Term
|
Definition
study of structure and relationship among structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deals with function of body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chemical (atoms, DNA, etc) --> cellular --> tissue --> organ --> organ system --> organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all chemical processes in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breaking down large complex molecules into small simpler ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
using energy from catabolism to build body's structural/functional components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ability to detect and repond to changes in external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motion of whole body, individual organs, or single cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase in size (not just body, but cells too) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells (ex. egg and sperm become ovum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formation of new cells, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-condition where body's internal environment remains within physiological limits -under control of nervous/endocrine system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(most occuring feedback system) -returns body back to normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intensifies things in a controlled condition for unusual events (like child birth and stuff) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
standing upright facing observer arms at side w/ palsm facing foward feet flat on floor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
away from midline of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
toward/on surface of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
away from surface of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vertically down the body, divides body into unequal halves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
divides body into front and back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
horizontally divides body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located near posterior surface of body (contains cranial cavity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains cranial bones and brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains vertebral column and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chest cavity (contains pleural/pericardium/mediastinum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
divided into abdominal and pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower (all according to anatomical position) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located at the front of the body (cotnains thoracic and abdomiopelvic cavity) |
|
|
Term
chemical elements in body |
|
Definition
26 of the 109 is formed in the human body main 4 are: O, N, H, and C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breaks down large nutrient molecules by adding water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(sugars and starches) glycogen is storage form of glucose builds cell structures and components of DNA and RNA -consists of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple sugars, building blocks of carbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple sugars composed of ONLY 2 monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms molecules by removing water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
100s and 1000s of monosaccharides together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat, steroids, hormones, etc function: protect, insulate, and serve as source of energy parts: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostoglandins, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of glycerol and a fatty acid |
|
|
Term
types of fatty acid (from the fatty acid chain) |
|
Definition
saturated fats, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carbon atoms have maximum amount of hydrogens (in meats, milk products, eggs, cocoa butter, palm oil, coconut oil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not completely saturated with hydrogen (in canola oil, olive oil, peanut oil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains more than one double covalent bond (in corn oil, sunflower oil, cotton seed oil, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
responsible for structure of body cells may function as enzymes forms antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
building blocks of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stores energy for cells basic life activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
important properties: specificity, efficiency, control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
building blocks of nucleic acid nitrogen bases include: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
barrier of cell made of phospholipids/proteins functions: shape, selective permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inside stuff between plasma membrane and nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
semifluid portion of cyotplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organized structures with specialized activities within cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
body fluid inside body cells (cytosol basically) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
extracellular fluid in blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extracellular fluid between cells |
|
|
Term
extracellular fluid in lymphatic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement only by kinetic energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell uses some of its energy (splitting ATP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement from high to low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lipid insoluble substances move across plasma membrane by assistance of integral protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement of water from high concentration area to low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
equal pressure inside and outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more pressure inside than outside substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more pressure on outside than inside substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eating a particle to bring it into the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelial connective muscular nervous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lining and protecting/glandular consists of basement membrane avascular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple and stratified: squamous, cuboidal, columnar transitional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
union of 2 or more amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when 2 amino acids combine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when 3 amino acids combine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large number of amino acids combine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 layer of cells simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar |
|
|
Term
simple squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
flat shaped function: filtration, diffusion,osmosis consists of endothelium and mesothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple squamous epithelium that lines heart and vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple squamous epithelium that lines serous membranes |
|
|
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
cube shaped function: secretion/absorption found in thyroid glands and kidneys |
|
|
Term
simple columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
column shaped consists of nonciliated, ciliated, and pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
nonciliated simple columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
2 types: -microvilli (fingerlike projections to increase surface area/absorption) -goblet cells: secretes mucus for lubrication |
|
|
Term
ciliated simple columnar epithetlium |
|
Definition
contains cilia (hair) at surface to help move along substances on surface |
|
|
Term
pseudostratified columnar (simple columnar) epithelium |
|
Definition
looks like its stratified when its not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar |
|
|
Term
stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
flat shaped 2 forms: keratinize (protects skin/tissues from harm) nonkeratinized (moist) as these move up to surface, they become keratinized and lose their moisture |
|
|
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
cube shaped rare/main function to protect |
|
|
Term
stratified columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
column shaped rare/main function in protection and secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
changes shape to permit distention found in urinary bladder and stuff |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
function: secretion exocrine glands: produce hormones endocrine glands: produce sweat/oil/etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most abundant in body binds/supports/strengthens other body tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stratified squamous epithelial cells that continually undergo cell division at the base to push up the ones on top |
|
|
Term
types of connective tissue |
|
Definition
fibroblasts macrophage plasma cells mast cells adipocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connective tissue that are fiberlike and secrete fibers and ground substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connective tissue component between cells and fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
engulfs bacteria and things by phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
space between widely spaced cells 2 types: ground substance, fibers |
|
|
Term
extracellular matrix fibers |
|
Definition
collagen: flexible (consists of collagen) elastic: elastic (consists of elastin) reticular: forms stroma (consists of collagen and elastin)(formed by fibroblasts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
framework of soft organs (formed by reticular fibers) |
|
|
Term
classification of connective tissues |
|
Definition
loose connective: areolar, adipose, reticular dense connective: regular, irregular, elastic cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilar, elastic bone liquid connective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loose connective tissue that contains fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma/mast cells, adipocytes, and all 3 fibers attaches skin to underlying tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loose connective tissue which contains adipocytes to reduce heat loss contains triglycerides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed together by areolar CT and adipose CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loose connective tissue which forms stroma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collagen fibers arranged PARALLEL-ly (ex. tendons/ligaments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loose CT cartilage function: flexibility and support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loose CT cartilage function: support/fusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loose CT cartilage function: support/shape |
|
|
Term
other loose connective tissue |
|
Definition
bone liquid: blood/lymph/plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group of tissues that perform a specific function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skin and its accessory organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
science in which deals with diagnsis and treatment of skin disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(top to bottom) epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer thinner portion that's composed of epithelium attached to dermis composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inner thicker, connective tissue layer of skin composed of connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers lower regions made of dense irregular CT, adipose, hair follicles |
|
|
Term
subcutaneous layer of skin |
|
Definition
below the dermis also caleld HYPODERMIS attaches skin to underlying structures consists of adipose/areolar loose CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-regulation of body temperature: evaporation of sweat -protection: phyiscal barrier from rays -sensation: abundant nerve endings and receptors -excretion: small amounts of water/salt/ organic compounds -immunity: epidermis cells fend off foreign invaders to body -synthesis of Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
4 types of epidermis cells |
|
Definition
-keratinocytes -melanocytes -langelhans -merkel cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed in basal layer protects underlying layers as more grows, they push the superficial cells up and they start to lose their nucleus and stuff and disappear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can also be found in dermis produces MELANIN (which produces color) absorbes UV radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located in deepest layer of epidermis of hairless skin thought to function in SENSATION/TOUCH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
function in immune response easily damaged by UV radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(bottom to top) -stratum basale -stratum spinosum -stratum lucidum -stratum granulosum -stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple cuboidal/columnar cells contains melanocytes/merkel cells produce keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thornlikey/prickly 10 layers of polyhedral cells with spine like projections contains melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only palms and soles of feet have this layer 5 layers of clear fat dead cells |
|
|
Term
lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles |
|
Definition
nerve endings sensitive to pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
release lipid-rich secretion which acts as a water-repellen sealant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small,fingerlike projections that create fingerprint grooves found in dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nerve endings sensitive to touch/temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inherited inability to produce melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yol and carrots their color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(stretch marks) small tears in the skin due to extensive stretching remain visible as silvery white streaks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibroblast, macrophages, adipocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
redness of the skin due to engorgement of capillaries in the dermis |
|
|
Term
what hair is consisted of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where new hairs are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(vasodialator) increase circulation to scalp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreased synthesis of melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accumulation of air bubbles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single or groups of epithelial cells that secrete a substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(oil) connected to hair follicles found in dermis secretes SEBUM can develop into blackheads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(sweat) function: regulate body temperature and eliminate waste 2 types: apocrine, eccrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(sudoriferous glands) found in armpit, pubic region, and pigmented areas of breast produce COLD SWEAT stimulated by emotional stress/sexual excitement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(sudoriferous glands) distributed throughout skin produce watery secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(wax glands) present in ear canalas conbined with sebaceous glands form cerumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plates are tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nail body, free edge, nail root, lunula, cuticle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
visible portion of the nail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part that extends past the finger or toe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
portion that's not visible (under skin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
semilunar area near the nail root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of stratum epithetlium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all fibers decrease in number and stiffen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
body temperature protection cutaneous sensations excretion/absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
awareness of external or internal conditions of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(sense organ) pick up a stimulus and connect to a nerve impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
impulse must be transferred frm receptor/organ to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brain receives impulse and connects it to a sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brain refers sensations to their point of stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decrease in sensitivity to continued stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensations persist even thought stimulus has been removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specific characteristic of each sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(merkel discs) include tactile, thermal, and pain receptors located in skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(touch and pressure) detected by mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
detected by nociceptors 2 types: fast and slow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs rapidly not felt in deeper tissues of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(chronic pain) occurs gradually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
referred to overlying skin or distant areas (INTERNAL ORGANS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
referred back to origin of pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pain experienced after a limb is amputated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
awareness of muscle, tendon, and joint activity (kinesthetic sense) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perception of body movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
science that deals with eye and its disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found at the muscle tendon junction sensitive to tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
speecializes in he treatment of eye disorders with drugs, surgery, and corrective lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
licensed to test the eyes and treat visual defects by prescribing prescripted lenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adjust and dispenses lens |
|
|
Term
how light travels through eyes |
|
Definition
eye --> optic nerve (CN II)--> optic chiasm --> occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glands (located right under eyebrow) (TEARS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrous (outer) vascular (middle) Nervous (Retina/Inside) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer coating of eye contains cornea and sclera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nonvascular, transparent fibrous coat covers iris bends light rays entering the eye in order to produce a clear image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
white of the eye gives shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
middle layer of the eye composed of choroid, ciliary body, and iris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lines inside of the sclera absorbs light rays so they're not reflected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secretes aqueous humor (ciliary process) changes shape of lens (ciliary muscle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
colored circle of the eye regulates the amount of light entering the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
retina function: image formation contains photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
photoreceptors specialized in dim light and shape and movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
photoreceptors specialized in color vision and sharpness of vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small depression in the center of the macula lutea area of sharpest vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exact center of the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(blind spot) area where optic nerve exits the eye, thus no photoreceptors present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can occur by trauma in which nervous layer is separated from pigmented layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(outer to inner) cornea-->anterior cavity (aqueous humor)-->pupil/iris-->lens-->vitreous humor-->retina-->choroid-->optic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transport structure focuses light rays onto retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of transparency in lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
front of the lens filled with aqueous humor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
creates inerocular perssure (which makes shape of the eye) frequently replaced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka posterior chamber filled with vitrous body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed in embyonic life and is NOT replaced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nearsightedness vision focused in front of retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
farsightedness image focused behind retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
irregularities in the surface of the lens or on the cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inability to focus on nearby objects due to loss of elasticity with AGE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by vitamin A deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membraneous envelope of the brain and spinal cord 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer layer of meninges protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
middle layer of the meninges made of collagen and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delicate inner fibrous membrane covering the surface of the brain and spinal cord "delicate mother" (inner layer of meninges) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between arachnoid and pia mater filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(CSF) formed by the filtration/secretion from the choroid plexuses function: shock absorption and nutrient supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(lumbar puncture) in which they remove some CSF to introduce antibiotics with a long needle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
space between dura mater and vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
divides brain into right and left halves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-myelinated neurons in CNS (located on outer surface) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myelinated neurons in CNS (located in inner surface) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cerebrum cerebellum brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
circle thing underneath the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protects brain from chemical intrusion from the rest of the body blood is filtered so that many harmful chemicals can't enter the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
permanent/progressive loss of intellectual abilities impaired memory/judgment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can progress from dementia confused, forgetful, get lost, repetitive questions disorientation, paranoia, hallucination, violent changes in mood, lose ability to talk/read/eat/walk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(MS)attacks myelin sheath of neurons born above mason dixon line tremors with movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cells that produce myelin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4 small hollow spaces in brain that are filled with CSF contain choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produces cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer layer of cerebrum, composed of 6 cell layers of deeply folded/ridged grey matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inability to use/comprehend words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
overlooks balance and coordinated movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continuation of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connects left and right sides of cerebellum sleep regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connects pons to diencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
network of neuronal cells from medulla oblongata to brain stem |
|
|
Term
reticular activating system |
|
Definition
consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relays sensory information (Hal and Amus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
controls autonomic nervous system/hormones/temperature/eating/drinking/etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and controls body's biological clock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surface of cerebellum, consists of gray matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disruption of muscle coordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
higher thinking outer surface of brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deep grooves between folds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shallow folds of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
separates cerebrum into right and left hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
separates frontal and parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
separates occipital lobe and cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
separates frontal and temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deals with speech and motor movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deals with speech and words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in movement, speech, abstract though |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in touch sensations, body positioning, hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in hearing, smell, vision |
|
|