Term
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Definition
| includes the head, your vertebral column, & your ribcage |
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Term
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Definition
| arms & legs; shoulder & pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| joints between different bones and different parts of your body |
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Term
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Definition
| protect your brain- (Skull) 8 in total; Frontal bone (1), parietal bones (2, temporal bones (2), occipital bone (1), sphenoid bone (1), ethmoid bone (1) |
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Term
|
Definition
| give you the shape of your face- (Skull) 14 in total; Zygomatic bones (2), lacrimal bones (2), nasal bones (2), vomer (1), inferor nasal conchae (2), palatine bones (2), maxillae (2), mandible (1) |
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Term
| Associated bones of the skull |
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Definition
| auditory ossicles (6- malleus (2), inxus (2), stapes (2)) & hyoid bone (1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertebrae- cervical vertebrae (7), thoracic vertebrae (12), lumbar vertebrae (5); sacrum (1), coccyx (1) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| made of 5 different bones that fused together |
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Term
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Definition
| (tailbone)- made of 4 different bones that fused together |
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Term
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Definition
| in your middle ear; the smallest bones in your body that have to vibrate in order for you to hear anything |
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Term
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Definition
| only attaches to other bones by ligaments & muscles; supports your tonque and larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| bone in front of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| on front and side behind the frontal |
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Term
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Definition
| makes up the eye socket, goes from the left eye socket to the right eye socket; it is a rather big bone that forms part of the cranial cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| separating the right eye from the left eye; it helps make the front surface of your cranium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form the upper jaw and hard palate in your mouth (it doesn't move) |
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Term
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Definition
| little joint or groove at the top of your nose |
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Term
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Definition
| bony shells in your nasal canal/ passage |
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Term
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Definition
| supports the front of your nose |
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Term
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Definition
| bones there for support to take fluid from eyes to nasal passages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bones that fill holes in your head; not everybody has them |
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Term
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Definition
| where 4 bones fuse together; found where you have been told it is your temple |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| movable bone, will close off nasal passages whenever you are vomiting so all that stuff comes out of your mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| large hole that spinal cord goes through to join the brain |
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Term
| What are the holes in the bones for? |
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Definition
| blood vessels and nerves to pass through; they supply the muscle and skin that is exterior to the skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
where the skull is made up of dense regular connective tissue (soft spot; will fill in or disappear by the time the child is 2 years old
4 types: Anterior, posterior, mastoid, sphenoidal |
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Term
| Why did your head have fontanelles? |
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Definition
1. so your bones could move when you exited the birth canal
2. to provide more flexibility of the growing skull (the brain grows the fastest) |
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Term
| o When pregnant, what keeps all that bacteria from getting to the fetus? |
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Definition
| § The entrance/exit to the uterus is a mucus plug that is a formed as a result of implantation. It keeps the internal environment clean & aseptic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| form the bones of the neck: C1-C7 |
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Term
|
Definition
| provide structure for your thoracic region, T1-T12 |
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Term
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Definition
| form the inferior concave region ("small") of the back, L1-L5 |
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Term
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Definition
| made by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae fused together; fuses solidly w/ your pelvic girdle (S1-S5) |
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Term
|
Definition
| 4 vertebrae fused together, "tailbone", Co1-Co4 |
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Term
|
Definition
| ball and socket type structure; shoulder socket |
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Term
|
Definition
| clavicle (2), scapula (2) |
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Term
|
Definition
| 60 total- Humerus (2), Radius (2), Ulna (2), Carpals (12)- Schaphoid (2), lunate (2), triquetrum (2), pisiform (2), trapezium (2), trapezoid (2), capitate (2), hamate (2), Metacarpals (10), Phalanges (28)- Proximal phalanx (10), middle phalanx (8), distal phalanx (10) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Os coxae (2)- Ilium, ischium, and pubis bones fuse in early adolescense |
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Term
|
Definition
| 60 in total; Femur (2), Patella (2), Tibia (2, Fibula (2), Tarsals (14)- Calcaneus (2), talus (2), navicular (2), cuboid (2), medial cuneiform (2), intermediate cuneiform (2), lateral cuneiform (2), Metatarsals (10), Phalanges (28)- Proximal phlanx (10), middle phalanx (8), distal phalanx (10) |
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Term
|
Definition
| in your wrist/hand, gets most of the impact when you fall; it generally breaks into 2 pieces |
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Term
|
Definition
| made of ilium, pubis, and ischium fused together |
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Term
| What’s the principle, original ingredient in bone? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the longest, strongest, & heaviest bone of your body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when 2 or more bones are interacting w/ each other |
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Term
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Definition
| where bones are held together by dense regular (fibrous) connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| where bones are joined by catrilage; pubic symphasis & ephiphyseal plates |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the ends of long bones where the bones grow in length; you had these when you were growing; they are now called the epiphyseal line |
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Term
|
Definition
| has a fluid filled, joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bags of synovial fluid around various joints; outer is protecting the ligament, inner is protecting the ligament from the bone; protects ligaments from impace |
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Term
|
Definition
| halfway up your wrists, these tendons are wrapped together into a sheath with synovial fluid |
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Term
| Four Basic Properties of Skeletal Muscle |
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Definition
| Excitability, Contractability, Elasticity, Extensibility |
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Term
|
Definition
| the muscle receives a stimulus to activate it |
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Term
|
Definition
| when it is stimulated, a muscle cell gets shorter (contracts) |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the stimulus is removed, the muscle will return to its relaxed length |
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Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle cells can become a little longer than their relaxed length if you put a force on them |
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Term
|
Definition
| Provide body movement, posture, produce heat, enable you to store urine feces, provide support for abdominal and pelvic cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
| give you conscious control to not have a spontaneous bowel movement |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers bound in the muscle, several fascicles make up a muscle; higly vascularized and innervated |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane of a muscle cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic area of the cell, internal to the sarcolemma; you find organisms here that you don't find anywhere else in the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| contractile tubules; the smallest part of a muscle to get shorter when the muscle contracts |
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Term
|
Definition
| whitish band that surrounds each and every muscle fiber; loose connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| yellow thing there to maintain and repair the muscle cells because they do not mitose |
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Term
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue; see this wrapped around the muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue; surrounds the perimysium |
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Term
|
Definition
| really dense irregular connective tissue designed to surround several muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| the less mobile point of attachment of the muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| the more mobile attachment of the muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| where the muscle cells store calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| openings come right out to the membrane; purposes: the electrical impulse is distributed throughout the cell in these openings, the cell gets its nutrients through these openings, it gets rid of metabolic wastes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the smallest part of a muscle that gets shorter |
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Term
|
Definition
| thick filaments and thin filaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| made up of proteins called myosin; you've got 100s-1000s of myosin molecules twisted around each other to make a cable |
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Term
|
Definition
| made up of 2 strains, 2 myosin proteins twisted around each other like a rope or a cable |
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Term
|
Definition
| composed of 2 strands of the protein actin, tropomyosin, and troponin |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 strands of actin molecules are twisted around each other in thin filaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| made of two strands of tropomyosin twisted around each other. Those 2 strands are twisted around the actin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| made up of several different molecules of troponin that wraps around the troponin in the myosin; The purpose of the troponin in a relaxed muscle is to hold the tropomyosin over top of the actin active sites. |
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Term
|
Definition
| keeps adjacent filaments properly oriented to each other |
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Term
|
Definition
| the distance from on Z-disc to the next Z-disc |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a coiled protein, which is supposed to represent a spring. These are little elastic proteins. They are what gives muscles their elastic properties. |
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Term
|
Definition
| point of connection; expanded tip of an axon in the neuron |
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Term
|
Definition
| The actual interaction between the synaptic knob (end of nerve cell) and the surface of the muscle cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that transmit a nerve impulse to the next cell in line |
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Term
|
Definition
| an actual space held together by loose connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle cells use these to store calcium ions |
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|
Term
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
|
Definition
| an enzyme that targets acetylcholine. The AChE sits in the synaptic cleft so that after the brain has told the muscle to stop whatever it is doing, the AChE gets rid of any unused ACh so the process does not occur any longer |
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Term
|
Definition
| collects, processes, evaluates, and responds to information |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain & spinal cord; command center of nervous system that integrates and processes nervous info |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
| cranial nerves, spinal nerves, & ganglia; projects info to and receives info from CNS; mediates some reflexes |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains receptors; transmits information from receptors to CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to all body parts except for internal viscera; receives sensory info from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses |
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Term
|
Definition
| receives sensory info from internal organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| transmits info from CNS to rest of the body; sends motor info to effectors |
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Term
|
Definition
| "voluntary"; innervates skeletal muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| "involuntary"; operates your internal organs (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the muscles or glands that receive info from the CNS and have to act accordingly |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells specialized to carry an electric current |
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Term
| 3 Basic Parts of a Neuron |
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Definition
| dendrites, nerve cell body, axon |
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Term
| What is the effect of the "little valleys" of the synaptic knob? |
|
Definition
| to inscrease surface area b/w the nerve cell and the muscle cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| carries impulse deep into the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the strongest muscles of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| surrounds vagina; contract to "tighten pelvis" |
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Term
|
Definition
| injury common in baseball players; supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor |
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|
Term
| cross section of the upper arm |
|
Definition
| jam packed with muscles, bones, nerves, & blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| cavity that holds tendons and medial nerve |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendons become inflamed and swollen to the point where they squeeze the medial nerve |
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Term
|
Definition
| stretching/tearing/bruising of adductor longus (medial to lateral muscles); not in the pubic area, actually in the high thigh |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the myosin head to bend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receive an impulse or stimulus of some kind from another neuron or from a sensory receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impulses come from somewhere to this; where you find the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles |
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Term
| Chromatophilic Substances |
|
Definition
| in neuron, endoplasmic reticulum is called this because if the neurons are properly stained, the endoplasmic reticulum shows up in the slide as a pinkish or bluish color. It attracts certain dyes making endoplasmic reticulum very prominent. |
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Term
|
Definition
| takes the impulse away from the nerve cell body; impulse going from axon to another neuron/muscle cell/gland cell; going to some effector |
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Term
|
Definition
| smaller branches at the end of axon branches; carries impulse to a certain muscle cell or group of cells or gland cells |
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|
Term
| What does it mean when there is more gross movement in a neuron? |
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Definition
| more muscle cells are served by each individual neuron |
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Term
|
Definition
| principle (main) sensory neurons in your body; impulse travels past the nerve cell body (ex: stumping your toe) |
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Term
|
Definition
| traditional type neuron; one big dendrite going into the cell body and one axon coming out; in specialized areas |
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Term
|
Definition
| bunch of dendrites feeding into the nerve cell body; find it in your brain |
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|
Term
| In what order do neurons interact? |
|
Definition
| receive stimulation -> CNS -> interneuron(s) -> other neurons -> motor neurons -> effector (muscle neuron) |
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Term
|
Definition
| around many neurons in CNS & PNS; insulation, keep impulse where you want it to go |
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Term
|
Definition
| spaces between myelin sheath; allows for the impulse to arc from axon to axon; speeds up impulse transmission 300x -> rapid impulse transmission |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell that is wrapped around the axon of the neuron |
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|
Term
| What is the most abundant compound in the myelin layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant compound w/in the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have feet that project out from the nerve cell body; myelin is due to this only in the CNS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune disease; your immune system destroys the myelin sheath in your CNS, you then have impulses going in all different kinds of directions |
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Term
|
Definition
| where your immune system is attacking part of your own body |
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Term
|
Definition
| makes the communication b/w severed neuron, neurolemmocytes, and muscle possible |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a dendrite or axon is damaged, can a neuron repair itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the nerve cell body is damaged, can a neuron repair itself? |
|
Definition
| No. You lose whatever that neuron serves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell specialized to carry an electric current |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of nerve fibers (dendrites or axons); does not have nerve cell bodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| loose connective tissue surrounding each and every nerve fiber |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a whole bunch of nerve fibers bundled together |
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Term
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue; several bundles are wrapped together in the nerve |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| dense connective tissue; the wrapping around the nerve |
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|
Term
| 2 basic types of nerve impulses in your body |
|
Definition
| chemical synapse & electrical synapse |
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Term
|
Definition
| neuron bringing impulse to synapse |
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Term
|
Definition
| communication between two nerve cells or a nerve and gland cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| connected through intercalated discs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you've got a positive and negative pole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the membrane becomes permeable so that you are destroying the polarization process |
|
|
Term
| Can an impulse go backwards? |
|
Definition
| No, never. It can only travel in one direction (dendrite to nerve cell body to axon) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| it takes a stimulus of certain intensity to initiate an impulse |
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Term
|
Definition
| protect & help nourish neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| repair & maintenance cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| simple cuboidal cells lining the lumenal surface of the spinal cord; make and circulate CSF |
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Term
|
Definition
| hollow canal in the spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| 4 hollow spaces in the brain filled w/ CFS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help form the BBB; regulate tissue fluid composition; replace damged neurons; assist w/ neuronal development |
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Term
|
Definition
| barrier b/w your vascular and nervous tissue; everything that goes into the brain has to pass this; |
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Term
|
Definition
| get rid of metabolic wastes produced in the brain; cousin of macrophage, it phagocytizes toxic wastes |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of neurological control; affects 2/3 of AIDS patients |
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Term
|
Definition
| a valley or crevice that is all over the brain |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the ridges between adjacent sulci |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| runs sideways across the brain |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| valley between parietal and occipital lobe |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| has 2 hemispheres, each with 5 lobes |
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Term
|
Definition
| frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| reasoning, control of skeletary muscles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in receiving sensory stimulation/impulses from almost your whole body |
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for visual stimuli and interpretations |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| auditory and olfaction stimulation |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inferior to cerebrum; coordinates impulses of skeletal muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| handles the overwhelming majority of communication between the two hemispheres |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates two hemispheres |
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Term
|
Definition
| anterior gyrus of parietal lobes; sensory impulses from all over your body arrive here; receives touch, pressure, pain, temperature |
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Term
|
Definition
| most posterior gyrus of the frontal lobes; initiates the impulses that go to your skeletal muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| orientation, coordination, assimilation, control your behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gathers info that you might want to verbalize about |
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Term
|
Definition
| chooses words you want to say and order you want to put them in |
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Term
|
Definition
| bundle of interneurons that are carrying infor from the gnostic area to the brocca's area |
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Term
|
Definition
| motor speech area- selects the muscles you need to use in order to express the words you selected and order you selected them in |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much does your brain weigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve cell bodies & unmyelinated dendrites and axons; where your intelligence, personality, & common sense is located |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| internal, myelinated axons; transmission of impulses from pt a to pt b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate unconscious control of skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the minimal amount of neurological impulse required to keep a relaxed muscle functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white matter; bundles of myelinated axons carrying the impulses from one point in a hemisphere to another point in the same hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry impulses from one hemisphere to another hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fiber bundles that carry impulses from the lower part of the brain all the way to the top of the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| crossing over of impulses from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain; occurs in medulla & spinal cord |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| outermost covering of bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of meninges; subdivided over the top of your head; double layered (Periosteal & Meningeal) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates from periosteal layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| potential space where arachnoid meets the dermal layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| middle layer of meninges; underneath it is the subaractnoid space- has a lot of blood vessels, but rest is filled w/ CSF |
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Term
|
Definition
| most internal layer of meninges; follows exact contour of brain; highly vascularized, where BBB is located |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| meninges that are down in the longitudinal fissure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest of the four dural septa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled passagewat that connects the 4 ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in each of 4 ventricles; where you make CSF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple cuboidal cells that actually make the CSF in the choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| projections of subarachnoid space into this dural sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one that a virus can attach to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmission/relay centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral ventricles- cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3rd ventricle- epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| midbrain, cerebral aqueduct- cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior part of 4th ventricle- pons, cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior part of 4th ventricle- medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relay center for all sensory impulses except olfaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a little port hole that lets CSF go into your subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| What kind of tissue is in your CNS? |
|
Definition
| nervous, epithelial, everything but muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| master control of autonomic nervous system & endocrine system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls your internal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of nerve cell bodies inside CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives instructions from hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stores hormones produced in hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| several parts of the brain that colletively and cooperatively contribute to emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior part of the diencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces the hormone melatonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for visceral & emotional response to odors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for smell, reflexes, & swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| projection fibers; impulses are carried by projection fibers that will arrive somewhere in cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for visual reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deal w/ auditory reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth out motor impulses that have come from higher up in the brain, produce dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for posture reflex |
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|
