Why was Andraus Vesalius so infleuntial founding modern Anatomy?

He was considered the founding father of anatomy.

His extensive work in dissection.

He performed most of his own dissections after firing the ostensor and barber surgeon.

He recognized several things about Galen's work to be incorrect.

Leading to the publication of The Fabrica of Life

What role did Burke and Hare play in the history of anatomy?

They were infamous criminals in the 1830's.

They killed people for a comfortable living by selling cadavers to medical schools to be used for dissection.

When their murder of a young girl was discovered, Hare turned Burke in and told them everything, blaming Burke as the culprit. 

Burke was executed and his body was donated as a cadaver.

Brought about the

Resulted in the passing of 'an act for regulating schools of anatomy' in 1832.

How were many cadavers obtained that were used in medical schools in the 1800s?

Grave Robbing

Burke and Hare murdering people for cadavers or some criminals that were executed - donated to medical schools as a part of their punishment

Describe the typical anatomy lecture/lab during the scholastic period.

The professor would read from Galen's book on the anatomical structures from the Dias.

The Demonstrator (ostensor) pointed out the anatomical structures while the professor read the information aloud.

The barber surgeon actually dissected the cadaver so structures could be seen by the class/observers.

Discuss at least two anatomic misconceptions of hte Egyptions and/or greeks.  What were some of the philosophies that lead to those misconceptions?

Arteries: air filled - recently dead spec. had air in their arteries (smooth muscle)

Veins: carried blood one way (like a tree) - veins lack the smooth muscle so they contained blood in a fresh specimen

Heart: good feelins, love and loyalty

Liver: bad feelings, bitterness

Spleen: hatred

Brain: cooled the body - marrow

Diaphragm: seat of the mind

Human dissection was considered taboo, so no one ever tested them.  During the Greek period anatomy/empirical science was not considered important.

What even marked the transition from the Greek to Medieval Period?

The death of Galen in 200 AD.

He was the last Greek anatomist.  He published a book that was used for 1300 yrs.  Empirical science is important, less about universe concerns.

Medieval period used "bloodletting" (to get rid of the 'humors') and urine specimens for diagnosis and treatment of ailments.

When did the modern anatomy period begin?

In 1500 AD --> Present

Began with the advent of organized medical schools, Vesalius' work, and knowledge of anatomy started to grow rapidly as it became a primary focus in medicine.

What were some of the conditions and events that led to the first anatomy laws in 1832?

**what was the law passed in 1832?

The law was the 'act for regulating schools of anatomy'.

This law was passed in response to the trial of Burke (and Hare).  Cadavers were hard to come by, at the time, due to limited number allowed by law at each medical school, so often bodies were obtained in illicit manners such as grave robbing or murder (Burke and Hare).  This law was put into place to stop illegal obtainment of bodies.

State at least one reason why little anatomic progress was made during the Egyption and Greek periods.

Dissection of the human body was considered taboo.  The Egyptions believed that the dead needed those organs (excluding the brain) to be healthy in the afterlife.  The Greeks didn't think that empirical science wasn't important.  Used animals and plants for study of anatomy and references.

Whose anatomy work and writings dominated the Medieval period?

Galen's work and writing dominated for 1300 years.

When did modern anatomy begin?

in the 1500s with the work of Vasaleus.

Who was the 'father of modern anatomy' and WHY?

Vasaleus.

He used actual human bodies for dissection and anatomical reference. 

He debunked Galen's work and wrote his own atlas of the body

The Fabrica of Life

He also did many of his own dissections when he was a professor - without the help of the ostensor or barber surgeon.

How was the work of Vesalius different from others in the scholastic period?

He fired the ostensor and barber surgeon and began dissecting cadavers himself (as a professor).  He had a first hand look and observation to anatomy.

How was the work of Aristotle and Galen different from other Greeks?

They believed that empirical science and knowledge of anatomy were important.  However, they both still considered dissection of a human taboo, so they dissected plants and primates.

How was the work of Galen and Vesalius the same?  How was it different?

They were both interested in empirical science and anatomy.  Galen still maintained that dissection of a human was taboo and only dissected primates/plants.  Whereas, Vesalius dissected humans despite common thought.  The both wrote there own books (in different eras).  Galen's was inaccurate due to insufficient dissection of humans.  Vesalius noted this in his own book while correcting Galen's mistakes.

Egyptions anatomy was learned from what practice?

Through mummification.  They took apart the bodies and kept the organs in canopic jars, throwing away the brain.  It was thought that these organs were crucial to the after life.

They allowed the body to dry from the inside out and then placed the organs back into the body before burial.

How were many cadavers obtained that were used in medical schools about 1800?

Grave Robbers

Burke and Hare --> killed people and donated them

Executed criminals - also sentenced to being donated to science

Dorsal and Ventral are equivalent to what movements in terms of humans?

Dorsal - posterior which means to follow behind/back

-Posterior-

Ventral - anterior which means to travel before or ahead/front

-Anterior-

Describe extension of the head.

moving the head posteriorly away from the frontal plane

Achieved by the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius (innervated by XI)

What are the 3 major sections to the body?

Sagittal – right and left halve -  by the flight of the arrow

Transverse – Horizontal Plane separating superior from Inferior

Frontal Section

How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts differ from one another?

Osteoblasts - bone forming cells

Osteoclasts - large multinucleated cells that absorb bone

List the characteristics of cartilage and what makes it a unique fit for the function it performs?

3 Types: Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage

characteristics: has a matrix with fluid

protein (collagen- rigidity, Elastin - recoil)

carbohydrates - proteoglycans - water retention

minerals - hydroxyapatite

Components allow for cartilage to support and nourish structures its associated with.

Cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves, except those of the perichondrium --> slow healing after injury.

List 5 types of CT and describe the principal elements of the extracellular matrix that make them unique.

Loose CT: arolar tissue, consists of protein fibers that form a lacey network, with numberous fluid filled spaces, attaches skin to underlying tissue- Support and Nourishment

Dense CT: form thick bundles and fill nearly all fo the extracellular space- Tensile Strength

Special Properties (adipose and reticular): adipose is composed of large cells and small amount of extracellular matrix (loosely arranged collagen and reticular fibers) - packaging, thermal insulator, energy store, protection for organs.

Reticular - lymphatic tissue (reticular fibers and cells) - superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues

Cartilage: matrix consists of protein fibers, ground substance and fluid- allows growth in long bones, allows rigidity with flexibility (trachea, ribs, nose, etc)

Bone: consists of living cells and mineralized matrix (calcium and phosphate). - scaffolding to provide strength and support

List the four major types of tissue and state the major defining characteristics of each.

Epithelial Tissue: makes up outside surface of the body, lining of digestive/respiratory tract, heart and blood vessels and cavities, has a baement membrane, avascular, free space, tightly packed cells with junctions, no ECM - lining

Connective Tissue: abundant and makes up part of every organ in the body, consists of cells separated from each other by abundant ECM - matrix

Muscle Tissue: contracts and shortens with a force and responsible for movment, no ECM - contractile

Neural Tissue: founding the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and is characteried by the ability to conduct electrical signals called action potentials, Excitable cells, no ECM - conductive

What structure is immediately proximal to the elbow?

The arm - brachial

The word 'brachial' refers to what part of the body?

The arm which lies distal to the axillary region and proximal to the elbow.

Describe the leg.

Leg, which is also referred to as the crural region, is directly proximal to the patellar region and distal to the talor region.

Name two ways that epithelial cells are distinguished from each other.

Layers of cells: Sqamous (single layer) vs stratified (multiple layers

Shapes of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and flat

Describe the location of the brachial.

The arm

distal to the axilla and proximal to the forearm

lateral to the thorax

The leg is proximal to what structure and distal to what structure?

proximal to the foot, and distal to the thight

List the differences between cancellous and compact bone.

cancellous bone: osteocytes are primary on the periphery, characterized by trabeculae with large spaces between them filled with hemopoietic tissue.  act as scaffolding without the extra weight of compact bone

Compact bone: osteocytes maintained within bone tissue in lacunae, composed of haversian system with blood vessels/nerves running threw the haversian canals.  Osteocytes are connected via caniculi that act as canals - provides great strength  and support forming the outer shell on bones that keep them from being easily broken.

What muscle separates the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?

Describe the muscle - including origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action.

Sternocleidomastoid:

O - manubrium and medial clavicle

I - mastoid process and superiod nuchal line

N - cranial nerve XI - accessory

action - bilateral contraction cervical flexion

unilateral: rotation to opposite side and upward tilt to opposite side

State the two ways by which various epithelial tissues are distinguished from each other.

number of cells - simple/stratified

shape of cells - squamous/cuboidal/columnar

List the infrahyoid muscles.

Omohyoid

Sternohyoid

Sternothyroid

Thyrohyoid

List the muscles of masstication. 

Which one does not close the jaw?

Temporalis

Masseter

Pterygoids - Medial and Lateral

*the lateral pterygoids are not invovled in closing the jaw

List the bones of the skull.

Bones forming cranium/orbital = 22

frontal

sphenoid

zygomatic orbit

maxilla

lacrinal

ethmoid

palatine

occipital

palatine

parietal

temporal

nasal

madible

vomer

inferior nasal concha

*note: total of 22 - some have two bones

Name atleast two muscles of facial expression involved in smiling.

Muscles involved in smiling (ZLR)

Zygomaticus major and minor

Levator anguli oris

Risorius

Levator labii superioris

Orbicularis oculi

sometimes frontalis if smile is surprised

Name at least two muscles of facial expression involved in frowning.

DDM

depressor anguli oris

depressor labii inferioris

mentalis

List the suprahyoid muscles.

Digastric

Geniohyoid

Mylohyoid

Otylohyoid

List the muscles of the pharynx.

Pharyngeal constrictors (superior, middle, infeiror)

salpingopharyngeus

stylopharyngeus

Describe the muscles of the eye, their nerve supply, and the test of their function.

Oblique:

inferior (oculomotor)--> elevates gaze

superior(trochlear)--> depressed gaze

Rectus:

Inferior (oculomotor)--> depresses the gaze

lateral (abducent) --> abducts gaze - looking to the side

Medial (oculomotor) -->adducts gaze - looking towards nose

Superior (oculomotor) --> gaze directed superiorly - looking up

List the two sutures that can be seen from a superior view of the skull.

Coronal - runs between the frontal and parietal/right to left

Sagittal -runs between the 2 parietal bones/anterior to posterior

Occipital (lamboid) not usually seen from the superior view

What are the major characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?

Atlas

Dens

Transverse Foramen (hole on either side that doens't exist on other vertebrae)

small transverse process

small body (no body on C1, large body called dens on C2)

smaller NO spinous process posteriorly

What is unique about the atlas?

C1 = the atlas

holds the head

has no body - transferred to C2 in evolution

no bifid spinous process

large superior articular facets - articulate with the skull

allows head to move in yes motion

What is unique about the Axis?

C2 = Axis

has considerable amount of rotation occurs to produce no motion

contains the dens process that fits into the enlarged foramen of the atlas

What are alveolar processes?

contained within the mandible and maxilla

space for the upper and lower teeth

Describe:

cranial nerve I

 olfactory

traverses cribiform plate

sensory

smell

Describe:

cranial nerve II

optic nerve

traverses the optic canal

sensory

sight/vision

Describe:

cranial nerve III

occulomotor nerve

traverses the superior orbital fissure

motor/parasympathetic

eye muslce movment: superior, meidal, inferior rectus, infeiror oblique, levator paleprae, pupil constriction(Parasympathetic)

Describe:

cranial nerve IV

trochlear nerve

traverses the superior orbital fissure

motor

superior oblique eye muscle

Describe:

cranial nerve V

Trigeminal nerve

facial sensation, sensor/musscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, med/lat pterygoid)

V1 - opthalmic

superior orbital fissure, sensory, opthalmic region ,nose

V2 -maxillary

foramen rotundum, sensory, maxillary region, cheek

V3 - mandibular

foramen ovale, sensory/motor, mandible, chewing

Describe:

cranial nerve VI

abducens nerve

superior orbital fissure

motor 

lateral rectus - eye movement

Describe:

cranial nerve VII

Facial nerve

internal acoustic meatus

parasympathetic/sensory/motor

innervation of facial muscles for expression - motor

taste - 2/3 tongue - sensory

parotid/lacrimal gland - parasymp

Describe:

cranial nerve VIII

Vestibulocochlear nerve

internal acoustic meatus

sensory

hearing and balance

Describe:

cranial nerve IX

glossopharyngeal

jugular foramen

parasympathetic/motor/sensory

stylopharyngeal - motor

salivary gland - parasympathetic

1/3 of tongue taste - sensory

Describe:

cranial nerve X

Vagus

jugular foramen/stylomastoid foramen

parasympathetic/motor/sensory

pharynx/visceral sensation - sensory

swallowing, muscles of the pharynx (except stylopharyngeal) - motor

major parasympathetic, nerve supply body (visceral organs) - parasympathetic

Describe:

cranial nerve XI

Acessory

jugular foramen and magnum foramen

motor

sternocleidomastoid/trapezius movement

Describe:

cranial nerve XII

Hypoglossal

hypoglossal canal

motor

tongue movement

What nerve innervates the skin of hte face and all the teeth?

CN V

Trigeminal

Does it take more muscles to frown or smile?  Explain your answer.

Take more muscles to smile:

zygomaticus majoris, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris ale? nasi, orbicularis oris

plus the the muscles that lift up the corner of your eyes

orbicularis oculi

sometimes the frontalis is involved if it is a suprised smile

Does it take more muscles to frown or smile? Explain.

It takes more muscles to smile.

There are more muscles above the lips that sereve to lift the lips (and contribute to nostril flaring)

and less muscles below that contribute to frowning (based on shear numbeR)

Describe the trapezius muscle.

O - external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchal, C7-T12

I - clavicle, acromiun, spine of scapula

N - accessory

elevate, depress retract, rotate and fix scapula, extends neck

What year was the anatomy laws passed in Idaho?

1969

What was the name of the book that Vesalius wrote?

The Fabrica of Life

What term is analogous to Cephalic?

Superior

(up)

What term is analogous to Caudal?

Inferior

(down)

What term is analogous to Dorsal?

Posterior

(back - which follows)

Which term is analogous to Ventral?

Anterior

(front - meaning which goes before)

List the static terms in reference to Dog and Human.

                             Dog                           Human

Cephalic            anterior                     superior

Caudal               posterior                   inferior

Dorsal                superior                    posterior

Ventral               inferior                      aterior

Define: Coxal

Hip

Define: Deep

structure toward the interior of the body

Define: Superficial

structure close to the surface

Define: inguinal

groin

Define: Femoral

Thigh

Define: Carpal

Wrist

Define: Digital

Fingers

Define: patellar

Kneecap

Define: crural

Leg

Define: Talus

Ankle

Define: Pedal

Foot

Describe the sagittal plane

runs vertically

separates into right and left halves

Describe the Transverse plane

horizontal plane

separating superior and inferior

Describe the frontal (coronal) plane

runs vertically from right to left

separates the anterior and posterior

Describe Flexion

movement anterior to coronal plane

Describe Extension

movement posterior to coronal plane

Desribe:

Abduction

Adduction

Abduction: to take away - movement away from midline

Adduction: bring together - movement toward midline

Describe: 

supination

and it's opposite

Supination: palm is up

opposite is pronation: plam is down

Describe: inversion

supination

turning ankle so that plantar surface of the foot faces medially

Describe eversion

pronation

turning ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally

Name the four tissues types

(include a one word definition for each)

Epithlial                   lining

connective              matrix

muscular         contractile

nervous           conductive

What are the two parts of tissue?

Cells

Matrix (all matrix belongs to CT)

What are the characteristics of all cells?

Cells have:

membrane charge

membrane channels

contractile molecules

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

has basement membrane

no extra cellular matrix

junctions between cells

membrane channels

free surface at some point - lining

tightly packed cells

How can you tell stratified columnar epithelium from pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

They look a lot the same however stratified columnar don't have cilia and goblet cells.

Where would you find transitional epithelium?

The bladder, ureters, or superior urethra

accomodates fluctuation in fluid volume

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

has a matrix - containing protein, fluid, carbohydrates, and minerals

has extracellular matrix

consists of a lot of cells (seen as cell bodies) separated by abundant ECM

What are the three types of cartilage?

hyaline

fibrocartilage

elastic

What are the two types of bone and why are they different?

Cancellous - spongy bone

has a lot of space due to trabeculae

acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without the weight of compact bone

filled with hemopoietic tissue

Compact bone -

solid and almost no space between layers

found in the outer portion of bones

have osteocytes within the lacunae

compoased of a haversion system with blood vessels/nerves running thru haversian canals

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

contractile

no ECM

What are the three types of muscle?

smooth

cardiac

skeletal

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

striated (banded) fibers

voluntary

attaches to bone or other connective tissue

multinucleated cells

functions - body movement

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

striated fibers

single nucleus

branched fibers

connected via intercalated discs and gap junctions

involuntary

located in the heart

moves blood through the BVs

What are the characterstics of smooth muscle?

not striated

single nucleus

involuntary

found in the walls of organs, BVs, eyes, glands and skin

contain gap junctions for communication

responsible for movement of blood, movement of food in Digestivce tract, pupil size, etc.

What are the two types of neural tissue?

multipolar neurons

located in brain, spinal cord, and ganglia

unipolar neurons

conducts APs from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord

cell bodies located in ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

excitable

no ECM

conductive of electrical signals (action potentials)

found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What are the classifications of the vertebrae?

cervical - C1-C7

thoracic - T1-T12

lumbar - L1-L5

sacral - S1

coccyx- C1

What are the characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?

small bodies

most have bifid spinous process (C1 does not)

have transverse foramen in each transverse process

What are the two triangles of the neck?

Posterior

Anterior

Describe the Anterior triangle of the neck?

borders:

in front - midline - from chin to manubrium

SCM posteriorly

Mandible inferiorly

contains suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

Describe the Posterior triangle of the neck.

borders:

SCM anteriorly

trapezius posteriorly

clavicle inferiorly

Describe the muscle that separates the posterior and anterior triangles of the neck.

Sternocleidomastoid:

O: manubrium and medial clavicle

I: mastoid process and superior nuchal line

N: CN XI - accessory

A: contract one: rotates and extends neck - rotation toward opposite side

contract both: flex neck and elevate face

Describe the Trapezius muscle.

O: occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes from C1 - T12

I: clavicle, acromion process, and scapular spine

N: CN XI - accessory

A: extends and laterally flexes neck

Name the Infrahyoid muscles and their purpose.

sternohyoid

sternothyroid

thyrohyoid

omohyoid (two bellies)

stabilizes mandible bone (hyoid)

Name the Suprahyoid muscles.

Digastric (posterior/anteiror bellies)

geniohyoid

mylohyoid

stylohyoid

Where do the nerves that innervate the infrahyoid muslces originate?

(also innervates the skin of the neck)

the ansa cevicalis

a loop between C1 and C3

What structure of the skull do the deep muscles attach?

The superior and inferior nuchal lines

What are the 4 prominent sutures of the skull?

Coronal

Sagittal

Lamboidal

Squamosal

Which suture is found to connect the parietal bones with the frontal bone?

Coronal Suture

Which suture joins the parietal bones with the occipital bone?

Lamboidal Suture

Which suture joins the two parietal bones at the midline?

Sagittal suture

Which suture is found to join the parietal bone and the squamous part of the temporal bone?

Squamosal Suture

Which Sutures can be seen from a superior view of the skull?

Coronal

Sagittal

Lamboid (depends on angle)

How many bones compose the skull?

22

What bones compose the face (viscerocranium)?

Maxilla (2)

Zygmatic (2)

Palatine (2)

Lacrimal (2)

Nasal (2)

Inferior nasal concha (2)

Vomer

Mandible

What bones compose the cranial cavity (neurocranium)?

parietal (2)

temporal (2)

frontal

sphenoid

occipital

ethemoid

What is the second most powerful muscle of the body?

(fun knowledge haha)

the temporalis

What are the 4 sinuses of the skull?

frontal

ethmoidal labrynth

sphenoidal

maxillary

named for the bones that they are contained within

What nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye?

Abducent (CN VI)

What nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye?

trochlear (CN IV)

What is the origin of the inferior oblique muscle of the eye?  what is the origin of all the other muscles of the eye?

Inferior oblique: orital plate of the maxilla

all others: the common tendinous ring

What is the H test?

it is a test to look at the movement of a patients eye and see if there are any innervation issues.

ptosis - if a pt cant do certain movements you can deduce which nerve is having a problem

What nerve innervates the muscles of masstication?

The trigeminal nerve (CN V)

What are the muscles testing (and their associated nerves) in the H-test?

Inferior Olique (III)                           Superior Rectus (III)

Lateral Rectus (VI)                                 Medial Rectus (III)

Superior Oblique (IV)                           Inferior Rectus (III)

What are the muscles of mastication?

Masster

Temporalis

Medial Pterygoid

Lateral Pterygoid

Describe the Masseter?

O: zygomatic arch

I: lateral side of the mandibular ramus

N: mandibular division of CN V

A: elevates and protracts mandible; involved in excursion

Describe the temporalis

O: temporal fossa

I: anteiror portion of mandibular ramus and coronoid process

N: mandibular division of CN V

A: elevates and retracts mandible; involved in excursion

describe the lateral pterygoid

O: lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate and sphenoid

I: condylar process of mandible

N: mandibular division of CN V

A: protracts and depresses mandible; involved in excursion

Describe the medial pterygoid

O: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate and maxilla

I: medial surface of mandible

N: mandibular division of CN V

A: protracts and elevates mandible; involed in excursion

What are the muscles involved in smiling?

zygomaticus major/minor -elevates and abduts upper lip

levator anguli oris - elevates the angles of the mouth

risorius - abducts angle of mouth

levator labii superioris - elevates upper lip

What are the muscles of frowning?

depressor labii inferioris - depresses lower lip

depressor anguli oris - depresses angles of mouth

mentalis - elevates and wrinkles skin over chin; protrudes lowe lip

What are the muscles of facial expression??

occiptiofrontalis - raises eyebrows and furrows skin of the forehead

orbiularis oculi - closes eyelids and causes crows feet

orbicularis oris - puckers the mouth and closes lips

levator palpebrae superioris - raises upper eyelids

What is the only nerve to leave the head??

(name means the wondering nerve)

The vagus nerve - CN X

goes to pharynx/larynx (sensory)

palate/pharynx/larynx (motor)

parasympathetic to whole body

What is the best college football team?

Boise State Broncos!!!!!

:)

list or diagram the nuclei of the brainstem and state which cranial nerve and function is associated with each.

List the four major major matrix components by which CT is classified?

protein (collagen, elastin)

proteoglycan

water

mineral