term
| Name the rima vestibuli, rima glottidis,vestibule, ventricle, & vocal fold in correct order (superior to inferior) and specificy what each one is. |
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Definition
| Superiorly to inferiorly, there is the vestibule, vestibular folds (rima vestibuli), ventricle, and vocal folds (rima glottidis). The vestibular fold is the false vocal fold, while the vocal fold is the true vocal fold. Rima vestibuli is the space between the vestibular folds and rima glottidis is the space between the vocal cords. The ventricle is the cavity between the vestibular fold and the vocal fold that ends in a small, blind, laryngeal saccule. |
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Term
| Which laryngeal muscles act to raise vocal pitch? How do they work? Which pharyngeal mucles act to deepen voice? How do they work? Which is the whisper muscle? |
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Definition
1.) Lateral cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid, & arytenoids raise pitch of voice.
2.) Lateral cricoarytenoid acts by adducting the arytenoids (pulls muscular processes lateraly)--causes adduction of vocal ligaments. Cricoarytenoid acts by tilting cricoid cartilage forward, tensing the vocal ligment. Lateral and obliue arytenoid muscles act by drawing the arytenoid cartilages together (adduction)
3.) Posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, & vocalis act to lower pitch.
4.)Posterior cricoarytenoid acts by abducting the focal cords (pull muscular process medially). Thyroarytenoid & vocalis pull the arytenoid cartilages back to loosen the vocal cords.
5.)lateral cricoarytenoid is whishper muscle |
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Term
| What are the functions of the larynx? |
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Definition
· Maintenance of patent airway
· To act as a valve guarding the lower respiratory tract
· To act as a valve to retain air in the lower respiratory tract
· To produce a vibrating column of air, which we use in speech |
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Term
| If one recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged in thyroid surgery, what are the results likely to be? |
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Definition
| 2. The inferior laryngeal nerve is the terminal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. They supply efferent fibers to all the rest of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx and afferent fibers to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal folds. If a patient has unilateral damage to the inferior laryngeal nerve (one vocal cord damaged) they will present with a weak voice and voice changes such as a hoarse voice (dysphonia) and a breathiness voice (shortness of breath). |
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Term
| Which muscles act to close the aditus during swallowing? What muscles are the muscles of the vocal fold? |
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Definition
1.) transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, aryepiglottic, and thyroepiglottic.
2.) lateral cricoarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid, thryoarytenoid |
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Term
1.) Patient presents with inability to speak other than a high pitched voice. What is your diagnosis?
2.) Patient presents with normal voice, inability to raise pitch, tired voice, and absent cough. What is your diagnosis? |
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Definition
1. lesion of inferior laryngeal nerve
2. lesion of superior laryngeal nerve (both internal and external branches). Internal is responsible for cough reflex & external is responsible for raising pitch (innervates cricothyroid). |
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Term
| List all the muscles involved in deglutition & how they work. |
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Definition
| The stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, thyroidhyoid, & palatopharyngeus muscles draw the larynx and pharynx superior. The aryepiglottic, oblique arytenoid, and thyroarytenoid muscles adduct the aryepiglottic folds & pull arytenoid cartilages superior & anterior. Posterior cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic, and thyroepiglottic muscles keep the aryepiglottic folds taut, so that food can pause over them. In summary, all the muscles are stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, thyrohyoid, palatopharyngeus, aryepiglottic, oblique arytenoid, thyroarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and thyroepiglottic. |
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Term
| What are the four arteries that supply the tonsillar bed? Which one is the main source of problematic hemorrhaging after surgery? How is this fixed as a last resort? |
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Definition
| 1.) facial (tonsilar branch & ascending palatine), descending palatine (from maxillary), lingual, & ascending pharyngeal (from external carotid). Lingual artery hemorrhages most often. As a last resort to stop bleeding, the external carotid is ligated. |
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Term
| What is the relationship of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the constrictor muscles? What about the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the constrictors? What about the internal laryngeal? |
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Definition
1.) It courses between superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles.
2.) Between inferior constrictor and esophagus.
3.) between middle and inferior constrictors |
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Term
| List all internal and external muscles of pharynx and where each arises from. |
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Definition
| Superior constrictor (from pterygomandibular raphe), middle constrictor (median raphe of pharynx), and inferior constrictor (oblique line of thyroid cartilage & side of cricoid cartilage) muscles are all considered external pharyngeal muscles. Stylopharyneus (from styloid process), palatopharyngeus (from posterior soft palate), & salpingopharyngeus (from inferior part of auditory tube) muscles are considered internal pharyngeal muscles. |
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Term
| All the pharyngeal muscles are innervated by vagus. What are the exceptions? |
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Definition
| Stylopharyngeus (by CN IX), tensor vali palatini (CN V3), & inferior pharyngeal constrictor (also gets recurrent laryngeal). |
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Term
| What are the arteries that supply the pharynx? |
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Definition
| ascending pharyngeal, ascending palatine, maxillary, and branches of superior and inferior thyroid arteries |
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Term
| What is the main motor innervation & the main sensory innervation for the pharynx? |
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Definition
| Vagus (X-motor) and glossopharyngeal (IX- sensory) |
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