Term
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Definition
| The study of the structures of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the functions of the body |
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Term
| What is the hierarchy of structural organization? |
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Definition
| 1. Chemical Level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone or bone cell/tissue (osteon) |
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Term
| What does por or porus mean? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Away from the head; below |
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Term
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Definition
| Front of the body; in front |
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Term
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Definition
| Back of the body or behind |
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Term
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Definition
| Towards the middle; inner |
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Term
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Definition
| Away from the middle; outer |
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Term
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Definition
| Closer to the site of attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| Further away from the site of attchment |
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Term
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Definition
| Exterior; toward or at the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Interior; away from the surface |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Spaces within the body that separate, protect, and support internal organs |
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Term
| What does the dorsal cavity contain? |
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Definition
| Cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity |
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Term
| What does the ventral body cavity contain? |
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Definition
| Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Is formed by the cranial bones and contains and protects the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Is formed by bones of vertebral column and contains and protects the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Layers of prtective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal |
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Term
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Definition
| is formed by the ribs, diaphragm, Muscles of the chest, sternum and vertebral column and contains the heart and lungs |
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Term
| The Abdominopelvic cavity... |
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Definition
| Is made up of the abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) and the pelvic cavity (contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) |
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Term
| What are mucous membranes? |
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Definition
| They are thick membranes open to the outside environment; secrete mucous. Example: lining the oral and nasal cavities, vagina and anus |
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Term
| What are serous membranes? |
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Definition
| thin membranes that are closed to the outside environment; no mucous; two layers: visceral and parietal |
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Term
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Definition
| is the first layer of serous membrane; contacts the organ it covers; actually forms the outside cellular layer of the organ |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the second layer of serous membrane; contacts the cavity wall |
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Term
| What is the serosae associated with the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the serosae associated with the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the serosae associated with the abdominal viscera? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the smallest living units in our bodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three basic functions cells perform for survival? |
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Definition
1. Obtain nutrients
2. Dispose of waste
3. Replicate/regenerate
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Term
| What are the three main structural components of a cell? |
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Definition
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus |
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Term
| What is the plasma membrane made of? |
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Definition
| A sea of lipids with a mosaic of different types of proteins; fluid mosaic model |
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Term
| What are the three types of membrane lipids? |
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Definition
1. Phospholipids
2. Cholesterol
3. Glycolipids |
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Term
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Definition
| Are 75% of plasma membrane; Have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails; Amphipathic |
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Term
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Definition
| Is 20% of the plasma membrane; only in animal cells; found among thr lipid tails of bilayer; stiffen the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| 5% of plasma membrane; only found in layer facing ECF (outer surface); Cellular adhesion, recognition, and growth/development |
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Term
| What are the two types of membrane proteins? |
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Definition
1. Integral proteins
2. Peripheral proteins |
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Term
| What are integral proteins? |
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Definition
| Proteins embedded in the bilayer, usually transmembrane protiens that extend across both layers |
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Term
| What are peripheral proteins? |
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Definition
| Proteins NOT embedded in the bilayer; loosely associated with membrane and are easily separated from it |
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Term
| What are the three principal functions of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
1. protective barrier
2. cellular communications (via receptor proteins)
3. regulates movement of substances in and out |
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Term
| What are the two types of membrane transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of passive transport? |
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Definition
1. simple diffusion
2. osmosis
3. facilitated diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Solutes are moved through an integral protein against their concentration gradient; often called ion pumps |
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Term
| Define vesicular transport and provide the two types |
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Definition
| Transport of very large macromolecules across the membrane; Endocytosis and exocytosis |
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Term
| What are the three types of endocytosis? |
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Definition
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
| What are the three components of the cytoplasm and their functions? |
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Definition
1. Cytosol-intracellular fluid (ICF) that surrounds organelles; 55%of cells volume; 75-90% water; site of many chemical reactions
2. Organelles-specialized structures within a cell that have characteristic shapes and perfrom specific functions
3. Inclusions-temporary structures in some cells, typically stored nutrients |
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Term
| What are the three components of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest in diameter; concentrated near edge of cell; movement & mechanical support; microvilli: non-motile, microscopic, finger-like projections of plasma membrane (increases surface area) |
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Term
| Describe intermediate filaments |
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Definition
| Located throughout the cell; stabalize organelle position in the cytosol and attach cells to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest in diameter; project outward from the centrosome; determine cells overall shape; cilia and flagella: motile projections |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions in initiating cellular division; helps for microtubules for cilia and flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| Function in protein synthesis and contain RNA |
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Term
Where are ribosomes found?
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Definition
1. Attached to the nuclear envelope (ex. Rough ER)
2. Scattered throughout cytosol (free ribosomes)
3. Mitichondria |
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Term
| What does reticulum mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the network of membranes (flattened sacs or tubules) extending from the nuclear envelope? |
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Definition
| The Endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| Is site of protein synthesis; flat and closests to the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Is site of fatty acis and steroid synthesis; tubular and farther from the nucleus |
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Term
| What is AKA the factory of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| The golgi apparatus consist of... |
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Definition
| 3-10 falttened, membranous sacs called cisternae |
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Term
| What organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wat organelle contain powerful digestive enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the overall function of lysosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Generate ATP (fuel for cellular activities); prevelant in physiologically active cells; has double membrane |
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Term
| What organelle directs the cells activites via instructions for protein synthesis and contain DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three nuclear components and their functions? |
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Definition
1. Nuclear envelope-double membrane that separates nuclear contents from the cytoplasm
2. Nuclear pores-openings in the nuclear envelope which control movement of substances betwen nucleus and cytoplasm
3. Nucleolus-Spherical body within nucleus that produces ribosomes (NOT enclosed by membrane) |
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Term
| Cells changing shape, size or arrangement due to long term irritation or inflimation is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells incresing in number, but retain normal form and arrange ment is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells increasing in size, but retain normal form and arrangement is know as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells decreasing in size, but retain normal form and arrange ment is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells changinf from one type to another and the new cells are of a different shape/function is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most abundant type of tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four types of tissues and their functions? |
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Definition
1. Epithelial-covering
2. Connective-support
3. Muscle-movement
4. Nervous-control |
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Term
| What tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs,and ducts and forms all glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tissue protects, supports, binds organs, stores energy as fat and provides immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tissue is involved in movement and body heat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tissue detects and responds to changes in and around the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the basic components of all tissues? |
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Definition
| Living cells and nonliving extracellular matrix |
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Term
| interstitial fluid or tissue fluid is derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells are closely packed and held tightly together, always have a free surface and little extracellular matrix are characteristics if what type of tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three principle functions of epithelial cells? |
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Definition
1. Selective barrier that regulates the movement of materials in and out of body
2. Secretory surfaces that release products onto the free surface
3. Protective surfaces against the environment |
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Term
| Name the seven special features of epithelial cells and describe |
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Definition
1. Cellularity-lots of cells, little matrix
2. Avascular-no direct blood supply
3. Nervous intervention-nerve endings present
4. Regeneration-high rate
5. Polarity-different on top and bottom
6. Basment membrane-thin, double, extracellular layer serves as attachment
7. Membrane junctions-contact points in plasma membranes of adjacent cells |
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Term
| What are the two different layers of epithelial cells that have different polarities and where are they located? |
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Definition
1. Apical (free surface)-faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen or duct
2. Basal (surface)-adheres to basement membrane
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Term
| What are the two layers of the basement membrane and their functions? |
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Definition
1. Basal lamina- closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells
2. Reticular lamina-closer to and secreted by the underlying connective tissue |
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Term
| What are the three types of membrane junctions? |
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Definition
1. Desmosomes
2. Gap junctions
3. Tight junctions |
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Term
| What type of junctions are channels between adjacent cells, allow ICF to flow between cells via connexons, and found in avascular tissue (lens and cornea) and in electrically excitable cells (cardiac muscle cells)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of junctions are impermeable when transmembrane proteins from adjacent cells fuse together and prevent ECF and molecules in ECF from passing between cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of junctions are rivet-like couplings that prevent separation of adjacent cells, linker protiens and found in the outer layer of skin and in cardiac muscle cells? |
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Definition
| Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) |
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Term
| In what ways can epithelial cells be classified? |
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Definition
They can be one layer (simple) or two or more layers (stratified)
They can also be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar |
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Term
| How are stratified cells always named? |
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Definition
| from their TOP layer (apical surface) |
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Term
| Thin cells that are arranged like floor tiles, allow rapid passgae of substances and found in lungs are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells that are as tall as they are wide and shaped like cubes or hexagons and function in secretion and absorbtion are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells that are much taller than they are wide, shaped like columns and function in secretion and absorbtion are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epithelium that secretes lubricating substances in serosae, located in kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and lining ventral body cavity is? |
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Definition
| Simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
| What are the two types of specialized simple squamous epithelia and their functions? |
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Definition
1. Endothelium-line the heart and vessels
2. Mesothelium-form serous membranes |
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Term
| Epithelium located in kidney tubules, ducts, secretory portions of small glands and ovary surfaces are? |
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Definition
| Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Term
| Epithelium that lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts are? |
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Definition
| Simple Columnar epithelium |
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Term
| Nonciliated type of epithelium in male's sperm carrying ducts of large glands; Ciliated type lines trachea and upper respiratory tract. |
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Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
| Epithelium that functions in protecting underlying tissues; Nonkeratinized type forms moist linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina; Keratinized forms epidermis |
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Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Epithelium that functions in protection and located in largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and slaivary glands are? |
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Definition
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Term
| Epithelium that function in protection and secretion, very rare in the body, but located in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands are? |
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Definition
| Stratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
| Epithelia that make and secrete a product form what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretions are always...? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest gland in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glands that secrete hormones that are released directly into ECF and then diffuse into blood stream w/o aid of duct are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glands with secretions that flow onto the body surfaces or into cavities and act locally (effector organ is nearby) are? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are unicellular exocrine glands that produce mucous, found in columnar tissue and located in the trachea? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tissue is most diverse and abundant in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four main categories of connective tissue? |
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Definition
1. CT proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood |
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Term
| Tissues that have few cells and lots of extracellular matrix are? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| All connective tissue have the same embryonic origin called...? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of fibers are located in connective tissue? |
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Definition
1. Collagen Fiber
2. Elastic Fiber
3. Reticular Fiber |
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Term
| What type of fibers are the strongest, largest in diameter, most abundant and function in strength? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fibers are intermediate in diameter (long & thin), branches form networks and function in recoil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fibers are smallest in diameter (appear delicate), cluster in networks and function in support? |
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Definition
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Term
| Connective tissue with all 3 fibers present, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells, and located under epithelia (forms lamina propria of mucous membranes), packages organs and surrounds capillaries is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Connective tissue that reserve food fuel, insulate against heat loss, and support and protect organs; located under skin in the hypodermis, around the kidneys, eyeballs, w/in abdomen and in breasts. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are large, spherical shaped cells with a large lipid droplet in the cytoplasm that pushes the nucleus and organelles to the side of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Connective tissue with reticular fibers that form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) taht supports other cell types such as white blood cells, mast cells and macrophages, located in lymphoid organs (spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes), *Contain immune cells* |
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Definition
| Loose reticular CT proper |
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Term
| Connective tissue with parallel collagen fibers, major cell type is fibroblasts, attach muscle to bones or to muscles, bones to bones, located in tendons, most ligaments and aponeuroses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Connective tissue with irregularly arrag=nged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, main cell type is fibroblast, withstands tension, provides strength, located fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis of the skin and submucossa of digestive tract? |
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Definition
| Dense irregular CT proper |
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Term
| Connective tissue taht are just like dense regular CT, but contain high proportion of elastic fibers, allow recoil and located in walls of large arteries (aorta), certain ligaments associated with vertebral column and walls of bronchial tubes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of cartilage? |
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Definition
1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage
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Term
| Cartilage that is amorphous but firm matrix, chondroblasts produce matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae (little lakes), supports and reinforces, resists compressive stress, forms most of embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones in joint cavities, forms costal cartilage of ribs, cartilage of nose, trachae and larynx |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilage with lots of elastic fibers, chondrocytes found in lacuna, shapes structures and allows flexibility, supports external ear and epiglottis |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilage with thick collagen fibers predominant, not to be confused with dense regular connective tissue proper, strength with ability to absorbs compressive shock, located in invertebral discs, pubic symphysis, disc of knee joints, chondrocytes in train like rows. (MAJOR FUNCTION=SHOCK ABSORBTION) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of osseous tissue (bone)? |
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Definition
1. compact
2. spongy (trabecular) |
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Term
| CT with hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers, osteocytes lie in lacunae, very vascularized, support and protect store calcium and other minerals and fats, marrow inside is site of blood cell formation |
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Definition
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Term
| CT with red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma), transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste, contained w/in blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| All membranes consist of what two types of tissue? |
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Definition
| Epithelium and connective tissue |
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Term
| What are the three types of membranes? |
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Definition
1. Cutaneous
2. Serous
3. Mucous |
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Term
| What membrane is the skin..covers the body's exterior surface and is a dry membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of membrane lines open cavities and organs, tube sof respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary systems, wet membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of membrane covers organs inside closed cavities such as pleural, pericardial and peritoneal, wet membrane that is very slippery? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles cells can also be called (2)? |
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Definition
| Myocytes or muscle fibers |
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Term
| Muscle tissue that is long, cylindrical, mulitinucleate cells, obvious striations, function in voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of environment, facial expression, located in skeletal muscles attached to bones or skin |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle tissue that is branching, striated, uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercelated discs), as it contracts it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control, located in walls of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle tissue with spindal shaped cells w/central nuclei, no striations, cells clsely arranged forming sheets, function in propelling substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary contrl, located in walls of hollow organs(GI tract, uterus), (NO FREE SPACE) |
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Definition
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Term
| Nervous tissue is composed of what two components? |
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Definition
| Neurons and neuroglia (often called glial cells) |
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Term
| Neurons branching cells, transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors which control their actvity, located in brain spinal cord and nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when inflammatory chemicals are released? |
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Definition
| Blood vessels dialets incresing blood flow causing heat and redness |
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Term
| What effect does histamine have on vessels? |
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Definition
| Increase permeability and makes them leaky. Edme-accumulation of fluid in CT; swelling and pain |
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Term
| What are the two types of wound healing? |
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Definition
1. Regeneration
2. Fibrosis |
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Term
| Type of tissue repair in which regular cells of tissue are able to divide and arrange themselves into their original locations so the specialized functions are fully restored |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Type of tissue repair that forms scar tissue; occurs when fibroblasts in CT of damaged area take over and make a very strong, tough, less specialized repair; scar tissue contains abundance of collagen fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of tissue are good regenerators? |
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Definition
| Epithelium because they have lots of regenerative cells and Bone because theres lot of blood |
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Term
| What types of tissues are poor regenerators? |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle because regenerative cells are too far apart and cartilage because there is no blood |
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Term
| What types of tissues have no regeneration? |
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Definition
| Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue |
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Term
| The integumentary system consists of what? |
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Definition
1. Skin (integument)-largest organ
2. Acessory organs-hair, nails, oil and sweat glands |
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Term
| The skin is divided into what two layers? |
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Definition
1. Epidermis (epithelial tissue)
2. Dermis (CT) (where blood is located) |
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Term
| What is the subcutaneous layer of CT that is deep to the dermis where we find adipose, but is not considered part of the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 functions of the skin? |
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Definition
1. Thermoregulation
2. Protection
3. Secretion and absorption
4. Synthesis of vitamin D
5. Cutaneous sensation |
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|
Term
| What layer of the skin is the most superficial, contains no blood and is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
| The epidermis contains what four types of cells? |
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Definition
1. Keratinocytes (>90%)-dead cells
2. Melanocytes-produce melanin
3. Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)-get rid of germs (involved in immune)
4. Merkel cells (tactile epithelial cells)-function in cutaneous sensation) |
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Term
| Type of skin where little friction develops, covers most of the body and consists of four layers? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Type of skin where friction commonly develops, located on the palms, feet and fingetips and consists of five layers |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The deepest layer of epidermis also know as Stratum germinativum (germinating layer); simple cuboidal keratinocytes, site of cellular division, melanocytes and merkel cells present |
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Definition
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Term
| Superficial to stratum basale, spine like extensions of kertinocytes, 8-10 layers, langerhans cells and projections of melanocytes (immune), tonofilaments-pre-keratin filaments |
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Definition
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|
Term
Superficial to the stratum spinosum, 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes, in process of dying (apoptosis)
Keratohylin-darkly staining protein that covers tonofilaments making them into keratin
Lamellar granules-release lipid-rich secretion that water proofs the skin |
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Definition
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Term
| Merkel cells are always associated with? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Superficial to the stratum granulosum, AKA transition zone, ONLY IN THICK SKIN, 3-5 layers of flattened, clear, DEAD keratinocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Most superficial layer, largest layer, 25-30 layers of flattened, DEAD keratinocytes, cells are continuously shed |
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Definition
Stratum corneum
Cornu=horn
glycolipid between stratum corneum cells keep it waterproof |
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Term
| Epidermis is 100% replaced every ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The hide of the body, mostly connective tissue, very tough, find blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two layers of the dermis and what percentages of the dermis do they make up? |
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Definition
1. Papillary Dermis (20%)
2. Reticular Dermis (80%) |
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|
Term
| Part of the dermis made of loose areolar CT proper that contains thin collagen and elastic fibers and form dermal papillae |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Part of the dermis made of dense irregular CT proper; extracellular matrix contains thick bundles of collagen and elastic fibers that give skin strength and resilience |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Small projections of the papillary dermis into the overlying stratum basale; nipple-like protrusions coming from dermis into epidermis; increase surface area & supply more blood to skin |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Separations or less dense regions of collagen bundles in the reticular dermis that are very important for surgeons |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Layer that means "below the skin" AKA superficial fascia and subcutaneous layer, not considered part of the skin, consists of adipose tissue, varies in thickness, protects underlying structures, insulates and stores energy |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the three pigments that impart varying colors and tones to skin and hair? |
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Definition
1. Melanin
2. Carotene
3. Hemoglobin |
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Term
| Ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to black; consists of Pheomelanin-which imparts yellow to red colors, particularly noticeable in hair and Eumelanin-imparts brown to black color |
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Definition
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Term
| The inherited inability to produce any melanin usually due to an inability to produce tyrosinase enzyme, results in translucent hair, skin, and eyes, display pink or red eyes |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three Cutaneous sensations and and what they contain? |
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Definition
1. Light touch-Meisner's corpuscles, merkel cells, hair
2. Pressure/vibration-pacinian corpuscles
3. Pain-free nerve ending |
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Term
| Columns of dead keratinized, epidermal cells is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two layers of hair follicles?
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Definition
1. External root sheath-downward continuation of epidermis and produce hair matrix cells
2. Internal root sheath-produced by external root sheath, fills space between hair root and eternal root sheath |
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Term
| What is known as "raiser of the hair?" |
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Definition
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Term
| Glands of the skin are all what type of glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Oil glands located everywhere except soles and palms, associated with hair follicles, produce sebum-shiny/oily hair and skin, protects against brittle hair/skin, and collect dirt; activated by hormones-acne, Simple alveolar glands |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of sweat glands? |
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Definition
| Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands (both simple tubular) |
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Term
| Sweat glands located on palms, soles and forehead that produce "true" sweat, and duct opens directly onto skin surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Sweat glands located on axillary, anal and genital areas, duct opens to hair follicle and produces "milky" sweat; B.O. is caused by this type of gland combining with bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| Plates of tightly packed, hard, dead keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of the digits are known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| The skeletal system consists of what two components? |
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Definition
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Term
| The predominant cell type of cartilage are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of cartilage that contains articular cartilage, looks like frosted glass, contain chondrocytes w/in lacunae, only collagen fibrils present not fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage located? |
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Definition
1. Ends of long bones
2. Growth plates w/in bones
3. Costal cartilages
4. Respiratory Structures
5. Embryonic skeleton |
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Term
| Type of cartilage with chondrocytes w/in lacunae, elastic fibers in matrix highly visible, located in epiglottis and outer ear |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilage with rows of round chondrocytes and rows of collagen fibers in parallel, located in invertebral discs, articular cartilages of the knee (menisci) and pubic symphysis; SHOCK ABSORPTION |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of bones and descriptions? |
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Definition
1. Support: frameowrk of body
2. Protection: bones and cartilage do this (rib cage)
3. Movement: attachment sites for skeletal muscles
4. Mineral storage: calcium and phosphate
5. Hemopoiesis: blood cell formation-red bone marrow
6. Energy storage: yellow bone marrow-stores fat and composed of adipose tissue and stores keratin
7. Metabolism: regulation of insulin and fat storage |
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Term
| What are the four types of bones and their descriptions? |
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Definition
1. Long bones: longer than they are wide with shaft (diaphysis) + two distint ends (epiphysis); named for shape not size
2. Short Bones: roughly cube-shaped; carpals/tarsals and sesmoid bones (form w/tendons)
3. Irregular bones: various shapes-vertebrae, os coxae
4. Flat Bones: thin, flattened, curved; cranial bones, ribs, sternum and scapula |
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Term
| What is the dense, outer layer of a bone called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the internal bone tissue (trabecular bone) called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The region where diaphysis and epiphysis joins is called? |
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Definition
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Term
The hyaline cartilage found in matephysis of growing babies is known as ?
Once it's done growing this is called ? |
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Definition
| Epiphyseal plate;Epiphyseal line |
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Term
| Membrane that surround the external bone surface wher eit is not covered by articular cartilage; consists of two layers: Superficial layer=dense irregular CT and Deep layer=osteogenic (osteoblasts and osteoclasts); contain sharpey's fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibers of the periosteum that dive into the bone matrix to secure it to the bone; located at insertion points of muscles to bones where they are very dense |
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Definition
| Sharpey's (perforating) fibers |
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Term
| Thin bone membrane that lines the internal bone surface, cover the trabeculae of spongy bone (medullary cavity and epiphysis); is osteogenic |
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Definition
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Term
Medullary cavities are only located in .bones?
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Definition
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Term
| Haversian system is also known as an? |
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Definition
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Term
| A . is the organized unit of compact bone tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of bone that has solid trabecula (little beams) with no cavities or vessels inside and receive nutrients from surrounding endosteum, no osteons, and red bone marrow found in the spaces |
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Definition
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Term
| Bone is made up of what two components and their descriptions? |
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Definition
1. Organic components (35%): collagen fibers, cells, ground substance
2. Inorganic components (65%): mineral salts- tightly packed calcium and phosphate crystals cover long collagen fibers and harden the bone |
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Term
| The process by which bone forms is called? |
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Definition
| ossification or osteogenesis |
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Term
| Bone formation occurs in what four situations? |
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Definition
1. Formation of bone in an embryo
2. Growth of bones until adulthood
3. Remodeling of bone throughout life
4. Repair of fractures |
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Term
| What are the two types of ossification? |
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Definition
1. Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral ossification |
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Term
| Bone ossification that forms directly w/in mesenchyme arranged in layers that resemble membranes and make up most skull bones and the clavicles is? |
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Definition
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Term
| Bone ossification that forms w/in hyaline cartilage, replacing it; all bones from the base of the skull down except clavicles |
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Definition
| endochondral ossification |
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Term
| Cartilage growth on the epiphysis side of spiphyseal plate and replacement of cartilage by bone on the diaphysis side causes what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bones get thicker by what type of growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone tissue to external surface and osteoclasts remove bone tissue from the medullary cavity at the same rate is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| How often is spongy bone replaced;compact bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does Diaphysis or Epiphysis remodel faster? |
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Definition
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Term
| This occurs when bone is injured or added demand is placed on the bone; essential ions must be present; mineral salt crystals pack together in a pattern that reduces the risk of cracks in stressed bones |
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Definition
| Bone deposition with the use of osteoblasts |
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Term
| This occurs when osteoclasts secrete HCL and lysosomal enzymes; as organic matrix is degraded and mineral salts are leached out and dissolved by acids, released ions enter interstitial fluid and then blood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for joint is? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are joints classified? |
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Definition
1. Structurally: based on anatomical features
2. Functionally: based on type and degree of movement they permit |
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Term
| Classification of joints are based on what two criteria? |
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Definition
1. Presence/absense of synovial cavity
2. Type of CT binding the bones together |
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Term
| What are the three classes of joints and their functions? |
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Definition
1. Fibrous Joints: bones held together by dense collagen fibers
2. Cartilaginous Joints: bones held together by cartilage
3. Synovial Joints: bones held together by ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three classes of movement in joints and their descriptions? |
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Definition
1. Synarthrotic: immovable
2. Amphiarthrotic: slightly moveable
3. Diathrotic: freely moveable
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Term
| What classifications of joints do we focus on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three types of fibrous joints? |
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Definition
1. Sutures: don't move;found in skull
2. Syndesmosis: movement based on length of fibers
3. Gomphosis: hold teeth in socket |
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Term
| What are the two types of cartilaginous joints? |
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Definition
1. Synchondroses: united by hyaline cartilage; 1st rib and sternum and epiphyseal plate
2. Symphyses: united by fibrocartilage; pubic symphysis and invertebral discs |
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Term
| Cartilaginous joints lack? |
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Definition
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Term
| Synovial joints are also know as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of synovial joints? |
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Definition
1. Synovial cavity
2. Synovial Capsule
3. Synovial fluid
4. Reinforcement ligaments
5. Nervous innervation
6. Blood supply |
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Term
| The outer fibrous capsule is made of what type of tissue? |
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Definition
| Dense irregular CT proper |
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Term
| The inner synovial membrane is made of what type of tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyaline cartilage at the site of articulation (end of bones)responsible for shock absorption and decreasing friction is know as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibrocartilage located inside the joint cavity responsible for shock absorption and enhanced "fit of articulating bones is known as? |
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Definition
| Articular discs or meniscus |
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Term
| True or false all synovial joints have articular discs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of reinforcong ligaments located in synovial joints? |
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Definition
1. Capsular
2. Extracapsular
2. Intracapsular |
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Term
| A sac-like structure containing synovial fluid that is located between something hard and something soft and reduces friction between body parts that rub against one another is known as a? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tube-like bursa that wrap around tendons is known as a? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four types of movement at synovial joints? |
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Definition
1. Gliding
2. Angular movements
3. Rotation
4. Special movements |
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Term
| Gliding occurs in what 3 types of joints? |
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Definition
1. Intercarpal joints
2. Intertarsal joints
3. Intervertebral joints |
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Term
| What are the 6 types of angular movements? |
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Definition
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Hyperextension
4. Adduction
5. Abduction
6. Circumduction |
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Term
| Decreasing the angle between articulating bones is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Increasing the angle between articulating bones is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Continued extension beyond anatomical position is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of a bone away from the midline is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of a bone toward the midline is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of a body part in a circle is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Turning the anterior surface of the body away from the midline is known as? |
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Definition
| External (lateral) rotation |
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Term
| Turning the anterior surface of the body toward the midline is known as? |
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Definition
| Internal (medial) rotation |
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Term
| Upward movement of a body part is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Downward movement of a body part is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of a body part anteriorly in the transverse plane is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Return of a protracted body part to anatomical position is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movemenbt of the sole medially is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of the sole laterally is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pointing your toes is also called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulling your foot towards for shin is also called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Turning the palm anteriorly is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Turning the palm posteriorly is also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Joints that permit a back and forth and side to side movement (nonaxial) and found in invertebral joints are known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface of another bone (uniaxial) found in interphalangeal joints are knowns as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rounded end of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and an encircling ligament (uniaxial) found in the atlantoaxial joints is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
Rounded end of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another bone (biaxial) found in wrist joint is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the "saddle" (biaxial) found in thumb is a? |
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Definition
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Term
| spherical head of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone (multiaxial) found in shoulder and hip is a? |
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Definition
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Term
| *Remember to look at chapter nine notes* |
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Definition
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