Term
| list the types of neurons (by shape) in the CNS |
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Definition
multipolar
bipolar
pseudounipolar |
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Term
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Definition
| motor neurons; cell bodies located in brain and spinal cord (?) |
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Term
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Definition
| rare type of neuron; exist in CN I |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory neurons; cell bodies located in ganglia outside of brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for blood brain barrier (surround capillaries to regulate what goes in/out); modulates neuron activity (not just "glue") |
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Term
| list the types of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells |
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Term
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Definition
| line central cavities of the CNS; can be ciliated or not; ciliated filtrate CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| actually are macrophages; only kind of glial cell that is not a product of the nervous system: originate in bone marrow; not restricted to nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinate axons of CNS; can surround the axons of multiple neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinate axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Term
| Why would you expect 95% of brain tumors to be gliomas? |
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Definition
| Because there are only 2 types of cells in the brain, and the ratio of glial cells to neurons is 20:1, so the odds of a glial cell being affected are ~95% |
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Term
| what are the 4 types of neural connections between the CNS and target tissues? |
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Definition
afferent (sensory)
efferent (motor)
sympathetic (autonomic)
parasympathetic (autonomic)
[ganglia contain cell bodies of afferent and autonomic neurons; somatic motor nuclei are located in CNS] |
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Term
| diagram the 4 types of neural connections between the CNS and target tissues. include nuclei and ganglia. |
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Definition
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Term
| diagram a cross section of the spinal cord, including major descending pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| Diagram the route of pain and temperature from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| diagram a cross section of the spinal cord, including major ascending pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| diagram the dorsal column medial-lemniscal system |
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Definition
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Term
| diagram the direct motor pathway between the cerebral cortex and a skeletal muscle, with UMN and LMN labeled |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the results of a lesion that destroys the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord (both sides) |
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Definition
| proprioception and 2-point discrimination would be lost bilaterally from the upper and lower extremities |
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Term
| dorsal column/medial-lemniscal system |
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Definition
| ascending pathway; contains fasiculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus; terminates in cerebral cortex and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| carries proprioception/2-point discrimination info from lower extremities ("gracilis" means "thin") |
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Term
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Definition
| carries proprioception/2-point discrimination info from upper extremities ("cuneatus" means "wedge-shaped") |
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Term
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Definition
| contains spinothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinomesencephalic tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| pain and temperature sensory pathway; terminates at thalamus and cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| pain pathway; terminates in reticular formation and thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| reflex capabilities; reflexive turning to touch and pain; terminates in mesencephalon and superior colliculus |
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Term
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Definition
| receives sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| motor information (contains cell bodies of motor neurons) |
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Term
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Definition
T1-L2 Sympathetic; S2-4 Parasympathetic;
Lower lumbar region does not have a lateral horn, neither does cervical region |
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Term
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Definition
| a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| proprioception; terminates in cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| contains corticobulbar, lateral corticospinal, and anterior corticospinal tracts; muscle tone and concious, skilled movements |
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Term
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Definition
| facial and head movements; UMN originates in cerebral cortex, LMN are cranial nerve nuclei in brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| contains rubrospinal, vestivulospinal, and tectospinal tracts; less precise motor control, overall coordination and posture |
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Term
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Definition
| 85% of voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
| 15% of voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
| movement coordination; originates in red nucleus, terminates anterior horn of spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| posture, balance; origin in vestibular nucleus, terminates in anterior horn of spinal column |
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Term
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Definition
| reflexes involving vision; origin in superior colliculus, terminates in medulla and anterior horn of upper spinal cord |
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Term
| describe the results of a hemisection of the right side of the spinal cord |
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Definition
This is known as Brown-Sequard syndrome
right side of lower extremity: spastic paralysis (UMN not functioning), loss of proprioception and 2pt discrimination
left side of lower extremity: loss of pain and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as mesencephalon; visual system consisting of tectum (roof) and colliculi; uppermost part of brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 on dorsal surface of midbrain; 2 superior involved in visual reflex and contain spinotectal and tectospinal pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| means "bridge" - bridge between cerebellum and cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| pathway between the cerebral cortex and the pons |
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Term
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Definition
| lower half of brainstem; deals with autonomic functions |
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Term
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Definition
| largest part of mature brain, consisting on 2 cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| located inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and posterior to the pons and medulla. consists of most complex cells in the body, hundreds of thousands of synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the cerebellar hemispheres at the midline; responsible for balance |
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Term
| anterior lobe of cerebellum |
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Definition
| moderates unconscious proprioception |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum |
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Definition
| oldest and least developed in anterior; newest and most developed (only present in mammals) in posterior lobe |
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Term
| cerebellar comparator function |
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Definition
1. cortex sends signal to skeletal muscle to move
2. LMN triggers skeletal muscle movement
3. cortex also sends signal to cerebellum
4. skeletal muscle sends signal to cerebellum
5. cerebelllum compares cortex intention with actual movement, sends signal to red nucleus
6. red nucleus relays modifying signal back to skeletal muscle
7. cerebellum also sends inhibitory signal to thalamus, then up to cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of brain in region of 3rd ventricle; contains the internal capsule: thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| causes intention tremor, difficulty stopping, balance coordination affected (appears drunk) |
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Term
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Definition
| selective gateway for sensory impulses; surrounds 3rd ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| dorsal posterior segment of diencephalon; connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| develops efferent connections to the striatum |
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Term
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Definition
| most important function is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| comprised of lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| internal swelling in lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) impact function of basal nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| tail end of caudate nucleus; fear center |
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Term
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Definition
| resting tremor, difficulty starting, balance, rigid-spastic (Parkinson's) |
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Term
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Definition
| part of corpus striata; memory and learning system |
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Term
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Definition
| putamen = lateral reddish part, globus pallidus = medial pinkish part |
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Term
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Definition
| Has melanin in it (byproduct of dopamine; lack of dop results in parkinson's disease) |
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