chemical energy

electrical energy

mechanical energy

radiant

stored in the bonds of chemical substances

when the bonds are broken energy is released

carbon

oxygen

hydrogen

nitrogen

protons

neutrons

electrons

there are more than one type of atom representing each element (there are structural variations)

these are called isotops

atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation

these are the heavier isotopes of certain atoms

tends to be unstable

decomposes to more stable isotope

process of spontaneous atomic decay

this involves the ejection of particles from the atoms nucleus. these particles are dangerous to tissue

two or more different atoms combined chemically

occur whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms

atoms are united by chemcal bonds

atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken

the number of electrons has an upper limit

shells closest to the nucleus fill first

shell one closest to the nucleus can hold only 2 electrons, but shell two can hold a maximum of eight

when atoms are stable this means that the outer most shell is complete

how to fill an atom's sells

shell 1 can hold a maximum of 2 electrons

shell 2 can holt a maximum of 8 electrons

shell 3 can hold a maximum of 18 electrons

Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons 

–Allow for bond formation, which produces stable 

valence 

 Ionic bonds 

–Form when electrons are completely transferred 

from one atom to another 

atoms become stable through shared electrons

single covalent bonds share one pair of electrons

double covalent bonds share two pairs of electrons

the making or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms

A+B--> AB what type of reaction is this?

Describe a synthesis reaction

w

when two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a more larger complex molecule

energy must be absorbed to create this bond thus these are energy absorbing reactions

these types of reactions are important growth and maintanence of tissues

I occur when two or more atoms combine to form large more complex molecules

Energy must be absorbed to create the bond thus these are energy absorbing reactions

I am important to the growth and maintenance of tissues what type of reaction am i

Molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, 

atoms or ions 

 

Chemical energy is released 

 

Processes that use this are digestion and 

breakdown of glycogen 

I am AB-> A+B

I happen when the molecule is broken down into smaller molecules , atoms or ions

I am a type of reaction that releases chemical energy

processes that use this type of reaction are digestion and breakdown of glycogen

I help digestion and breakdown of glygcogen

give an example of a synthesis reaction

amino acids are joined to form a protein molecule

give an example of a decomposition reaction

 break down of glycogen to release glucose units

(AB+C-->AC+B)

exchange reaction

I involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions, bonds are made and both broken

A switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made

exchange reaction

An example of this is the breakdown of ATP to ADP when glucose enters a body cell

Explain a exchange reaction

(AB+C-> AC+B)

involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions, bonds are made and broken

switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made

an example of this is the breakdown of ATP to ADP when glucose enters the body

describe and example of an exchange reaction

ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose phosphate

name the factors that increase the rate of chemical reaction

1.)increased temperate

2.)increased concentration of reacting particles

3.) Decreased particle size

how does temperate increase the rate of chemical reaction?

increased temperate causes molecules to move more quickly and collide more rapidly

how does increased concentration of reacting particles increase the rate of chemical reaction?

increased concentration of reacting particles increases the number of collisions

ow does decreased particle size increase the rate of chemical reaction?

smaller particles have more kinetic energy and move faster thus having more collisions

All chemicals in the body are classified as either:

organic or inorganic

When we classify a chemical as inorganic or organic, what do we base it on?

Explain an organic compound

contain carbon

most are covalently bonded

example C6H12O6 glucose

important ones in the body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

name the important organic compounds in the body

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

describe inorganic compounds

lack carbon,

tend to be simpler compounds

examples H2O water, salts, acids and bases

give some examples of inorganic compounds

H2O water, salts acids and bases

I am the most abundant inorganic compound

water

Accounts for 2/3rds of the bodies weight 

What are the vital properties of water

high heat capacity: absorbs temperature changes (regulates body temperature)

polarity/solvent properties: liquids and gases can be dissolved and suspended in it, transport and chemical reactions

chemical reactivity: an important reactant in some chemical reactions (digestion)

cushioning

Describe the importance of salt

-an inorganic compound

-easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water

vital to many body functions (found in bones and teeth)

-include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents (sodium and potassium ions)

-ions are charged particles so they are electrolytes (substances that conduct electrical current in solution

Name the importance of acids

release hydrogen ions (H+)

are proton donors

an electrolyte (conduct electrical current in water)

I release H + ions,  i donate a proton and i am an electrolyte who am i?

I am an acid

Name the importance of bases

release hydroxyl ions (OH-)

are proton acceptors

I release hydroxyl ions (OH-) and i am a proton acceptor who am i?

I am a base

This type of reaction occurs when an acid and base react to form water and a salt

neutralization reaction

explain a neutralization reaction

when a base and an acid react to form water and a salt

What does pH measure?

pH measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions

what does pH 7 mean?

neutral (the number of hydrogen ions equals the number of hydroxyl ions)

what does pH below 7 mean?

acidic (hydrogen ions out number the hydroxyl ions)

what does a pH above 7 mean?

basic (hydroxyl ions out number the hydrogen ions)

how does the body monitor pH?

the pH in the body is very carefully monitored by the kidneys, lungs and chemicals called buffers 

what are buffers?

buffers are chemicals that can regulate pH change, they maintain pH stability by taking up excess hydrogen and hydroxyl ions

if pH is not kept within________________death can occur

7.35-7.45

is a carbohydrate an inorganic compound or an organic compound?

organic

what do carbohydrates contain?

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

what do carbohydrates contain?

what do carbohydrates include?

carbohydrates are classified according to what?

according to size

name the carbohydrates from smallest or simplest to largest and most complex

monosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccharides

describe a monosaccharide 

describe a monosaccharide simple sugars, they contain only one sugar(glucose)

describe disaccharides 

describe polysaccharides

-long chains of linked simple sugars (ex starch and glycogen)

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol (vary in length)

The length determines the solidness of the molecule at room temperature 

account for over half the body's organic matter

construction materials for boy tissue

and play a vital role in cell function

examples include collagen (bones/cartilage) and keratin (hair/nails)

stable and strong

 These are functional proteins that act as biological catalysts 

• Increase the rate of chemical reactions 

A  adenine

G  Guanine

C   cytosine

T     thymine

U   uracil

I am the chemical energy used by all cells

without me molecules cannot be made or broken down  

energy is released by breaking my highg energy phosphate bond

i am replenished by oxidation of food fuels

ADP is my byproduct

Energy is used to reattach a phosphate group to ADP so it can again become me who ami