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Anatomy Fall Final
fall final
296
Anatomy
11th Grade
01/21/2012

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Term
anatomy
Definition
study of structure and relationship among structure
Term
physiology
Definition
deals with function of body parts
Term
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Definition
chemical (atoms, DNA, etc) --> cellular --> tissue --> organ --> organ system --> organism
Term
life processes in humans
Definition
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
Term
metabolism
Definition
all chemical processes in body
Term
catabolism
Definition
breaking down large complex molecules into small simpler ones
Term
anabolism
Definition
using energy from catabolism to build body's structural/functional components
Term
reponsiveness
Definition
ability to detect and repond to changes in external environment
Term
movement
Definition
motion of whole body, individual organs, or single cells
Term
growth
Definition
increase in size (not just body, but cells too)
Term
differentiation
Definition
process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells
(ex. egg and sperm become ovum)
Term
reproduction
Definition
formation of new cells, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual
Term
homeostasis
Definition
-condition where body's internal environment remains within physiological limits
-under control of nervous/endocrine system
Term
negative feedback
Definition
(most occuring feedback system)
-returns body back to normal
Term
positive feedback system
Definition
intensifies things in a controlled condition for unusual events (like child birth and stuff)
Term
"itis"
Definition
inflammation of
Term
anatomical position
Definition
standing upright facing observer
arms at side w/ palsm facing foward
feet flat on floor
Term
anterior
Definition
towards front (ventral)
Term
posterior
Definition
towards back (dorsal)
Term
superior
Definition
towards head
Term
inferior
Definition
towards feet (below)
Term
medial
Definition
towards midline of body
Term
lateral
Definition
away from midline of body
Term
proximal
Definition
closer to origin
Term
distal
Definition
away from origin
Term
superior
Definition
toward/on surface of body
Term
deep
Definition
away from surface of body
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
vertically down the body
Term
midsagittal plane
Definition
down midline of body
Term
parasagittal plane
Definition
vertically down the body, divides body into unequal halves
Term
frontal plane
Definition
divides body into front and back
Term
transverse plane
Definition
horizontally divides body
Term
oblique plane
Definition
unusual angle of body
Term
dorsal body cavities
Definition
located near posterior surface of body
(contains cranial cavity)
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
contains cranial bones and brain
Term
vertebral cavity
Definition
contains vertebral column and spinal cord
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
chest cavity (contains pleural/pericardium/mediastinum)
Term
Abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
divided into abdominal and pelvic cavity
Term
Abdominal Cavity
Definition
stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and reproductive organs
Term
quadrants
Definition
right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
(all according to anatomical position)
Term
ventral body cavitiy
Definition
located at the front of the body
(cotnains thoracic and abdomiopelvic cavity)
Term
chemical elements in body
Definition
26 of the 109 is formed in the human body
main 4 are: O, N, H, and C
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
breaks down large nutrient molecules by adding water
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
(sugars and starches)
glycogen is storage form of glucose
builds cell structures and components of DNA and RNA
-consists of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
simple sugars, building blocks of carbs
Term
disaccharides
Definition
simple sugars composed of ONLY 2 monosaccharides
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
forms molecules by removing water
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
100s and 1000s of monosaccharides together
Term
lipids
Definition
fat, steroids, hormones, etc
function: protect, insulate, and serve as source of energy
parts: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostoglandins,
Term
triglycerides
Definition
consists of glycerol and a fatty acid
Term
types of fatty acid (from the fatty acid chain)
Definition
saturated fats, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
Term
saturated fats
Definition
carbon atoms have maximum amount of hydrogens
(in meats, milk products, eggs, cocoa butter, palm oil, coconut oil)
Term
monounsaturated fats
Definition
not completely saturated with hydrogen
(in canola oil, olive oil, peanut oil)
Term
Polyunsaturated fats
Definition
contains more than one double covalent bond
(in corn oil, sunflower oil, cotton seed oil, etc)
Term
Proteins
Definition
responsible for structure of body cells
may function as enzymes
forms antibodies
Term
amino acids
Definition
building blocks of proteins
Term
ATP
Definition
stores energy for cells basic life activities
Term
enzymes
Definition
important properties: specificity, efficiency, control
Term
nucleotides
Definition
building blocks of nucleic acid
nitrogen bases include: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
barrier of cell
made of phospholipids/proteins
functions: shape, selective permeability
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
inside stuff between plasma membrane and nucleus
Term
Cytosol
Definition
semifluid portion of cyotplasm
Term
organelles
Definition
organized structures with specialized activities within cell
Term
intracellular fluid
Definition
body fluid inside body cells (cytosol basically)
Term
extracellular fluid
Definition
fluid outside body cells
Term
extracellular fluid in blood
Definition
plasma
Term
interstitual fluid
Definition
extracellular fluid between cells
Term
extracellular fluid in lymphatic cells
Definition
lymph
Term
passive process
Definition
movement only by kinetic energy
Term
active processes
Definition
cell uses some of its energy (splitting ATP)
Term
simple diffusion
Definition
movement from high to low
Term
faciliated diffusion
Definition
lipid insoluble substances move across plasma membrane by assistance of integral protein
Term
osmosis
Definition
movement of water from high concentration area to low
Term
isotonic solution
Definition
equal pressure inside and outside
Term
hypotonic solution
Definition
more pressure inside than outside substance
Term
hypertonic solution
Definition
more pressure on outside than inside substance
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
eating a particle to bring it into the cell
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
cell drinking
Term
histology
Definition
study of tissues
Term
types of tissue
Definition
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
lining and protecting/glandular
consists of basement membrane
avascular
Term
types of epithelial
Definition
simple and stratified: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
transitional
Term
essential fatty acids
Definition
group of fatty acids
Term
peptide
Definition
union of 2 or more amino acids
Term
dipeptide
Definition
when 2 amino acids combine
Term
tripeptide
Definition
when 3 amino acids combine
Term
polypeptide
Definition
large number of amino acids combine
Term
simple epithelial
Definition
1 layer of cells
simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar
Term
simple squamous epithelium
Definition
flat shaped
function: filtration, diffusion,osmosis
consists of endothelium and mesothelium
Term
endothelium
Definition
simple squamous epithelium that lines heart and vessels
Term
mesothelium
Definition
simple squamous epithelium that lines serous membranes
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
cube shaped
function: secretion/absorption
found in thyroid glands and kidneys
Term
simple columnar epithelium
Definition
column shaped
consists of nonciliated, ciliated, and pseudostratified columnar
Term
nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
Definition
2 types:
-microvilli (fingerlike projections to increase surface area/absorption)
-goblet cells: secretes mucus for lubrication
Term
ciliated simple columnar epithetlium
Definition
contains cilia (hair) at surface to help move along substances on surface
Term
pseudostratified columnar (simple columnar) epithelium
Definition
looks like its stratified when its not
Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar
Term
stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
flat shaped
2 forms: keratinize (protects skin/tissues from harm)
nonkeratinized (moist)
as these move up to surface, they become keratinized and lose their moisture
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition
cube shaped
rare/main function to protect
Term
stratified columnar epithelium
Definition
column shaped
rare/main function in protection and secretion
Term
transitional epithelium
Definition
changes shape to permit distention
found in urinary bladder and stuff
Term
Glandular Epithelium
Definition
function: secretion
exocrine glands: produce hormones
endocrine glands: produce sweat/oil/etc
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
most abundant in body
binds/supports/strengthens other body tissues
Term
basal cells
Definition
stratified squamous epithelial cells that continually undergo cell division at the base to push up the ones on top
Term
types of connective tissue
Definition
fibroblasts
macrophage
plasma cells
mast cells
adipocytes
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
connective tissue that are fiberlike and secrete fibers and ground substance
Term
ground substance
Definition
connective tissue component between cells and fibers
Term
macrophages
Definition
engulfs bacteria and things by phagocytosis
Term
plasma cells
Definition
secretes ANTIBODIES
Term
mast cells
Definition
produces HISTAMINE
Term
adipocytes
Definition
fat cells
Term
extracellular matrix
Definition
space between widely spaced cells
2 types: ground substance, fibers
Term
extracellular matrix fibers
Definition
collagen: flexible (consists of collagen)
elastic: elastic (consists of elastin)
reticular: forms stroma (consists of collagen and elastin)(formed by fibroblasts)
Term
stroma
Definition
framework of soft organs
(formed by reticular fibers)
Term
classification of connective tissues
Definition
loose connective: areolar, adipose, reticular
dense connective: regular, irregular, elastic
cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilar, elastic
bone
liquid connective
Term
areolar tissue
Definition
loose connective tissue that contains fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma/mast cells, adipocytes, and all 3 fibers
attaches skin to underlying tissue
Term
adipose tissue
Definition
loose connective tissue which contains adipocytes to reduce heat loss
contains triglycerides
Term
subcutaneous layer
Definition
formed together by areolar CT and adipose CT
Term
reticular tissue
Definition
loose connective tissue which forms stroma
Term
regular dense CT
Definition
collagen fibers arranged PARALLEL-ly
(ex. tendons/ligaments)
Term
Irregular Dense CT
Definition
arranged randomly
Term
elastic dense CT
Definition
consists of elastic fibers
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
loose CT cartilage
function: flexibility and support
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
loose CT cartilage
function: support/fusion
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
loose CT cartilage
function: support/shape
Term
other loose connective tissue
Definition
bone
liquid: blood/lymph/plasma
Term
organ
Definition
group of tissues that perform a specific function
Term
integumentary system
Definition
skin and its accessory organs
Term
dermatology
Definition
science in which deals with diagnsis and treatment of skin disorders
Term
general layers of skin
Definition
(top to bottom)
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue
Term
epidermis
Definition
outer thinner portion that's composed of epithelium
attached to dermis
composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Term
dermis
Definition
inner thicker, connective tissue layer of skin
composed of connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers
lower regions made of dense irregular CT, adipose, hair follicles
Term
subcutaneous layer of skin
Definition
below the dermis
also caleld HYPODERMIS
attaches skin to underlying structures
consists of adipose/areolar loose CT
Term
functions of skin
Definition
-regulation of body temperature: evaporation of sweat
-protection: phyiscal barrier from rays
-sensation: abundant nerve endings and receptors
-excretion: small amounts of water/salt/ organic compounds
-immunity: epidermis cells fend off foreign invaders to body
-synthesis of Vitamin D
Term
4 types of epidermis cells
Definition
-keratinocytes
-melanocytes
-langelhans
-merkel cells
Term
keratinocytes
Definition
formed in basal layer
protects underlying layers
as more grows, they push the superficial cells up and they start to lose their nucleus and stuff and disappear
Term
melanocytes
Definition
can also be found in dermis
produces MELANIN (which produces color)
absorbes UV radiation
Term
merkel cells
Definition
located in deepest layer of epidermis of hairless skin
thought to function in SENSATION/TOUCH
Term
langerhan cells
Definition
function in immune response
easily damaged by UV radiation
Term
carcinoma
Definition
causes cancer
Term
layers of skin
Definition
(bottom to top)
-stratum basale
-stratum spinosum
-stratum lucidum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum corneum
Term
stratum basale
Definition
simple cuboidal/columnar cells
contains melanocytes/merkel cells
produce keratinocytes
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
thornlikey/prickly
10 layers of polyhedral cells with spine like projections
contains melanin
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
only palms and soles of feet have this layer
5 layers of clear fat dead cells
Term
lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles
Definition
nerve endings sensitive to pressure
Term
lamellar granules
Definition
release lipid-rich secretion which acts as a water-repellen sealant
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
Term
dermal papillae
Definition
small,fingerlike projections that create fingerprint grooves
found in dermis
Term
meissner corpuscles
Definition
nerve endings sensitive to touch/temperature
Term
melanin
Definition
produces pigment
Term
albinism
Definition
inherited inability to produce melanin
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells
Term
carotene
Definition
yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yol and carrots their color
Term
pili
Definition
hair
Term
striae
Definition
(stretch marks) small tears in the skin due to extensive stretching remain visible as silvery white streaks
Term
cells present in dermis
Definition
fibroblast, macrophages, adipocytes
Term
erythema
Definition
redness of the skin due to engorgement of capillaries in the dermis
Term
what hair is consisted of
Definition
shaft and root
Term
bulb
Definition
base of hair follicle
Term
hair matrix
Definition
where new hairs are produced
Term
rogaine
Definition
(vasodialator) increase circulation to scalp
Term
gray hair
Definition
decreased synthesis of melanin
Term
white hair
Definition
accumulation of air bubbles
Term
arrector pili muscles
Definition
makes hair stand erect
Term
glands
Definition
single or groups of epithelial cells that secrete a substance
Term
types of glands
Definition
sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
(oil) connected to hair follicles
found in dermis
secretes SEBUM
can develop into blackheads
Term
sudoriferous glands
Definition
(sweat) function: regulate body temperature and eliminate waste
2 types: apocrine, eccrine
Term
apocrine sweat glands
Definition
(sudoriferous glands) found in armpit, pubic region, and pigmented areas of breast
produce COLD SWEAT
stimulated by emotional stress/sexual excitement
Term
eccrine sweat glands
Definition
(sudoriferous glands) distributed throughout skin
produce watery secretion
Term
ceruminous glands
Definition
(wax glands) present in ear canalas
conbined with sebaceous glands form cerumen
Term
cerumen
Definition
ear wax
Term
nails
Definition
plates are tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis
Term
parts of the nail
Definition
nail body, free edge, nail root, lunula, cuticle
Term
nail body
Definition
visible portion of the nail
Term
free edge
Definition
part that extends past the finger or toe
Term
nail root
Definition
portion that's not visible (under skin)
Term
lunula
Definition
semilunar area near the nail root
Term
cuticle
Definition
consists of stratum epithetlium
Term
aging
Definition
all fibers decrease in number and stiffen
Term
function of the skin
Definition
body temperature
protection
cutaneous sensations
excretion/absorption
Term
sensation
Definition
awareness of external or internal conditions of the body
Term
stimulus
Definition
change in environment
Term
receptor
Definition
(sense organ) pick up a stimulus and connect to a nerve impulse
Term
conduction
Definition
impulse must be transferred frm receptor/organ to the brain
Term
integration
Definition
brain receives impulse and connects it to a sensation
Term
projection
Definition
brain refers sensations to their point of stimulation
Term
adaptation
Definition
decrease in sensitivity to continued stimuli
Term
after images
Definition
sensations persist even thought stimulus has been removed
Term
modality
Definition
specific characteristic of each sensation
Term
cutaneous sensations
Definition
(merkel discs) include tactile, thermal, and pain
receptors located in skin
Term
tactile
Definition
(touch and pressure) detected by mechanoreceptors
Term
pain sensation
Definition
detected by nociceptors
2 types: fast and slow
Term
fast pain
Definition
occurs rapidly
not felt in deeper tissues of the body
Term
slow pain
Definition
(chronic pain) occurs gradually
Term
visceral pain
Definition
referred to overlying skin or distant areas (INTERNAL ORGANS)
Term
somatic pain
Definition
referred back to origin of pain
Term
phantom pain
Definition
pain experienced after a limb is amputated
Term
propioception
Definition
awareness of muscle, tendon, and joint activity
(kinesthetic sense)
Term
kinesthesia
Definition
perception of body movements
Term
opthamology
Definition
science that deals with eye and its disorders
Term
golgi tendons
Definition
found at the muscle tendon junction sensitive to tension
Term
opthamologist
Definition
speecializes in he treatment of eye disorders with drugs, surgery, and corrective lens
Term
optometrist
Definition
licensed to test the eyes and treat visual defects by prescribing prescripted lenses
Term
optician
Definition
adjust and dispenses lens
Term
how light travels through eyes
Definition
eye --> optic nerve (CN II)--> optic chiasm --> occipital lobe
Term
lacrimal apparatus
Definition
glands (located right under eyebrow)
(TEARS)
Term
3 layers of eye
Definition
fibrous (outer)
vascular (middle)
Nervous (Retina/Inside)
Term
fibrous tunic
Definition
outer coating of eye
contains cornea and sclera
Term
cornea
Definition
nonvascular, transparent fibrous coat
covers iris
bends light rays entering the eye in order to produce a clear image
Term
sclera
Definition
white of the eye
gives shape
Term
vascular tunic
Definition
middle layer of the eye
composed of choroid, ciliary body, and iris
Term
choroid
Definition
lines inside of the sclera
absorbs light rays so they're not reflected
Term
ciliary body
Definition
secretes aqueous humor (ciliary process)
changes shape of lens (ciliary muscle)
Term
iris
Definition
colored circle of the eye
regulates the amount of light entering the eye
Term
nervous tunic
Definition
retina
function: image formation
contains photoreceptors
Term
rods
Definition
photoreceptors specialized in dim light and shape and movement
Term
cones
Definition
photoreceptors specialized in color vision and sharpness of vision
Term
central fovea
Definition
small depression in the center of the macula lutea
area of sharpest vision
Term
macula latea
Definition
exact center of the retina
Term
optic disc
Definition
(blind spot) area where optic nerve exits the eye, thus no photoreceptors present
Term
detached retina
Definition
can occur by trauma
in which nervous layer is separated from pigmented layer
Term
order of layers of eye
Definition
(outer to inner)
cornea-->anterior cavity (aqueous humor)-->pupil/iris-->lens-->vitreous humor-->retina-->choroid-->optic nerve
Term
lens
Definition
transport structure
focuses light rays onto retina
Term
cataract
Definition
loss of transparency in lens
Term
anterior cavity
Definition
front of the lens
filled with aqueous humor
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
creates inerocular perssure (which makes shape of the eye)
frequently replaced
Term
vitreous humor
Definition
aka posterior chamber
filled with vitrous body
Term
vitreous body
Definition
formed in embyonic life and is NOT replaced
Term
emmetropic
Definition
normal vision
Term
myopic
Definition
nearsightedness
vision focused in front of retina
Term
hypermyopia
Definition
farsightedness
image focused behind retina
Term
astigmatism
Definition
irregularities in the surface of the lens or on the cornea
Term
presbyopia
Definition
inability to focus on nearby objects due to loss of elasticity with AGE
Term
nightblindedness
Definition
caused by vitamin A deficiency
Term
meninges
Definition
membraneous envelope of the brain and spinal cord
3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
Term
dura mater
Definition
outer layer of meninges
protection
Term
arachnoid
Definition
middle layer of the meninges
made of collagen and elastic fibers
Term
pia mater
Definition
delicate inner fibrous membrane covering the surface of the brain and spinal cord
"delicate mother"
(inner layer of meninges)
Term
subarachnoid space
Definition
between arachnoid and pia mater
filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
(CSF) formed by the filtration/secretion from the choroid plexuses
function: shock absorption and nutrient supply
Term
gyri
Definition
folds of the brain
Term
spinal tap
Definition
(lumbar puncture) in which they remove some CSF to introduce antibiotics with a long needle
Term
epidural space
Definition
space between dura mater and vertebral column
Term
fissures
Definition
deep grooves
Term
Sula
Definition
groove between folds
Term
longitudinal fissure
Definition
divides brain into right and left halves
Term
gray matter
Definition
non-myelinated neurons in CNS (located on outer surface)
Term
white matter
Definition
myelinated neurons in CNS (located in inner surface)
Term
main parts of the brain
Definition
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
Term
cerebrum
Definition
main part of the brain
Term
cerebellum
Definition
circle thing underneath the brain
Term
blood-brain barrier
Definition
protects brain from chemical intrusion from the rest of the body
blood is filtered so that many harmful chemicals can't enter the brain
Term
dementia
Definition
permanent/progressive loss of intellectual abilities
impaired memory/judgment
Term
alzheimer's disease
Definition
can progress from dementia
confused, forgetful, get lost, repetitive questions
disorientation, paranoia, hallucination, violent changes in mood, lose ability to talk/read/eat/walk
Term
meningitis
Definition
inflammation of meninges
Term
multiple sclerosis
Definition
(MS)attacks myelin sheath of neurons
born above mason dixon line
tremors with movement
Term
parkinson's disease
Definition
tremors at rest
Term
schwann's cells
Definition
cells that produce myelin
Term
ventricle
Definition
4 small hollow spaces in brain that are filled with CSF
contain choroid plexus
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
produces cerebrospinal fluid
Term
cortex
Definition
outer layer of cerebrum, composed of 6 cell layers of deeply folded/ridged grey matter
Term
anesthesia
Definition
loss of sensation
Term
analgesia
Definition
pain relief
Term
aphasia
Definition
inability to use/comprehend words
Term
limbic system
Definition
"emotional brain"
Term
lumbar plexus
Definition
Term
patellar reflex
Definition
knee-jerk reflex
Term
diencephalon
Definition
consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Term
brain stem
Definition
consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Term
cerebellum
Definition
overlooks balance and coordinated movement
Term
ventricles
Definition
cavities in the brain
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
continuation of spinal cord
Term
pons
Definition
connects left and right sides of cerebellum
sleep regulation
Term
midbrain
Definition
connects pons to diencephalon
Term
reticular formation
Definition
network of neuronal cells from medulla oblongata to brain stem
Term
reticular activating system
Definition
consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex
Term
thalamus
Definition
relays sensory information
(Hal and Amus)
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
controls autonomic nervous system/hormones/temperature/eating/drinking/etc
Term
pineal gland
Definition
secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and controls body's biological clock
Term
cerebellar cortex
Definition
surface of cerebellum, consists of gray matter
Term
ataxia
Definition
disruption of muscle coordination
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
higher thinking
outer surface of brain
Term
fissures
Definition
deep grooves between folds
Term
sulci
Definition
shallow folds of the brain
Term
longitudinal fissure
Definition
separates cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
Term
central sulcus
Definition
separates frontal and parietal lobe
Term
transverse fissure
Definition
separates occipital lobe and cerebellum
Term
lateral cerebral sulcus
Definition
separates frontal and temporal lobe
Term
broca's area
Definition
deals with speech and motor movements
Term
wernicke's area
Definition
deals with speech and words
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
involved in movement, speech, abstract though
Term
parietal lobe
Definition
involved in touch sensations, body positioning, hearing
Term
occipital lobes
Definition
vision
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
involved in hearing, smell, vision
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