Term
| PROXIMAL end of the femur structures |
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Definition
| head, neck and greater and lesser trochanters. |
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Term
blunt elevations on the femur
(where the neck joins the shaft
-names and general location |
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Definition
trochanters
-lesser trochanter: conical, posteromedial part of the junction of neck
-greater trochanter: large, laterally placed |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| separates ilium, ischium, and pubis until puberty, and it fuses between 15-25 y/o |
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Term
|
Definition
| Superior and largest part of hip bone, contains the acetabulum. |
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Term
Ilium
-what does it consist of |
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Definition
-body: joins the pubis and ischium to the acetabulum
-Ala(wing): bordered superiorly by the iliac crest |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms the postero-inferior part of acetabulum and hip bone. |
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Term
ischium
-what does it consist of? |
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Definition
-body: where it joins the ilium and superior ramus of pubis to form the acetabulum.
-ramus of ischium: joins the inferior ramus of pubis to form the ischiopubic ramus |
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Term
ischial tuberosity
-attachment site for... |
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Definition
-hamstring muscles
-sacrotuberous ligament |
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Term
ischial spine:
-attachment site for... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms the anterior part of acetabulum and the antero-medial part of hip bone . |
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Term
|
Definition
-superior ramus
-inferior ramus
-symphysis pubis: where the bodies articulate with each other |
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Term
| fractures of the hip bone |
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Definition
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Term
avulsion fractures of the hip bone
-what is it?
-when do they occur? |
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Definition
- A small part of the bone and a piece of tendon or ligament attached is torn away
-occurs in sports that require sudden acceleration/deceleration |
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Term
| pelvic fractures in older patients |
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Definition
| at least 2 fractures of the ring of bone formed by the pubis, pubic rami, and acetabulum |
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Term
linea aspera of the femur
-describe |
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Definition
prominent double edged ridge on the posterior of the shaft of the femur,
-diverges medially: pectineal line
-diverges laterally: gluteal tuberosity |
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Term
|
Definition
| on the head of the femur, depression for the ligament, and the only part not covered with articular cartilage` |
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Term
|
Definition
anterior, runs from the greater to the lesser trochanter.
-Continuous with the pectineal line and merges with the linea aspera |
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Term
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Definition
| posteriorly joins the trochanters, and has a quadrate tubercle for the attachment of the quadratus femoris muscle |
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Term
| femoral condyles articulate with |
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Definition
tibial condyles
patella anteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the femoral condyles posterially |
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Term
| popliteal fossa landmarks on the femur |
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Definition
| posterior surface of the femur, between the medial and lateral supracondylar lines |
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Term
| adductor tubercle location on the femur |
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Definition
| on the medial supracondylar line |
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Term
most common femoral fracture
-special population consideration |
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Definition
| neck of the femur, especially in females secondary to osteoporosis |
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Term
| examples of proximal femur fractures |
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Definition
transcervical
intertrochanteric |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a very strong bone, but violent direct injury can cause a spiral fracture of the shaft |
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Term
| femoral fracture: distal end |
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Definition
| complicated by separation of the condyles and misalignment of the knee joint |
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Term
blood supply issues with fracture of the neck
\ |
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Definition
-fractures are intracapsular
-retinacular branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery may be torn, resulting in avascular necrosis of the femoral head |
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Term
| angle of inclination of the femur is formed by... |
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Definition
- line drawn longitudinally through the center of femoral shaft and
- line bisecting femoral head and neck |
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Term
angle of inclination in adults
-what is the angle? |
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Definition
| An obtuse angle in adults , 115-140 degrees ( average 126 degrees) |
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Term
| angle of inclination in women? elderly? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the angle of inclination is decreased
-causes mild passive abduction of the hip |
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Term
|
Definition
| -the angle of inclination is increased |
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Term
Torsion angle or angle of declination (femur)
-formed by |
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Definition
looking from top to bottom,
-the line formed by the femoral neck
-the line formed by the femoral condyles, medial to lateral |
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Term
torsion angle
-in females
-in males |
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Definition
-12 degrees in females
-7 degrees in males |
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Term
movement of the femoral head withing the acetabulum
-what movement?
-allowed by? |
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Definition
rotary movement, allowed by the torsion angle and angle of inclination.
(flex.,ext., abd., add., rotation) |
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Term
Patella
-what is it?
-what kind of bone? |
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Definition
knee cap
sesamoid bone, triangular bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| posterior surface articulates with the patellar surface of the femur |
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Term
| surfaces and borders of the patella |
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Definition
anterior surface
posterior (articular) surface
lateral and medial borders(converge)
Base (superior) |
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Term
| great saphenous vein is a tributary to... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
saphenous opening
-location |
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Definition
| opening in the fascia lata below the medial half of the inguinal ligament, where the great saphenous vein passes through |
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Term
| 3 superficial veins that attach to the great saphenous vein near the saphenous opening |
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Definition
| superficial circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric and superficial external pudendal |
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Term
|
Definition
| the sharp inferior and lateral margin of the saphenous opening |
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Term
|
Definition
-sieve-like
subcutaneous tissue over the saphenous opening enclosing it . |
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Term
| what passes through the saphenous opening? |
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Definition
great saphenous vein
some lymphatics |
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Term
|
Definition
penetrate deep fascia and pass between superficial and deep veins
-valves keep flow superficial -> deep
-penetrate fascia obliquely |
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Term
Varicose veins
-what is it?
-where is it common? |
|
Definition
-great saphenous vein becomes dilated and/or tortuous, cusps of valves do not close
-Most common in the posteromedial parts of lower limb |
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Term
Superficial lymphatic vessels
-where do they go? |
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Definition
| send lymph through the saphenous opening to superficial inguinal lymph nodes. |
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Term
deep inguinal lymph nodes
-where located?
-where do they receive lymph from? |
|
Definition
-medial to femoral vein
-receive lymph from
----superficial inguinal lymph nodes
----deep lymphatic vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enlarged superficial inguinal lymph nodes and female patients - risk |
|
Definition
| metastasis of UTERINE CANCER may reach superficial inguinal lymph nodes |
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Term
The cutaneous nerves of the anterior and medial thigh
-what are they branched of?
-name them |
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Definition
branches of lumbar plexus.
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh)
-branches of femoral nerve
-branches of obturator nerve
branches of genitofemoral nerve |
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Term
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
-which nerve roots?
-where does it supply? |
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Definition
(L2-L3)
supplies skin of anterolateral and lateral thigh. |
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Term
Anterior cutaneous branch of femoral nerve
-which nerve roots?
-where does it supply? |
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Definition
(L2-4)
supplies skin of the anterior thigh |
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Term
The femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
-which nerve roots?
-where does it supply? |
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Definition
(L1-2)
supplies skin of the central part of upper thigh just below inguinal ligament . |
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Term
cutaneous branch of obturator nerve
-which nerve roots?
-where does it supply? |
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Definition
(L2-4)
supplies skin of the upper medial thigh |
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Term
fascia lata
-what's its general function? |
|
Definition
-Limits the outward extension of contracting muscles
-muscle contractions are more efficient at pumping venous blood to the heart |
|
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Term
| superior anchors of the fascia lata |
|
Definition
-inguinal ligament
-iliac crest
-sacrum
-coccyx
-sacrotuberous ligament
-inferior ramus of the pubic bone
-body of the pubic bone
-superior ramus of pubic bone |
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Term
iliotibial tract
-what is it?
-where is it? |
|
Definition
| Thickened band of fascia lata on the lateral side of the thigh between the tubercle of iliac crest and lateral tibial condyle |
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Term
iliotibial tract
-what does it do? |
|
Definition
-Receives insertions from tensor fasciae lata and gluteus maximus
-reinforces the capsule of knee joint
-contributes to locomotion and posture |
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Term
| fascia lata sends intermuscular septa to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compartments of the thigh |
|
Definition
-anterior
-medial
-posterior |
|
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Term
| lateral intermuscular septum is continuous with... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the hip or knee joints to to friction with the iliotibial band |
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|
Term
| abductors are in what region? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| 3 compartments of the thigh and innervation |
|
Definition
anterior/extensor - femoral nerve
medial/adductor - obturator nerve
posterior/flexor - tibial portion of sciatic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-pectineus
-iliopsoas
-sartorious
-quadriceps femoris
-articularis genu |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Proximal attachment to superior ramus of pubis
-Distal attachment to pectineal line of femur just inferior to lesser trochanter |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Femoral nerve , (L2, L3).
-Obturator nerve may innervate the muscle. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| : adducts and flexes the hip joint , assists with medial rotation of hip joint |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-flexor of the hip joint , formed by psoas major and iliacus .
-stabilizes the hip joint
-postural muscle maintaining the lumbar lordosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-proximal: transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae, sides of T12-L5
-Distal: lesser trochanter of femur |
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Term
|
Definition
| anterior rami of lumbar nerves L1-L3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
works with iliacus
--flexor of the hip joint
-stabilizes the hip joint
-postural muscle maintaining the lumbar lordosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-proximal: iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, anterior sacroiliac ligament
-distal: tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in conjucion with psoas major:
--flexor of the hip joint
-stabilizes the hip joint
-postural muscle maintaining the lumbar lordosis |
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Term
Sartoius
-innervation
-attachments
--action |
|
Definition
innervated by the femoral nerve (L2,L3)
-anterior superior iliac spine
-Superior part of medial surface of tibia
--flex, abducts, later rot. thigh at hip
--flexes leg at knee joint |
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Term
|
Definition
Great extensor of the knee joint
-rectus femoris
-vastus lateralis
-vastus intermedius
-vastus medialis |
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Term
rectus femoris
-attachements
-innervation
-action |
|
Definition
-anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to the acetabulum
-base of patella->tibial tuberosity
--femoral nerve (L2,3,4)
--Extends knee, flexes thigh |
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|
Term
vastus lateralis
-attachments
-innervation
-action |
|
Definition
-greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera
-base of patella->tibial tuberosity
--femoral nerve (L2,3,4)
--Extends knee |
|
|
Term
vastus medialis
-attachments
-innervation
-actions |
|
Definition
-intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera of femur
-base of patella->tibial tuberosity
--femoral nerve (L2,3,4)
--Extends knee |
|
|
Term
vastus intermedius
-attachments
-innervation
-action |
|
Definition
-anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of the femur
-base of patella->tibial tuberosity
--femoral nerve (L2,3,4)
--Extends knee |
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|
Term
articularis genu
-attachements
-action |
|
Definition
-inferior anterior femur
-synovial membrane of knee joint and suprapatellar bursa
---pulls the synovial membrane superiorly during knee extension, preventing compression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inability to extend leg against resistance
-walking, person presses on distal thigh to prevent inadvertent knee flexion |
|
|
Term
Weakness of vastus medialis or vastus lateralis
-how does it often happen?
-what is the result? |
|
Definition
-can occur from trauma to the knee or arthritis
-results in abnormal patellar movement and loss of joint stability |
|
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Term
Chondromalacia patellae
-what is it? |
|
Definition
| runner's knee: softening of the cartilage |
|
|
Term
groin pull
-what is it?
-where is the pain? |
|
Definition
-strain , stretching and probably some tearing of the proximal attachments of the hip adductors and flexors
-local pain at inferior pubic ramus and the ischial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct blow or fall on the hip , injury to the iliac crest |
|
|
Term
charley horse
-what is it?
-Causes |
|
Definition
acute cramps in an individual muscle ------ischemia
-nocturnal leg cramps
-contusion and rupture of blood vessels leading to a blood clot |
|
|
Term
Adductor group
-what compartment
-innervation |
|
Definition
-medial compartment
-obturator nerve innervation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-adductor longus
-adductor brevis
-adductor magnus (adductor aspect)
-gracilis
-obturator externus |
|
|
Term
femoral triangle
-boundaries |
|
Definition
-Superiorly by the inguinal ligament
-Medially by adductor longus
-laterally by sartorius
-floor:iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially
-roof: fascia lata , cribriform fascia , subcutaneous tissue and skin |
|
|
Term
| inguinal ligament spans... |
|
Definition
| spans the gap between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle |
|
|
Term
retro inguinal space
-lateral vs medial compartments |
|
Definition
deep to the inguinal ligament
-medial: passage of blood vessels and lymphatics
-lateral: iliopsoas and femoral nerve passage |
|
|
Term
| contents of the femoral triangle |
|
Definition
FROM LATERAL TO MEDIAL
-Femoral nerve and branches
-Femoral artery and branches
- Femoral vein and tributaries (great saphenous and profunda femoral) |
|
|
Term
Adductor canal
-aka
-boundaries |
|
Definition
aka sub sartorial canal/Hunter canal
-anteriorly and laterally:vastus medialis
-Posteriorly: adductor longus and adductor magnus
-Medially and roof: sartorius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -passage for the femoral artery and vein -saphenous nerve and nerve to vastus medialis. |
|
|
Term
adductor hiatus
-where is it? |
|
Definition
| adductor magnus: opening between the distal aponeurotic attachment of adductor part and tendon of the hamstring part . |
|
|
Term
adductor hiatus
-what does it contain/allow passage? |
|
Definition
| femoral artery and vein, from the anterior compartment of the thigh to the popliteal fossa posterior to the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Originates in the abdomen within psoas major muscle -> retro inguinal space -> femoral triangle -> innervates the anterior thigh, and sends down the cutaneous branch of the Saphenous nerve |
|
|
Term
| terminal cutaneous branch of the saphenous nerve supplies... |
|
Definition
| supplies the skin and superficial fascia on the anteromedial aspects of knee, leg and foot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-an inferior prolongation of the transversalis and iliopsoas fascia
-Terminates inferiorly by becoming continuous with tunica adventitia and loose connective tissue surrounding the femoral blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-encloses the proximal parts of femoral vessels
-sheath allows the femoral vessels to glide deep to inguinal ligament during movements of hip joint |
|
|
Term
femoral sheath
-divisions, and the contents of each |
|
Definition
| -lateral compartment: femoral artery -intermediate compartment: femoral vein -medial compartment: constitutes femoral canal |
|
|
Term
femoral canal
-where is it?
-contents |
|
Definition
the medial compartment of the femoral sheath, between the medial wall of femoral sheath and femoral vein.
-contains cloquet's node (lymph) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-medial to the femoral vein, with a septum in between.
-lateral to the lacunar ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protrusion of abdominal viscera usually a loop of small intestine, through the femoral ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from the external iliac artery:
through the medial retroinguinal space -> femoral triangle lateral to femoral vein -> enters the adductor canal -> through the adductor hiatus -> popliteal artery |
|
|
Term
| superficial Branches of Femoral artery |
|
Definition
-superficial epigastric artery , -----------superficial circumflex iliac artery , -----superficial external pudendal artery
-deep external pudendal artery |
|
|
Term
profunda femoris artery
-from what and where does it branch off? |
|
Definition
| from the femoral artery in the femoral triangle, descends posterior to the adductor longus |
|
|
Term
| major branches of the profunda femoris artery |
|
Definition
| medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries |
|
|
Term
medial femoral circumflex artery
-path
-it supplies (via branches)... |
|
Definition
| from the profunda femoris -> passes posterior between the iliopsoas and pectineus -> posterior retinacular branches supply the femoral head |
|
|
Term
The lateral femoral circumflex artery
-path |
|
Definition
| from the PROFUNDA FEMORIS-> passes in front of the iliopsoas, and quickly branches into ASCENDING , TRANSVERSE and DESCENDING branches |
|
|
Term
| ascending branch from the lateral femoral circumflex artery - where does it go? |
|
Definition
| anastomose with the superior gluteal artery |
|
|
Term
| transverse branch from the lateral femoral circumflex artery - where does it go? |
|
Definition
| enters vastus lateralis and takes part in cruciate anastomosis . |
|
|
Term
| descending branch from the lateral femoral circumflex artery - where does it go? |
|
Definition
-descends behind rectus femoris to supply vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis
-genicular anastomosis around the knee joint . |
|
|
Term
perforating arteries
-where from
-what do they supply |
|
Definition
from the profunda femoris
supply adductor magnus, hamstrings and vastus lateralis muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from popliteal vein -> adductor hiatus ->adductor canal -> femoral sheath -> becomes the external iliac vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| profunda femoris vein and great saphenous vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from the internal iliac artery -> through obturator foramen -> enters medial compartment of the thigh -> divides into anterior and posterior branches (straddle the adductor brevis) |
|
|
Term
| obturator artery supplies... |
|
Definition
-obturator externus
-pectineus
-adductors of the thigh
-gracilis . |
|
|
Term
acetabular branch of the posterior branch of the obturator artery
-supplies.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PUBIC BRANCH OF THE EPIGASTRIC ARTERY
-What might it be involved in?
-What problem might this pose? |
|
Definition
sometimes replaces or joins the obturator artery
-runs across the femoral ring, and can be involved in strangulated femoral hernia |
|
|
Term
Obturator nerve
-contributing roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
similar path as obturator artery/vein
medial border of psoas muscle -> enters the thigh through the obturator foramen -> Divides into anterior and posterior branches which straddle adductor brevis |
|
|
Term
obturator nerve: posterior
-supplies... |
|
Definition
| adductor magnus and obturator externus |
|
|
