Term
| The suprascapular nerve passes through the ___ of the scapula |
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Definition
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Term
| The scapula rarely breaks, but if it does, it breaks at the ___, or the tip of the scapula. |
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Definition
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Term
Humeral fractures typically occur at the ____, which will injure the __ nerve and atrophy the __ muscle.
Evulsion fractures typically occur at the ___, which is dangerous because so many muscles attach here.
__ factures typically occur in the humeral shaft. This is dangerous bc it could injure the __ nerve or ___ artery. |
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Definition
surgical neck. axillary nerve. deltoid muscle
greater tuberosity
spiral - radial nerve, brachial artery
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Term
The ___ nerve passes through the surgical neck.
The ___ nerve passes through the radial groove.
The ___ nerve passes through the distal end of the humerus.
The ___ nerve passes through the medial epicondyle. |
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Definition
axillary nerve
radial nerve
median nerve
ulnar nerve |
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Term
| The head of the ___ is at the elbow, the head of the ___ is at the wrist |
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Definition
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Term
| The ulna and radius are joined by the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
Radial and ulnar fractures typically occur in what two age groups?
A ___ fx is a complete transverse fx of the distal 2cm of the radius that occurs when falling on an outstretched hand. This often results in a ____ deformity
____ fx is typically called a "fractured elbow" |
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Definition
elderly and kids
Colles fx - dinner fork deformity
olecranon |
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Term
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Definition
Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate |
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Term
| The ____ forms the unlar canal for the ulnar nerve. What happens if this bone is broken? |
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Definition
hook of hamate
pressure on ulnar nerve - trouble gripping hand |
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Term
| The ___ is formed of five metacarpals. They are numbered 1-5 starting on the thumb side. Each has 3 parts: __, ___, ___ |
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Definition
metacarpus
base, shaft, head |
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Term
The ___ is the most frequently fractured carpal and it hels poorly due to poor blood supply.
The ___ is the most frequently dislocated carpal. |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 scapulohumeral muscles of the intrinsic shoulder |
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Definition
deltoid, supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor, teres major, subscapularis
These muscles attach to the scapula and the humerus |
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Term
Deltoid:
Innervation?
Actions? |
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Definition
innervaiton: axillary nerve
action:
Anterior part: flex and medially rotate humerus
Middle: abduct humerus
Posterior: extend and laterally rotate humerus
Used for intramuscular injection
Defines shoulder shape |
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Term
The ___ is responsible for the first 15 deg of abduction of the humerus.
The ___ is responsible for the rest of abduction. |
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Definition
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Term
Supraspinatus:
Innervation?
Artery?
Origin?
Insertion?
Action? |
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Definition
Innervation; suprascapular nerve
Artery: suprascapular (or transverse scapular artery)
Origin: above spinous process of scapula
Insertion: superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
Action: initiates abduction (first 15 deg) of humerus |
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Term
Infraspinatus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?
Innervation?
Artery? |
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Definition
Origin: below spinous process of scapula
Insertion: middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus
Action: laterally rotates humerus
Innervation: suprascapular nere
Artery: suprascapular, scapular circumflex |
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Term
| Compression of the ___ nerve causes shoulder pain and atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. can radiate to neck |
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Definition
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Term
Teres Major:
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Action |
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Definition
Origin: Lateral surface of angle of scapuula
Insertion: medial lip of intertubercular groove
Innervation: lower subscapular nerve
Action: medially rotates and adducts humerus |
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Term
Teres minor:
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Action |
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Definition
Origin: middle of lateral surface of lateral border of scapula
Insertion: inferior facet of greater tubercle of humrus
Innervation: axillary nerve
Action: laterally rotates humerus. Helps hold humeral head in glenoid cavity |
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Term
Subscapularis:
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Action |
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Definition
Origin: subscapular fossa (anterior surface of scapula)
Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
Innervation: subscapular nerve
Action: medially rotate arm |
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Term
Quadrangular space:
Contents: ___ nerve and ___ artery
boundaries? |
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Definition
Contents: axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
Boundaries:
Above: subscapularis & teres minor
Below: teres major
Medially: long head of triceps
Laterally: lateral head of triceps |
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Term
Triangular Space:
Contents:
Borders? |
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Definition
Contents: circumflex scapular arteries
Borders:
Superior: teres minor
Inferior: teres major
Laterally: long head of triceps |
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Term
4 muscles of rotator cuff
Function?
What muscle is most commonly injured?
What activities would injure the rotator cuff? |
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Definition
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
allows for rotation and elevation of arm
provides stability to glenohumeral joint
supraspinatus is most easily injured
Baseball pitcher, swimming, tennis |
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Term
3 muscles of the flexor compartment of the arm
1 extensor compartment muscle of the arm |
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Definition
biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
triceps brachii |
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Term
Biceps Brachii
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Action
Artery |
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Definition
Short head origin: coracoid process
Long head origin: supraglenoid tubercle
Insertion of both: radial tuberosity
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5&C6)
Artery: muscular branches of brachial artery
Actions: supinate forearm from pronated position. Flexes supine forearm. Short head resists dislocation of shoulder |
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Term
| The long head of the biceps brachii passes through the ___ of the humerus, where it is covered by a synovial sheath. Repeated movement can cause inflammation of this tnedon, called ____ |
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Definition
bicipital groove
biceps tendonitis |
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Term
Coracobrachialis:
Origin
Insertion
INnervation
Action |
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Definition
Origin: coracoid process
insertion: middle third of shaft of humerus
innervation: musculocutaneus nerve
action: flexes and adducts arm, resists dislocation of shoulder |
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Term
Brachialis:
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Action |
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Definition
Origin: lower part of shaft of humerus
Insertion: coronoid proces of ulna
innervation: musculocutaneus nerve
action: flexes forearm in all directions |
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Term
The ___ is the "pure flexor" of the elbow.
The ___ is used as a landmark for the musculocutaneous nerve, because it passes through this muscle |
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Definition
brachialis
coracobrachialis |
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Term
Triceps Brachii:
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Action |
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Definition
Short head origin: intraglenoid tubercle
Lateral haed: |
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Term
The ___ is a potential space inferior to the glenohumeral joint and superolateral to the thorax. It is a conduit (cervicoaxillary canal) for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves to access the upper limb.
3 Contents? |
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Definition
Axilla
Axillary nerves and blood vessels
Axillary lymph nodes
Brachial plexus |
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Term
Boundaries of the Axilla:
Apex: Lies between the __, ___, ___.
Base: Concave skin, subcu tissue, and fascia of the ____.
Anterior wall: ___, ____ and Fascias
Posterior wall: 1 bone and 3 muscles
Medial wall: thoracic wall and 1 muscle
Lateral wall: formed by what bone? |
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Definition
Apex: 1st rib, clavicle, sup border of scapula
Base: axillary fossa
Anterior wall: pec major, pec minor, & fasicas
Posterior wall: scapula, subscapularis, teres major, lat dorsi
Medial wall: thoracic wall and serratus anterior
Lateral wall: humerus |
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Term
| The ___ ligament prevents "bowstringing" of the flexor tendon during contraction of the forearm. |
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Definition
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Term
Muscles of the flexor compartment of the forearm:
4 superficial
1 intermediate
3 deep
The superficial and intermediate muscles originate from the medial epicondyle via the ____ tendon
The deep muscles originate from the _____ |
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Definition
Superficial: pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus
Intermediate: flexor digitorum superficialis
Deep: flexor digitorum profundus, proantor quadratus, flexor pollicis longus
Superficial and intermediate: common flexor tendon
Deep: forearm bones |
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Term
Flexor digitorum superficialis:
Origin?
Action?
Tendons pass deep to ____
___ nerve is associate with it along with muscular branches of __ & ___ arteries
Two heads? |
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Definition
Origin: median epicondyle
Action: flexes middle phalynx, assists in flexing wrist
Tendons pass deep to flexor retinaculum
Median nerve, radial and ulnar arteries
Two heads: humeroulnar and radial |
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Term
| ___ is the prime mover for pronation, ___ helps this muscle to pronate. |
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Definition
| pronator quadratus, pronator teres |
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Term
| All flexor forearm muscles are supplied by the __ nerve except for flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus, which are supplied by the ___ nerve. |
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Definition
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Term
Muscles of the superficial extensor compartment of the forearm
(6)
Where do they all originate? |
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Definition
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
lateral supraconylar ridge of humerus |
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Term
The ___ is exceptional because it is in the extensor compartment but flexes the elbow joint
Extensor carpi radialis longus may be fused with this muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| If your median nerve is severed (all flexor compartment muscles are paralyzed), will you still be able to flex your elbow? |
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Definition
| Yes: brachioradialis will still work |
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Term
Deep layer forearm extensor muscles
Where do they originate |
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Definition
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Supinator
all originate from radius and ulna |
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Term
Deep layer forearm extensor muscles:
3 act on thumb & their tendons form the anatomical snuff box
1 acts on index finger
1 forms floor of cubital fossa
Where can you feel the radial pulse? |
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Definition
Thumb/snuff box: abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
Index finger: extensor indicis
Cubital fossa: supinator
Can feel pulse in anatomical snuff box |
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Term
Cubital fossa contents:
3 arteries and accompanying veins
covered by ___ tendon
__ nerve
___ vein, which passes superficial to bicipital aponeurosis |
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Definition
brachial, radial, ulnar artery & vein
Biceps brachii tendon
median nerve
median cubital vein |
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Term
___ is caused by a partial tearing or degeneration of the origin of the superficial extensor muscles from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
It is characterized by pain and tenderness over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus with pain radiating down the lateral side of the forearm.
It is common in tennis players, violinists, and housewives (due to repetitive extension) |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 common sites for synovial cysts in the wrist |
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Definition
dorsum of wrist (most common)
distal attachment of the ECRB tendon at base of the 3rd metacarpal |
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Term
The fan-shaped ______ covers the soft tissues and overlies the long flexor tendons.
____: localized thickening and contracture of the palmar aponeurosis. 4th & 5th fingers curl up.
____: inflammation of the tendon and synovial shealth |
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Definition
palmar aponeurosis
dupuytren's contracture
tenosynovitis |
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Term
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Definition
Abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis
adductor pollicis |
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Term
Hypothenar muscles (3)
What digit do they control |
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Definition
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi
opponens digiti minimi
control 5th digit |
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Term
3 short hand muscles
common innervation
common action
These muscles are not directly attached to bone, but rather to fibrous sheaths around the MP joint called ____. |
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Definition
lumbricles
palmar interossei - adduct
dorsal interossei - abduct
ulnar nerve
All flex mp joint and extend IP joint
Extensor sheaths |
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Term
____: a space defined by the carpal arch and covered by the strong, fibrous flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) that attaches the pisiform and hook of hamate to the scaphoid and trapezium
Contents: 3 tendons and 1 nerve |
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Definition
carpal tunnel
Tendons of:
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Median nerve |
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Term
| Pain ful compression of the median nerve that causes pain of the hand and wrist and numbness and tingling in the fingers |
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Definition
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Term
Anatomical snuff box boudaries:
Mediall/posteriorly: tendon of ____ muscle
Laterally/anteriorl: tendons of ___ & ____
wwhat is found here? |
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Definition
extensor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus
radial artery |
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Term
Arterial supply of the upper limb:
Subclavian --> ___ --> Brachial --> __ & ___ --> superficial plamar arch & deep palmar arch --> __ & ___ --> palmar digital |
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Definition
axillary
ulnar & radial
Common palmar digital & palmar metacarpal |
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Term
| The ___ artery goes to the medial side of the hand and forms the superficial palmar arch. The ___ artery goes to the lateral side and forms the deep palmar arch after going through the anatomical snuff box. |
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Definition
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Term
The Pec Minor divides the axillary artery into 3 parts:
Before pec minor = ____
under pec minor = ____ & ____
After pec minor = _____, _____, & _____ |
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Definition
Before: superior thoracic - supplies subclavius and 1st & 2nd ICS
Under: thoracoacromial- 4 branches: acromial, deltoid, pectoral, clavicular
& lateral thoracic
After: anterior humeral circumflex, posterior humeral circumflex, subscapular
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Term
| Trauma to the upper limb arteries usually caused by what? |
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Definition
fracture of first rib
anterior dislocation of humeral head |
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Term
Largest branch of brachial artery, _____, follows the radial groove with the radial nerve and goes to the posterior compartment.
Terminal branches of brachial artery: ___ & ____ |
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Definition
deep brachial artery (AKA artery of profunda brachii)
radial & ulnar |
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Term
| Blood pressure is taken of the ___ artery |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 branches of the ulnar artery: |
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Definition
Anterior & posterior ulnar recurrent arteries
common interosseous artery - forms ant and post interosseous arteries |
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Term
| The radial and ulnar bones are held by the ____ membrane. ___ arteries supply this membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ arteries divide into digital arteries to supply both sides of the digits. |
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Definition
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Term
Radial artery branches:
Superficial branch:
Main stem branch:
2 proper ____ arteries
3 ____ arteries |
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Definition
superficial branch: superficial palmar arch
Main stem: Deep palmar aterial arch
2 proper palmar digital arteries
3 metacarpal arteries |
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Term
IN the case of shoulder surgery, if the axillary artery is ligated, blood will still be supplied via the ____ artery.
Aneurysm of the axillary artery occurs due to excess shoulder movemnt and could give pressure to the brachial plexus. |
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Definition
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Term
| If bleeding in the arm occurs, what are 3 points where you could compress arteries to stop the bleeding? |
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Definition
Compress axillary artery at 1st rib
Compress axillary artery against humerus
Compress brachial artery near the middle of the arm |
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Term
| The ideal sites for venous access are typically in the _____ and the ____ adjacent to the anatomical snuffbox. |
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Definition
cubital fossa
cephalic vein |
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Term
Radial side of hand drains into ___ vein, which drains into ___ vein in the deltopectoral triangle.
Ulnar side of hand drains into ___ vein, which drains into the ___ vein at the lower border of the teres major and forms the ___ vein. |
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Definition
cephalic, axillary
basilic, brachial, axillary |
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Term
Construction of a dialysis fistula for kidney failure:
Radial artery is anastomosed with the ___ vein at the wrist or the brachial artery is anastomosed with this vein at the elbow |
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Definition
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Term
Axillary lymph nodes:
____: posteromedial to the axillary vein along the lateral wall of the axilla. receives lymph from the upper limb. Lies near origin of axillary vein.
___: along the medial wall of the axilla, inferior margin of the pec minor, and the lateral thoracic vessels. receives lymph from breast and pectoral region. Lies near lateral thoracic vein.
___: on the posterior axillary wall in association with the subscapular vessels. receives lymph from the scapular region and lies near the subscapular vein.
___: near the base of the axilla, deep to pec minor. receives lymph from pectoral, subscapular, and humeral lymph nodes and is distributed around the 2nd part of the axillary vein.
___: most superior group of nodes in the axilla. receives lymph from all other lymph nodes.
What parts of the body drain through these nodes? |
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Definition
humeral (lateral) nodes
pectoral (anterior) nodes
Subscapular (anterior) nodes
central nodes
apical nodes
lymph from pectoral region and upper limbs |
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Term
| Enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes. Appear warm, tender, streaks in skin of limbs. Could occur with breast cancer or when apical nodes get blocked. |
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Definition
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Term
Brachial plexus:
RYAN: 5 ventral rami
THOMAS: 3 trunks
DRINKS: 2 divisions of each trunk
COLD: 3 cords
BREWS: 5 terminal branches |
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Definition
Rami: C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
Trunks: superior, middle, inferior
Divisions: Anterior and posterior of each trunk
Cords: Lateral, posteiror, medial
Branches: Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar (My Aunt Raped My Uncle) |
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Term
Brachial plexus:
Lies between what two muscles?
Anterior divisions supply the ___ muscles and posteiror divisions supply the ___ muscles.
What 6 nerves come off the posterior cord? |
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Definition
Anterior and middle scalenes
Flexor compartment, extensor compartment
Off Posterior Cord: upper subscapular, thoracodorsal, medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, medial cutaneous nerve of arm, medial pectoral nerve, lower subscapular nerve
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Term
4 nerves off the supraclavicular brachial plexus
7 branches off infraclavicular |
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Definition
dorsal scapular, long thoracic, suprascapular, subclavius
5 terminal branches + medial and lateral pectoral nerves |
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