Term
| Identify the four primary tissue types |
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Definition
| There are 4 primary tissue types: epithelial tissue; connective tissue; muscle tissue and neural tissue |
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Term
| Four characteristics of epithelia? |
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Definition
| Characteristics of epithelia include cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity and regeneration |
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Term
| What are two specializations of epithelial cells? |
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Definition
| Specializations of epithelial cells include production of secretions, movement of fluids over the surface and movement of fluids through the epithelium itself. |
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Term
| You look at a tissue under the microscope and see a simple squamous epithelium. Can this be a sample of surface skin? |
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Definition
| No a simple squamous epithelium does not provide enough protection against infection, abrasion and dehydration, and is not found on the skin surface |
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Term
| Why is the epithelium regeneration a necessity in a gland that releases its product by holocrine secretion. What occurs in this mode of secretion? |
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Definition
| In holocrine secretion, the entire gland cell is destroyed during the secretory process. Further secretion by the gland requires regeneration of cells to replace those lost during secretion. |
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Term
| Ceruminous glans of the external acoustic meatus of the ear release their products by apocrine secretion. What occurs in this mode of secretion? |
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Definition
| During apocrine secretion, the secretory product and the apical portion of the cell cytoplasm are shed |
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Term
| What functions are associated with a simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| A simple epithelium provides protection and may be involved in both absorption and secretion |
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Term
| Identify the three basic components of all connective tissues? |
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Definition
| The three basic components of connective tissue are specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and a fluid called ground substances |
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Term
| What is a major difference between connective tissue proper and spporting connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue proper refers to connective tissue with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in syrupy ground substance. Supporting connective tissues (cartilage and bone) have a less diverse cell polulation and a matrix that contains closely packed fibers. The matrix is either gel-like (Cartilage) or calcified (Bone) |
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Term
| What are the 2 general classes of cells in connective tissue proper? What cells are found in each class? |
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Definition
| The two types of cells in connective tissue proper are fixed cells and wandering cells. Fixed cells include fibroblasts, fibrocytes, fixed macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, and sometimes melanocytes. Wandering cells include free macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasmocytes, eosinnnophils and neutrophils. |
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Term
| Lack of Vitamin C in the diet interferes with the ability of fibroblasts to produce collagen. What effect might this limited ability to produce collagen have on connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Collagen fibers add strength to connective tissue. We would expect Vitamin C deficiencey to result in the production of connective tissue that is weaker and more prone to damage. |
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Term
| What type of membrane lines passageways of the respiratory and digestive system? Why is this type of membrane suited to these areas? |
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Definition
| Mucous membrane line passageways that communicate with the exterior. They form a barrier that resists the entry of pathogens they must remain moist at all times. |
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Term
| Provide another name for the superficial fascia What does it do? |
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Definition
| ANother name for the superfical fascia is subcutaneous layer or hypodermis. It seperates the skin from underlying tissues and organs. It provides insulation and padding and lets the skin or underlying structures move independently |
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Term
| You are asked to locate the pericardium.. What type of membrance is this and where would you find it? |
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Definition
| The pericardium is a serous membrane that lines the pericardial cavity that covers the heart. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the cutaneous membrane? |
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Definition
| The cutaneous membrane of the skin covers the surface of the body. It consists of a statified squamaous epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue reinforced by a layer of dense connective tissue. |
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Term
| What type of muscle tissue has small, tapering cells with single nuclei and no obvious striations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is skeletal muscle called striated voluntary muscle? |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle cells have a banded or striated appearance because of the organization of actin and myosin filaments within the cells |
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Term
| Which tissue is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses from one body region to another. |
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Definition
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Term
Match the numbered item with the most closely related lettered item.
1. skeletal muscle
2. mast cell
3. avascular
4. transitional
5. globlet cell
a. urinary bladder
b.striated
c. unicellular, exocrine gland
d. wandering cell
e. all epithelia |
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Definition
1. skeletal muscle = b. striated
2. mast cell = d. wandering cell
3. avascular = e. all epithelia
4. transitional = a. urinary bladder
5. globlet cell = c. unicellular, exocrine gland |
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Term
Match the numbered item with the most closely related lettered item.
1. collagen
2. cartilage
3. simple epithelium
4. ground substance
5. holocrine secretion
a. connective tissue component
b. tendon
c. single cell layer
d. cell destroyed
e. lacunae |
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Definition
1. collagen = b.tendon
2. cartilage = e. lacunae
3. simple epithelium = c. single cell layer
4. ground substance = a. connective tissue component
5. holocrine secretion = d. cell destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
- cover every exposed surface of the body
-line the digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts
-line internal cavities and passageways |
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Term
| What is the dense connective tissue that forms the capsules that suround many organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| the reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristic of epithelial cells? |
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Definition
-consists of single or multiple cell layer.
- They always have a free surface exposed to the external enviroment or some inner chamber or passageway.
- They are avascular |
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Term
| Functions of connective tissue include: |
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Definition
-establishing structural framework for the body
-transporting fluids and dissolved materials
- storing energy reserves |
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Term
| Property of smooth muscle tissue |
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Definition
- is composed of small cells with tapering ends
- can replace cells and regenerate after a injury
- contracts with or witout nervous stimulation |
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Term
| Tissue changes with age include? |
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Definition
-decrease ability to repair
-less efficient tissue maintenance
- thinner epithelia |
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Term
| What type of supporting tissue is found in the pinna of the ear and the tip of the nose? |
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Definition
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Term
| An epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the wandering cells found in connective tissue proper? |
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Definition
| eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells |
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Term
| How does the role of a tissue in the body differ from that of a single cell? |
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Definition
| A single cell is the unit of structure and function, whereas groups of cells work together as units called tissues |
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Term
| A layer of glcoproteins and a network of fine filaments that perform limited functions together act as a barrier that restrict the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to epithelium. this describes rhe structure and function of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Connective tissue cells that respond to injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into other cell types are? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a tendon function? |
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Definition
| A tendon is made of cords of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to a bone. The collagen fibers run along the long axis of the tendon and transfer the pull of the contracting muscle to the bone. |
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Term
| what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine secretions? |
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Definition
| Exocrine secretions occur in ducts that lead onto surfaces, enocrine secretions occur in intersitical fluid and then into the blood vessels. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the cilia on the respiratory epithelium? |
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Definition
| The presence of cilia at the surface of the epithelium means that the mucous layer, which rest on the epithelium surface, will be kept moving and the respiratory surface will bekept clean. |
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Term
| Why does pinching the skin usually not distort or damage the underlying muscle? |
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Definition
| The skin is seperated from the muscles by a layer of loose connective tissue. The loose connective tissue provides padding and elastic properties that permit a considerable amount of independent movement of the two layers. |
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Term
| How does a tendon differ from an aponeurosis? |
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Definition
| While a tendon is made of cords of dense regular connective tissue, an aponeurosis is made of a sheet or ribbon of connective that resembles a flat tendon. Aponeuroses may cover the surface of muscles an assist superfical muscles in attaching to one another or to other stucture. |
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Term
| What are germinative cells and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Germinative cells are stem cells usually found in the deepest layer of epithelium. They divide to replace cells lost or destroyed at the epithelial surface. |
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Term
| Primary function of connective tissue? |
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Definition
fill internal spaces
provide structure support
-store energy |
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Term
| Primary function of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
| contracts to produce active movement |
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Term
| Primary function neural tissue |
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Definition
conducts electrical impulses
carries information |
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Term
| function of epitheial tissue? |
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Definition
| Physical protection, controls permeability, provide sensation produces secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| increase the surface area of the cell. Found a lot in cells specialized for absorption and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Are long microvilli. found in male reproductive tract and inner ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beat in a coordination fashion and move substance along the surface of the epithelial cell. Found in the respiratory tract. |
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Term
| Name the epithelial tissue layers |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the cell shape of the epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| Sauamous, cuboidal or columnar, |
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Term
Epithelial tissue
Special cases (name) where? |
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Definition
Transitional and pseudostratified columnar
*Line the respiratory system and hollow conducting organs organs of the urinary system (bladder) |
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Term
Stratified Squamous epithelium
Location
Function |
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Definition
Location: surface of the skin;ining of the throat, mouth, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina
Functions: Provide physicial protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack |
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Term
Simple Cuboidal epithelium
Location?
Function? |
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Definition
Location: glands, ducts, portion of kidney tubules, thyroid gland
Functions: limited protection, secretion and absorption |
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Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Location?
Function? |
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Definition
Location : Lining some ducts (rare)
Function: Secretion, protection and absorption |
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Term
Simple Columnar epithelium
Location
Function |
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Definition
Location: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes and collecting ducts of kidney
function: protection, secretion and absorption |
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Term
Stratified Columnar epithelium:
Location
function |
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Definition
Location: small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary gland, salvary gland ducts, and urethra
Function : protection |
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Term
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Location:
Function: |
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Definition
Location: Lining of Nasal cavity; trachea and bronchi and portions of the male reproductive track
Functions: Protection and secretion |
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Term
Transitional Epithelium
Location
Function |
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Definition
Locations: urinary bladder; renal pelvis and ureters
Functions: permits expansion and recoil after stretching |
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Term
Secretory Sheets
Function
Location |
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Definition
Function: are secreted onto an epithelial surface and travel through a duct.
Location: Found in stomach and secretes acids and enzymes |
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Term
Mixed Endorcine gland
Example: and produces |
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Definition
Mixed exocrine gland. Example is submandibular salivary gland
produces both serous (water and enzyme) and mucus secretions |
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Term
| Name 3 types of protein fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Collagen fibers (Describe) |
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Definition
| are tough and resistant to pulling forces. They are long, straight and unbranced and often occur in bundles |
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Term
| elastic fibers (describe) |
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Definition
| are smaller and freely branch. Can be stretched to 150% of their relaxed length |
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Term
| reticular fibers (describe) |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe ground substance |
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Definition
colorless and has no specific shape.
supports cells and provides a medium through which substances are exchanged.
can range from a fluid-like consistency (plasma of blood) to solid (as in bone) |
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Term
| List 2 specialized cells and describe |
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Definition
Fixed cells- are stationary and are involved in the maintenance repair and energy storage.
Wandering cells are mobilized during infection or injury |
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Term
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Definition
Fibroblast
fibrocytes
fixed macrophages
adipocytes
mesenchymal cells
melanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
free macrophages
mast cells
lymphocytes
neutrophils and esinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed cells-produces connective tissue fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed cells- maintain connective tissue fibers and matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed cells-phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed cells- store lipid reserves |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed cells- connective tissue stem cells that can differeniate into other cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed cells- synthesize melanin |
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Term
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Definition
| wandering cells-mobile/traveling phagocytic cells-(derived from monocytes of the blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| wandering cell- stimulate local inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| wandering cells-participate in immune response |
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Term
| neutrophils and eosinophils |
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Definition
| wandering cells -small phagocytic blood cells that mobilize during infection or tissue injury |
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Term
| Name the three types of loose connective tissue? |
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Definition
1. Areolar tissue
2. Adipose tissue
3. reticular tissue |
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Term
Areolar tissue
Location
and Function |
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Definition
Locations: within and deep to the dermis of skin, and covered by epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts between muscles, around blood vessels, nerves, and around joints.
Functions: cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement; phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens |
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Term
Adipose tissue
Location:
Function: |
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Definition
Adipose tissue
location: deep into the skin, especially ar sides, buttocks, breast, padding around eyes and kidney
Functions: provides padding and cushion shocks; insulates (reduces heat loss) stores energy |
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Term
Reticular tissue:
Location
Functions |
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Definition
Locations: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
functions: provides supporting framework |
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Term
| Dense connective tissue- Name three types |
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Definition
1. Dense regular connective tissue
2. Elastic tissue
3.Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Term
Dense regular connective Tissue
Location
Functions |
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Definition
location: Between skeletal muscles and skeleton ; between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments) covering skeletal muscles; deep fasciae
Functions: provide firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative positions of bones |
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Term
Elastic tissue
Location and funtion |
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Definition
Elastic tissue:
Locations: between vertebrae of the spinal column; ligaments supporting the penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia in blood vessel walls
Functions: stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis; cushions shocks, permits expansion and contraction of organs |
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Term
Dense irregular connective tissue
Location and functions |
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Definition
locations: capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis
Functions: Provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; help prevent overexpansion of organs such as the bladder. |
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Term
Fluid Connective tissue
(includes blood and lymph)
List |
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Definition
Red blood cells
White blood cells (monocyte, lymphocytes, eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil)
platelets |
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Term
| Supporting connective tissue (cartilage)List the 3 |
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Definition
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. elastic cartilage
3. Fibrous cartilage |
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Term
Hyaline cartilage:
location and function |
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Definition
Location: between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box) trachea and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum
functions: provides stiff but somewhat flexible support, reduces friction between bony surfaces |
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Term
Elastic cartilage:
Location
Function |
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Definition
Location: auricle of external ear; epiglolottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx
functions: provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to orginal shape. |
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Term
Fibrous cartilage
location:
Functions: |
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Definition
Location: pads within knee joint; between public bones of pelvis; intervertebral dics
Funtion: resists compression; prevents bone-tobone contact; limits relative movement |
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Term
| supporting connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| membranes -a combination of epithelial and connective tissue what are the 4 types |
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Definition
1. mucous membrane
2. serous membrane
3. cutaneous
4. synovial |
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Term
mucous membrane
describe and location |
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Definition
lines body cavities that open directly to the exterior
the type of epithelial tissue depends on the location (ex: digestive system- simple columnar; respiratory system: pseudostratified columnar) |
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Term
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Definition
mesothelium secretes serous fluid that lubricates the layers and reduces friction.
lines body cavities that do not open to the exterior (parietal layer) and covers organs in the cavitiy (visceral cavity) |
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Term
| list the clinical conditions that can effect the serous membrane linings. |
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Definition
| Pleurisy, Pericarditis, peritonitis, ascites |
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Term
cutaneous membrane (skin)
Describe |
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Definition
includes the epidermis and dermis
varies in thickness in different parts of the body |
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Term
synovial membrane
describe |
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Definition
| lines the cavities of freely moveable joints; incomplete epithelial layer and secretes synovial fluid |
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Term
| Connective Tissue Functions |
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Definition
-Provides strength and stability
-Maintains relative positions of internal organs
-provides route for distribution of blood vessels, lymph and nerves |
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Term
| Connective Tissue Components: |
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Definition
superfical fascia/subcutaneous layer/hypodermis
deep fascia
suberous fascia |
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Term
| superficial fascia-connective tissue framwork |
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Definition
Between skin and underlying organs
areolar tissue and adipose tissue
also known as subcutaneous layer or hypodermis |
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Term
| connective tissue framework deep fascia |
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Definition
forms strong, fibrous internal framework
dense connective tissue
bound to capsules, tendons and ligaments |
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Term
| connective tissue framework- subserous fascia |
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Definition
located between serous membranes and deep fascia
areolar tissue |
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Term
| List the three muscle tissues: |
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Definition
1. skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth |
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Term
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
Location and funtion |
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Definition
skeletal muscle- cells are long, cylindrical striated and multinucleate
Location: Combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles
Function: Moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton; guards entrance and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; generates heat, protects internal organs |
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Term
Cardiac muscle tissue
Describe:
Location:
Funtions |
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Definition
celles are short, branched, and striated, usually with single nucleus; cells are interconnected by intercalated discs
Location: Heart
Functions circulate blood; maintains blood pressure |
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Term
Smooth muscle tissue:
Describe
Locations
Functions |
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Definition
Cells are short, spindle-shaped, and nonstriated with a single, centeral nucleus
Location: found in walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive organs
functions: moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessels |
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