Term
| Explain the adult dental formula for the dog. |
|
Definition
- 2x (3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3) = 42 teeth
- 3/3 are the upper & lower incisors for one side of the mouth
- 1/1 are the upper & lower canines " "
- 4/4 are the upper & lower premolars " "
- 2/3 aer the upper & lower molars " "
- Carnassials are always P4 on maxilla and M1 on mandible
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Term
| Explain the puppy dental formula of the dog. |
|
Definition
- 2x (3/3 1/1 3/3) = 28 teeth
- 3 premolars in the puppy are P2 through P4
- Puppies do not have molars
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Term
| Describe the shape and roots of each type of tooth. |
|
Definition
- Incisor: rectangular with 1 root
- Canine: long & crescant shaped with 1 root
- Cheek: triangular or M shaped with 2-3 roots
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Term
| Explain the different surfaces of the teeth. |
|
Definition
- Occlusal surface:
- the part that touches other teeth when the mouth is closed
- Buccal surface:
- side facing the vestibule of the mouth
- Lingual/palatal surface:
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Term
| Which bones to the superior and inferior teeth articulate with? |
|
Definition
- Superior articulate w/ the maxilla
- Infereior articulate w/ the mandible
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Term
| What is the root formula for the cheek teeth? |
|
Definition
- Upper: 1 2 2 3 3 3
- Lower: 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
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Term
|
Definition
- Indentation on the medial aspect of the kidney into which the renal vessels, nerves, & ureter enter
|
|
|
Term
| What is the renal sinus?F |
|
Definition
- Fat-filled space around the renal pelvis that contains the renal vessels
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|
|
Term
| What is the renal pelvis? |
|
Definition
- The expanded end of the ureter in the kidney
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A longitudinal ridge of the medulla that projects into the renal pelvis
|
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major organs of the urinary system? |
|
Definition
- Kidney
- Ureter
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
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|
Term
| Trace a drop of urine from the renal crest to the fire hydrant. |
|
Definition
- renal crest --> renal pelvis --> ureter --> urinary bladder --> urethra --> fire hydrant
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|
Term
| What is the fuction of the ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ovarian bursa? |
|
Definition
- Peritoneal sac that covers the ovaries
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|
Term
| What is the infundibulum? |
|
Definition
- "Catcher's mitt" at the proximal end of the oviduct that helps prevent the oocyte from ending up in the peritoneal cavity
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Term
|
Definition
- Pathway for the oocyte to reach the uterus
- Site of fertilization (ampulla)
- 3 areas: infundibulum, ampulla, & isthmus
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|
Term
| What is the uterine horn? |
|
Definition
- Site of implantation of the fetus
|
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|
Term
| What is the uterine body? |
|
Definition
- Passage to the cervix
- Small in dogs
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Term
|
Definition
- Muscle that holds the fetus inside the dog until delivery
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Passage from the uterus to the vestibule
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|
Term
| What is the urethra tubercle? |
|
Definition
- Small mound where the urethra joins the reproductive tract
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Common area for the urinary and genital tracts
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Outer labia for the urogenital exit
- Keeps urogenital tract clean
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Peritoneum that holds the looped uterine tube over the open part of the ovary
- Helps prevent the oocyte from getting stuck in the peritoneal cavity
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Peritoneum that holds up the uterus
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|
Term
| What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary? |
|
Definition
- Attaches the ovaries to the fascia around the last rib
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Term
| List in order the parts of the reproductive tract that an unfertilized ova would encounter as it travels caudally through the tubular tract. |
|
Definition
- Ovary --> peritoneal cavity --> infundibulum --> oviduct --> uterine horn --> uterine body --> cervix --> vagina --> urethral tubercle --> vestibule --> vulva --> outside world
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|
Term
| What is the fuction of the testicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Storage & maturation area of sperm
- Consists of a head, body, & tail
|
|
|
Term
| What are the ductus deferens? |
|
Definition
- Channel from the testis & epididymis to urethra
|
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Provides some fluid parts of the semen
|
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|
Term
| What is the penile urethra? |
|
Definition
- Common channel for semen & urine to exit the body
|
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Erects during copulation to ensure passage of sperm into the femae genital tract
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|
Term
| List in order the parts of the reproductive tract that a spermatozoa would encounter from the testicle to the end of the penile urethra. |
|
Definition
- Testicle --> epididymis --> ductus deferens --> prostate --> urethra --> out
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|
Term
| List the system, location, function, and features of the urinary bladder. |
|
Definition
- System:
- Location:
- Varies depending on fullness & animal position, but generally cranioventral
- Function:
- Features:
- Median ligament, lateral ligament, urethral muscle, rugae, trigone
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|
Term
| List the system, location, and function of the prostate gland. |
|
Definition
- System:
- Location:
- Encircling the neck of the bladder & beginning of urethra
- Function:
- Provides some of the fluid part of the semen
|
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Term
| List the system, location, function, and features of the cervix. |
|
Definition
- System:
- Location:
- More or less central in the pelvic cavity
- Function:
- Barrier b/w the uterus & the outside world
- Features:
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Term
| List the system, location, and fuction of the vagina. |
|
Definition
- System:
- Location:
- Function:
- Holding place for sperm
- Forms a channel from cervix to vestibule
|
|
|
Term
| List the system, location, function, and features of the vestibule. |
|
Definition
- System:
- Location:
- Function:
- Cavity that extends from the vagina to the vulva
- Features:
- Urethral tubercle
- Vestibular bulbs
- Fossa clitoridis (contains clitoris)
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Term
| List the system, location, and function of the vulva. |
|
Definition
- System:
- Location:
- Caudal most part of the pelvic cavity & outside, ventral to anus
- Function:
- Most outer opening of female genital tract
- Labia help to keep the tract clean
|
|
|
Term
| List the system, location, function, and features of the rectum. |
|
Definition
- System:
- Location:
- Function:
- Features:
- Anal canal (continuation of the rectum to the anus)
- Cutaneous zone
- Paranal sinus
- External sphincter muscle
- Anus
- Internal sphincter muscle
- Rectococcygeous muscle
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|
Term
| What is the pararectal fossa? |
|
Definition
- Extension of the peritoneal cavity dorsal to rectum on either side of the mesorectum (the connective tissue that suspends the rectum from the dorsal wall)
- Continues caudally to the second caudal vertebra
|
|
|
Term
| What is the rectogenital pouch? |
|
Definition
- Peritoneal space b/w the rectum & the uterus or prostate
- In females, this communicates on either side of the uterus w/ the vesicogenital pouch b/w the uterus & bladder
|
|
|
Term
| Where is the pubovesical pouch? |
|
Definition
- B/w the bladder & the ventral body wall
|
|
|
Term
| Describe the distribution of the internal iliac artery & and its branches. |
|
Definition
- Internal iliac branches into internal pudendal branches into...
- Vaginal artery branches into...
- Uterine artery branches into...
- Cd. vesical artery (supplies bladder, ureters, & urethra)
- Anastomoses with the ovarian artery in the meso metrium
- Middle rectal artery (supplies rectum & vagina)
- Prostatic artery branches into...
- Artery of the ductus deferens which...
- Gives off cd. vesical artery to bladder, ureters, & urethra
- Supplies ductus deferens
- Branches into the middle rectal artery (supplies rectum, prostate, & urethra)
- Ventral perineal artery (supplies retum, anus, & skin of perineum & scrotum or vulva)
- Urethral artery
- Artery of penis branches into...
- Artery of the bulb of the penis (supplies bulb, corpus spongiosum, & penile urethra)
- Deep artery of penis (supplies corpus cavernosum)
- Dorsal artery of penis (supplies prepus & pars longa glandis)
- Artery of the clitoris (supplies clitoris & vestibular bulb)
|
|
|
Term
| Describe the spatial relationship between the ductus deferens and the ureter near the neck of the urinary bladder. Based on this, why can pull type castrations of tomcats result in trauma to the ureters? |
|
Definition
- Ductus deferens runs b/w the ureter & the bladder, but then swings out & behind the ureter to plug into the prostate gland
- The pull type castration can yank on the ureter & might pull it away from the bladder.
|
|
|
Term
| Describe the vascular, tubular, & peritoneal structures that would have to be torn/ligated to remove the entire female reproductive tract from the ovaries to the cervix. |
|
Definition
- Make sure you have the uterus, not the gut or the ureter (the gut has a vesicular arcade)
- Break the suspensory ligament of the ovary
- Tie off ovarian vessels
- Tear the broad ligament (mesovarium & mesometrium)
- Ligate uterine vessels
- Break the round ligament of the uterus
|
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 muscles associated with the penis? |
|
Definition
- Ishiocavernosus mm.
- Retractor penis m.
- Bulbospongiosus m.
|
|
|
Term
| Where is the ishiocavernosus muscle? |
|
Definition
- Paired
- Arises from ishiatic tuberosity, covers the crus, & inserts dorsally on the crus
|
|
|
Term
| What is the retractor penis muscle? |
|
Definition
- Originates on the sacrum or first two caudal vertebrae & inserts on the glans
- Retracts the penis into the sheath
|
|
|
Term
| Where is the bulbospongiosus muscle? |
|
Definition
- Lies b/w the paired ishiocavernosus mm.
|
|
|
Term
| Identify & distinguish the terminal components of the female reproductive tract: cervix, vagina, vestibule, & vulva. |
|
Definition
- Cervix: a muscle at the distal end of the uterus
- Vagina: the passage from the cervix to the vestibule
- Vestibule: the combined urogenital part of the tract
- Vulva: the outer labia of the urogenital tract
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|
Term
| Describe the major arterial supply of the hind limb. |
|
Definition
- Major supply is the paired external iliac arteries
- Splits into femoral & deep femoral aa. in proximal limb at the level of the hip joint
- Deep femoral a. supplies proximal limb
- Femoral a. courses along the medial thigh
- Branches into saphenous a.
- Branches into cr. & cd. saphenous aa. on the medial crus
- Branches into popliteal a. that courses cd. b/w tibia & fibula
- Becomes cranial tibial artery (supplies lateral crus)
- Cranial tibial & cr. saphenous aa. anastomose to supply dorsal pes
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|
|
Term
| Describe the veinous supply draining the hind limb. |
|
Definition
- Major drainage is the external iliac vein; structurally & by name it goes basically the same as the arteries except for the saphenous vein
- Medial & lateral saphenous veins have cr. & cd. branches that supply the dorsal and plantar paw
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|
|
Term
| List the nerves that arise from the lumbosacral plexus, describe their approximate course through the limb, and list what muscles they innervate. |
|
Definition
- Obtruator n.
- Adductors of the hind limb
- Medial thigh
- Femoral n.
- Extensors of the genual joint
- Cranial thigh
- Gluteal n.
- Muscles of the rump
- Cranial- middle & deep gluteal mm.
- Caudal- superficial gluteal m.
- Sciatic
- Caudal thigh mm. prior to terminating into the commom peroneal n. (craniolateral mm. of the crus) & tibial n. (caudal mm. of the crus)
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|
Term
| Describe the loss of function that would be seen if the nerves of the hind limb were damaged. |
|
Definition
- Obturator n.- dog on slick surface would find its legs sliding out from underneath it
- Femoral n.- the affected leg would be flexed & carry no weight
- Gluteal n.- the gluteal mm. are extensors & abductors of the hip, so a dog w/ loss of function would probably be unable to lift his leg to pee, would lose some jumping ability, but otherwise appear normal
- Sciatic n.- whole leg goes out
- Tibial n.- test on plantar paw
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|
Term
| For each of the cutaneous nerves of the hind limb, identify it, specify its parent nerve, & describe its cutaneous innervation zone. |
|
Definition
- Caudal cutaneous femoral n.
- Parent: arises from lumbosacral plexus & follows the pudendal n.
- Innervation zone: dorsal caudal & lateral thigh
- Genitofemoral n.
- Parent: spinal nerves T3 & L4
- Innervation zone: prepuce & medial thigh
- Lateral cutaneous femoral n.
- Parent: spinal nerve L4
- Innervation zone: lateral cranial thigh
- Fibular n.
- Parent: sciatic
- Innervation zone: dorsal paw, cr. metatarsal region, lateral & medial distal crus
- Saphenous n.
- Parent: femoral
- Innervation zone: medial crus, cranial knee/patella
- Sciatic n.
- Parent: sciatic
- Innervation zone: cd. crus, lateral proximal crus
- Tibial n.
- Parent: sciatic
- Innervation zone: plantar paw, cd. metatarsal region
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|
Term
| What makes the bony orbit (not complete) functionally complete in the dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 osseous openings in the caudal aspect of the orbit? |
|
Definition
- Optic canal- passage for the optic nerve
- Orbital fissure- passage for oculomotor, trochlear, abducent, & opthalmic nerves
- Rostral alar foramen- passage for maxillary artery & nerve
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|
|
Term
| What are the osseous components that form the tempormandibular joint? What type of cartilage is here? |
|
Definition
- Condylar process of the mandibles & the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone form the articulation of the TMJ
- Cartilage is called the articular disc
|
|
|
Term
| What major structure passes through the foramen magnum? |
|
Definition
- Brainstem/spinal cord (once it passes through the foramen magnum it becomes the spinal cord)
|
|
|
Term
| What is the rostral opening of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What divides the nasal cavity into equal right & left halves? |
|
Definition
- The cartilaginous nasal septum
|
|
|
Term
| What are the conchae, and what is their function? |
|
Definition
- Bony turbinates & their associated mucosal coverins
- Function to:
- Warm air entering the nasal cavity
- Trap debris & pathogens to keep them from entering
- At the caudal end, bipolar neurons provide scent sensation
|
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 nasal meatuses? |
|
Definition
- Spaces between the conchae
- There are dorsal, middle, ventral, & common meatuses
|
|
|
Term
| What bones form the zygomatic arch? |
|
Definition
- Rostrally, the frontal process of the zygomatic bone
- Caudally, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- One of two opening of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx (one on each side of the head)
|
|
|
Term
| What is the oral cavity proper, and what are its structures? |
|
Definition
- Bound by the oral mucosa dorsally & ventrally, and by the lingual (inner) surface of the teeth laterally
- Contains:
- Tongue
- Hard & soft palates
|
|
|
Term
| What is the vestibule (of the head)? |
|
Definition
- Area b/w the buccal (outer) surface of the teeth & lips
|
|
|
Term
| What are the different salivary glands, where are they, and where do they go? |
|
Definition
- Parotid gland
- Beneath the ear
- Saliva enters the parotid duct & exits at a papilla in the vestibule near the caudal margin of upper P4 (the carnassial tooth)
- Mandibular gland
- Beneath & caudal to the parotid gland, at the place where the maxillary & linguofacial veins come together & form the external jugular
- Saliva enters the duct from the sublingual gland & exits at the sublingual caruncle & the rostral end of the frenulum
- Sublingual gland
- Small triangular salivary gland rostral to the manibular gland
- Saliva exits at the sublingual caruncle at the rostral end of the frenulum
- Zygomatic gland
- Located under the rostral end of the zygomatic arch, ventral to the eye
- Ducts open into the vestibule near the last molar
|
|
|
Term
| What are 3 ways to distinguis the parotid salivary gland duct from the buccal branches of the facial nerve as they course across the superficial surface of the masseter muscle? |
|
Definition
- The duct of the parotid gland lies across the middle of the masseter muscle, while the facial nerve branches lie on the ventral and dorsal aspects of the muscle
- The duct lies in a groove, while the nerve sits above the muscle
- The duct looks like a hollow tube, while the nerves look like solid tissue
|
|
|
Term
| What duct can you transpose to help correct KCS? |
|
Definition
- Parotid duct
- Must be careful not to damage the facial nerve
|
|
|
Term
| What is the root of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body of the tongue? |
|
Definition
- Long, slender rostral part of the tongue
|
|
|
Term
| What is the apex of the tongue? |
|
Definition
- The free extemity of the tongue
|
|
|
Term
| What are the filiform papillae of the tongue? |
|
Definition
- Found on the body & apex
- Multiple pointed tips
- Tips point caudally
|
|
|
Term
| What are the conical papillae of the tongue? |
|
Definition
- At root
- Only one pointed tip
|
|
|
Term
| What are the fungiform papillae? |
|
Definition
- Smooth rounded surface & fewer in #
- Located among the filiform papillae
|
|
|
Term
| What are the foliate papillae? |
|
Definition
- Lateral margins of the root, rostral to the palatoglossal arch
- Leaflike
|
|
|
Term
| What are the vallate papillae? |
|
Definition
- Junction of the body & root
- Arranges in a V w/ apex directed caudally
- Largest papillae of the tongue
|
|
|
Term
| Where are there taste buds? |
|
Definition
- On the vallate, foliate, & fungiform papillae
|
|
|
Term
| What is the lingual frenulum? |
|
Definition
- Ventral median fold of mucosa that attaches the tongue rostrally to the floor of the oral cavity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- On the midline, just under the mucosa
- Fusiform fibrous spicule that extends from the apex to the level of the attachment of the frenulum
|
|
|
Term
| What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue, and what does each one do? |
|
Definition
- Syloglossus- retracts & elevates
- Hyoglossus- retracts & depresses
- Genioglossus- protrudes the tongue & retracts the apex (drinking)
|
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the tongue? |
|
Definition
- Swallowing (deglutition)
- Taste
- Lapping/drinking
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- The common passageway to the digestive & respiratory system
- Air must cross dorsal to ventral
- Food/water must cross ventral to dorsal
|
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the pharynx, and what are its 3 parts? |
|
Definition
- Lies b/w the oral cavity & the esophagus
- 3 Parts:
- Oropharynx
- extends from palatoglossal arches to cd. border of soft palate & base of epiglottis
- Nasopharynx
- extends from choanae to jxn of palatopharyngeal arches at the cd. border of the soft palate
- Laryngopharynx
- dorsal to larynx, extending from palatopharyngeal arches to the pharyngoesophageal limen, an annular constricution at the level of the cricoid cartilages that designates the beginning of the esophagus
|
|
|
Term
| What are the pharyngeal muscles, & what do they do? |
|
Definition
- Cricopharyngeus
- Thyropharyngeus
- Hyopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus
- Pterygopharyngeus (constrict & shorten the pharynx)
- Stylopharyngeus (dilates pharynx)
- Levator veli palatini (raises cd. soft palate)
- Tensor veli palatini
- They all aid in swallowing
|
|
|
Term
| What connects the middle ear cavity with the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
- Auditory tube is the path from the ear to the pharynx
- Opens on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
|
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the larynx? |
|
Definition
- Phonation
- Helps to hold the trachea open
- Helps to avoid tracheal blockage (epiglottis)
|
|
|
Term
| What are the laryngeal cartilages? |
|
Definition
- Epiglottis- most rostral, closes over the trachea for swallowing
- Thyroid cartilage- caudal to epiglottis, forms a trough
- Cricoid cartilage- caudal to thyroid cartilage, a complete but uneven circle that holds the trachea open
- Arytenoid cartilage- lateral, irreguarly-shaped cartilages in the walls of the pharyngeal region
|
|
|
Term
| What is the cricothyroideus muscle? |
|
Definition
- Ventral to the insertion of the sternothyroideus m. & passes from the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid lamina
- Tenses the vocal fold indirectly by drawing the ventral parts of the cricoid & thyroid cartilages together
|
|
|
Term
| What is the cricoarytenoideus muscle? |
|
Definition
- Arises from dorsolateral surface of the cricoid cartilage & inserts on the muscular process of the lateral side of the arytenoid cartilage
- Rotates the arytenoid so that the vocal process moves laterally, opening the glottis
- Only laryngeal muscle that opens the glottis
|
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
- Digastricus muscle
- Opens the mouth
- Runs from the occipital bone to the mandible
- Pterygoid muscles (med. & lat.)
- Arise from the pterygopalatine fossa & insert on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible
- Closes the mouth
- Temporalis muscle
- Runs from temporal fossa to coronoid process of mandible
- Closes mouth
- Masseter muscle
- Runs from the zygomatic arch to the coronoid process of the mandible
- Closes the mouth
|
|
|
Term
| What are the hyoid muscles and their functions? |
|
Definition
- Sternohyoideus- pulls larynx caudally
- Thyrohyoideus (dorsal to sternohyoideus)- pulls larynx caudally
- Mylohyoideus (spans intermandibular space)- forms a sling to support the tongue
- Geniohyoideus (deep to the mylohyoideus)- pulls the hyoid apparatus & larynx rostrally
|
|
|
Term
| What are the facial muscles and their functions? |
|
Definition
- Platysma
- Smile muscle- passes from dorsal median raphe of neck to angle of mouth
- Orbicularis oris
- Circle around jaw under the lips
- Buccinator
- Forms the foundation of the cheek
- Levator nasolabialis
- Dilates the nostril & raises the upper lip
- Orbicularis oculi
- Circle around the eye under the eylids
- Retractor anguli oculi lateralis
- Covers lateral palpebral ligament
- Levator palpebrae superioris
- Rostral auricular mm.
- Caudal auricular mm.
|
|
|
Term
| What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye? |
|
Definition
- Rectus mm. (dorsal, ventral, medial, & lateral)
- Obliques (dorsal & ventral)
- Retractor bulbi
|
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation and action of the dorsal oblique muscle of the eye? |
|
Definition
- Innervation: CN 4
- Action: rotate dorsal part of eye medially
- Wraps around a trochlea on dorsal surface of eye
|
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation and function of the ventral oblique muscle of the eye? |
|
Definition
- Innervation: CN 3
- Action: rotate ventral part of eye medially
|
|
|
Term
| What happens if there is damage to the oblique muscle of the eye (damage to their innervations)? |
|
Definition
- Dogs: would not notice, but dog might have difficulty seeing
- Animals w/ asymmetrical pupil (like cats): pupil would appear rotated
|
|
|
Term
| What are the innervations and functions of the rectus muscles? |
|
Definition
- Innervations: Dorsal, medial, & ventral are CN 3; lateral is Cn 6
- Actions: cause the eye to rotate laterally, medially, ventrally, or dorsally
- Note: medial rectus of one eye moves w/ lateral of the other so the eyes look the same direction
|
|
|
Term
| What would happen if a rectus muscle of the eye was damaged? |
|
Definition
- The eye would look in the opposite direction of the muscle damaged (its being pulled w/o counter by the paired muscle)
|
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation and function of the retractor bulbi muscles of the eye? |
|
Definition
- Innervation: CN 6
- Action: retract eyeball towards socket
|
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the eyeball, and what do they contain? |
|
Definition
- Fibrous tunic- outer layer
- Vascular tunic (uvea)
- Choroid
- Ciliary body
- Iris/pupil
- Internal (nervous) tunic
- Retina
- Tapetum lucidum
- Optic disk
|
|
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Term
| What is the tapetum lucidum? |
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Definition
- Reflective patch on fundus, dorsal to optic disk
- Reflects light back to the lens; useful in the dark
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Term
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Definition
- Located b/w posterior & vitreous chambers
- Rounded transparent structure that refracts light to focus it on the retina
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Term
| What is the ciliary body? |
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Definition
- Contains ciliary muscles, ciliary processes, & the zonule (supspends the lens)
- Adjusts the lens by flattening it (tensing) or making it rounder (relaxing)
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Term
| What is the posterior chamber? |
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Definition
- Space b/w the iris & lens
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Term
| What is the anterior chamber? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Rounded, pigmented tissue
- Contains 2 sets of muscles that open & close the pupil
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Term
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Definition
- Transparent, circular rostral covering of the eye
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Term
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Definition
- Hard, whitish outer covering of the eye
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Term
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Definition
- Dark surface under the retina that captures excess light
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Term
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Definition
- Layer containing visual neurons
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Term
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Definition
- Blind spot in the caudodorsal portion of eye
- Gathering point for axons from the visual neurons
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Term
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Definition
- Carries visual impulses from the optic disk to the brain
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Term
| List the anatomic structures encountered (in order) by aqueous humor from its point of production to reabsorption into the venous system. |
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Definition
- Produced in ciliary body --> iris & lens --> pupil --> anterior chamber --> reabsorbed in ventral anterior chamber
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Term
| What are the structures (in order) encountered by light passing through the cornea to strike the retina? |
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Definition
- Cornea --> (iris/pupil) --> lens --> retina (--> tapetum lucidum --> lens --> retina)
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Term
| How do you remember which cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both? |
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Definition
- Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More
- S= sensory, M= motor, B= both
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Term
| Describe the venous drainage from the head. |
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Definition
- External jugular formed by...
- Linguofacial vein formed by...
- Lingual vain (drains tongue, larynx, & pharynx)
- Facial vein formed by...
- Dorsal nasal vein (drains nares)
- Angularis oculi (drains eye/opthalmic plexus)
- Opthalmic plexus also communicates w/ deep facial vein ventral to zygomatic bone
- Maxillary vein (drains ear, oribt, palate, nasal cavity, cheek, mandible, & cranial cavity)
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Term
| Describe the basic arterial supply to the head. |
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Definition
- Common carotid artery branches into...
- Caudal thyroid a. (supplies trachea, esophagus, & thyroid gland)
- Cranial thyroid a. (supplies thyroid & parathyroid glands, pharyngeal mm., laryngeal mm. & mucosa, cervical parts of trachea & esophagus, & parts of sternocephalicus & cleidocephalicus)
- Internal caraotid a. (supplies brain)
- Wide area at origin of internal carotid is carotid sinus
- External carotid a. (supplies digastricus) splits into...
- Occipital a. (supplies mm. on cd. skull & meninges)
- Cranial laryngeal a. (supplies sternomastoideus & pharyngeal mm., laryngeal mucosa & mm.)
- Lingual a. (supplies tongue & tonsils)
- Facial a. (supplies lips & nose) branches into...
- Sublingual a. (supplies digastircus m.)
- Caudal auricular a.
- Superficial temporal a. (supplies parotid gland, masseter, & temporal mm., rostral auricular mm., & eyelids)
- Maxillary a. branches into...
- Inferior alveolar a. (supplies roots of lower arcade & skin)
- Caudal deep temporal a. (supplies temporal m.)
- Middle meningeal a. (supplies meninges)
- External ophthalmic a. (supplies eye structures)
- Descending palatine a. branches into...
- Minor palatine a. (supplies soft & hard palates)
- Major palatine a. (supplies hard palate)
- Sphenopalatine a.
- Infraorbital a. (supplis eyelids & caudal cheek teeth)
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Term
| Describe the pathways & functions of the facial nerve (CN 7). |
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Definition
- Auriculopalpebral n.
- Arises ventral to external acoustic meatus
- Rostral auricular branches supply rostral auricular muscles
- Palpebral branches supply orbicularis oculi
- Buccal branches course across the masseter muscle to innervate muscles of the cheek, upper & lower lips, & later surface of nose
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