Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Manufactured from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + P. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of 3 phosphate groups attached to an adenosine unit composed of adenine and ribose (a 5-carbon sugar). |
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Term
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Definition
| It's purpose is to provide energy for muscle contractions, chromosome movement during cell division, cytoplasmic movement within cells, membrane transport processes, and synthesis reactions. |
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Term
| nucleic acids and their composition |
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Definition
| Huge organic molecules that contain C, H, O, N, P, are composed of a nitrogenous base pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Contains adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relays instructions from the genes into cell's nucleus to guide each cell's assembly of amino acids into proteins. |
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Term
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| Forms the genetic code inside each cell and regulates most activities that take place in our cells throughout a lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids. Joined in a stepwise fashion with each covalent C to N bond joining one amino acid to the next. |
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Term
| amino acids and their composition |
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Definition
| The 20 different building blocks of proteins, containing C, H, O, and N. |
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Term
| proteins and their composition |
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Definition
| Constructed from combinations of amino acids, give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, help muscles contract, transport substance, and serve as enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acids, Fat-soluble vitamins (beta-carotenes, D, E, K), and lipoproteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eicosanoids that participate in allergic and inflammatory responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eicosanoids that modify responses to hormones, contribute to inflammatory responses, prevent stomach ulcers, and influence blood clots. Asprin does the opposite |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids that are derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A kind of steroid which is an important cell membrane component and a starting material for synthesizing other steroids. |
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Term
| steroids (what they're made of and what they include) |
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Definition
| Made of four rings of carbon atoms (three 6-carbon rings and one 5-carbon ring). Include sex hormones, bile salts, and cholesterol. |
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Term
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Definition
| The regions of phospholipids: polar (can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules) and non-polar (fatty acid tails that only react with other lipids). |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to triglycerides, but contain a charged phosphate group, are an important cell membrane component, and are amphipathic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of triglyceride which contains only single covalent bonds between fatty acid carbon atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains fatty acids with one double covalent bond between two fatty acid carbon atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is twice as much per gram as carbohydrates or proteins. |
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Term
| things triglycerides provide (3) |
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Definition
| Protection, insulation, and energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most plentiful lipids in the body, provide protection, insulation (fat), and energy, can be saturated or unsaturated, and are composed of a glycerol head and 3 fatty acid chains. |
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Term
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Definition
| Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids, and others. |
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Term
| lipids are hydro____ because... |
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Definition
| ...are hydrophobic because they have few polar covalent bonds and are mostly insoluble in polar solvents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily H, O, and some C. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polysaccharide which is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles. |
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Term
| examples of disaccharides(3) |
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Definition
| Maltose, lactose, and sucrose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A monosaccharide extremely abundant in humans. |
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Term
| examples of monosaccharides (3) |
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Definition
| Glucose, fructose, and galactose. |
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Term
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Definition
| The building blocks (monomers) of carbohydrates . |
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Term
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Definition
| Two monosaccharide molecules combined by dehydration synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major group of carbohydrates which contains tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis reactions. |
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Term
| why carbohydrates are converted into other substances (2) |
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Definition
| This happens in order to build structures and generate ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| A glucose polymer that composes cell walls in plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main storage carbohydrate of plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide most of the energy needed for life. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Can be composed of 2 to several hundred carbon atoms to form large molecules of different shapes, does not dissolve easily in water, contains covalent bonds (up to 4 bonds due to 4 valence electrons), and decomposes eaily making it a good source of energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds which usually lack carbon and are simple molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds which always contain carbon and hydrogen, usually contain oxygen, and always have covalent bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical compounds that convert strong acids or bases into weak ones. Minimize pH change. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration on a scale from 0 to 14. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen ions (H+) and an anion, is an electron donor, and has a pH of <7. |
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Term
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Definition
| In general, it is a substance that dissociates in solution to yield a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a cation, is an electron acceptor, and has a pH of >7. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most abundant inorganic compound in all living systems. Made up of polar molecules, ionizes. acts as a lubricant, is the ideal medium for most chemical reactions in the body, and participates as a reactant or product in certain reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to describe chemical reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives actual numbers of each type of atom in a molecule. ex: H2O consists of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows the spatial arrangement of the atoms in a molecule. ex: H2O is arranged as H-O-H |
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Term
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Definition
| What is formed when 2 or more atoms share electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that can be broken down into two or more different elements by ordinary chemical means. |
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Term
| anabolism (or synthesis reaction) |
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Definition
| In metabolism, where two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules. A + B --> AB |
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Term
| catabolism (or decomposition reaction) |
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Definition
| In metabolism, where large molecules are split up into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules. AB --> A + B |
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Term
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Definition
| Attraction that molecules at the surface of a liquid may have for each other due to hydrogen bonding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unequal sharing in a covalent bond where one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Equal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalent bond where one pair of valence electrons is shared. |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalent bond where two pairs of valence electrons are shared. |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalent bond where three pairs of valence electrons are shared. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed when ionic compounds dissociate into positive and negative ions in a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A positively charged ion which has given up a valence electron. |
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Term
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Definition
| A negatively charged ion which has picked up a valence electron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy which is necessary to break a bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom which either gives up or gains an electron and has a positive or negative charge due to the unequal number of its protons and electrons. |
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Term
| chemical behavior of an atom |
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Definition
| What is determined by the number and arrangement of valence electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrons in the outermost shell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost electron shell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of orbitals of electrons with similar energies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic regions in which electrons occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chart in which elements are arranged in order by atomic number. |
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Term
| components of atomic structure (3) |
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Definition
| Protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elements that are responsible for 96% of the mass of most organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main organic molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bond in which atoms lose or gain valence electrons, leaving each atom with a positive or negative charge. Positive and negative atoms (ions) are then attracted to one another. In general, these compounds exist as solids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bond in which atoms share valence electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A weak bond which cannot bind atoms into molecules. Serves as a link between molecules. Provides strength and stability. Usually associated with N or H atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalysts in living cells whose names usually end in -ase. ex: oxidase, kinase, lipase |
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Term
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Definition
| A building blocks of a triglyceride that are attached by dehydration synthesis reactions, one to each carbon of the glycerol backbone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains more than one double covalent bond between fatty acid carbon atoms. |
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