Term
| tissues that work together to make up bone (7) |
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Definition
| Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, various blood-forming tissues, adipose tissue, nervous tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual organs (bones) and their cartilages. |
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Term
| functions of the skeletal system (6) |
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Definition
| Support (structural framework for body, supports soft tissues, provides attachment for tendons of most skeletal muscles), protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage as one ages. |
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Term
| structural parts of a typical long bone (7) |
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Definition
| Diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary (marrow) cavity, endosteum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main portion of a long bone that is a long, cylindrical shaft in the midsection of the bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of a long bone at distal and proximal ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of a long bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses. Location of the epiphyseal line. In growing bones it contains the epiphyseal plate. |
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Definition
| In growing bones, a layer of hyaline cartilage that is eventually replaced by bone. It allows the diaphysis to grow in length. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis to reduce friction and absorb shock at freely movable joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bone wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. It protects, nourishes, assists in fracture repair, and serves as attachment points for ligaments and tendons while allowing the brown to grow in diameter. |
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Term
| medullary (marrow) cavity |
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Definition
| The space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| The membraine containing bone forming cells that lines the medullary (marrow) cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| This consists of widely separated cells surrounded by large amounts of matrix. |
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Term
| composition of bone matrix |
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Definition
| 25% water, 25% protein fibers, 50% crystallized mineral salts. |
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Term
| types of cells in bone tissue (4) |
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Definition
| Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are specialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme. Only they undergo cell division, resulting in daughters that develop into osteoblasts. Found along inner portion of periosteum, endosteum, and in canals within bone that contain blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are bone-building cells that secrete collagen fibers that are needed to build the matrix of bone tissue and that initiate calcification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells found in mature bones that are derived from osteoblasts that have become entrapped in matrix secretions, which they no longer secrete. They are the principal cells of bone tissue that maintain daily cellular activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| These cells that break down bone are derived from the fusion of monocytes that are concentrated in the endosteum. This is part of normal bone maintenance and repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Its hardness depends n inorganic mineral salts. Formed by calcification initiated by osteoblasts. Its flexibility and strength depends on collagen fibers. |
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Term
| calcification (mineralization) |
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Definition
| The process initiated by osteoblasts by which mineral salts are deposited in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the matrix, and crystalized. This tissue hardens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains few spaces between its hard components. Arranged in osteon (Haversian) systems. Contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves and osteocytes along with the calcified matrix. Osteons are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has no true osteons. Instead, contains trabeculae that surround many red marrow filled spaces. Supports and protects red bone marrow. It is light weight and forms most of the structure of short, flat, and irregular bones, and the epiphyses of long bones. |
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Term
| bone blood and nerve supply |
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Definition
| Especially abundant in portions of bone containing red bone marrow. Contains arteries, veins, and nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Periosteal ones supply periosteum and outer part of compact bone. Nutrient one is located from the diaphysis up to the epiphyseal plates. Metaphyseal one in the metaphysis. Epiphyseal ones in the epiphysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| These accompany their respective arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| These accompany blood vessels that supply bones. Periosteum is rich in these. |
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Term
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Definition
| This begins when mesenchymal cells provide the template for subsequent ossification (intramembranous and endochrondral). There is no difference in structure of mature bones, only different methods. |
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Term
| ossification (osteogenesis) |
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Definition
| The process by which bone is formed. |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| This type of ossification has no cartilage stage. It forms flat bones of the skull and mandible. |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| This type of ossification replaces hyaline cartilege with bone. It forms most of the bones of the body. The final process of this forms articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grows in 4 zones (resting, proliferation, hypertrophic, and calcified). Diaphysis is indreased in length due to activity of the epiphyseal plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minerals (lots of calcium and phosphorus, and small amounts of fluoride, magnesium iron, and manganese), vitamins (C for synthesis of main bone proteins and differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes, K and B12 for protein synthesis, and A to stimulate activity of osteoblasts) and hormones (insulin, insunlike growth factors, thyroid, estrogen, and testosterone) help this kind of growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is an ongoing process of equal activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts destroying and constructing. A full cycle takes about 2-3 months. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fracture hematoma -> fibrocartilaginous callus -> bony callus -> bond remodeling. |
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Term
| bone's role in calcium homeostasis |
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Definition
| 99% of calcium stored in bones but can also be pulled from the bone if needed in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates calcium exchange between bone and blood via negative feedback. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is secreted by the thyroid gland and decreases blood calcium levels. |
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Term
| effects of exercise on bones (2) |
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Definition
| Exercise will increase bone strength and help retain bone mass. |
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Term
| developmental anatomy of the skeletal system |
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Definition
| Bone forms from mesodoerm by intramembranous or endochondral ossification. From weeks 5-8 limb buds develop into upper and lower limbs. |
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