Term
| What is the hierarchy of structural organization? |
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Definition
| chemical level,cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level |
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Term
| what are the 4 types of tissues? |
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Definition
| 1)epithelial 2)connective tissue 3)muscle 4)nervous |
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Term
| what are the 12 organ systems? |
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Definition
| integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| external body covering (skin, hair, nails), protects tissue from injury |
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Definition
| protects and supports body organs and frames the muscle for movement |
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Definition
| manipulation of environment, locomotion, and facial expression, posture |
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Definition
| fast-acting control sysetm of internal and external changes |
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Definition
| secret hormones for growth, reproduction, and metabolism |
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Definition
| blood vessels transport blood which carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes. Heart pumps blood. |
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Term
| lymphatic system/immunity |
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Definition
| picks up fluid from blood vessels and returns to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. houses (lymphocytes) for immunity. |
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Definition
| keeps blood constant with oxygen and removes CO2. |
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Definition
| breaks down food into units to distribute to body cells. |
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Definition
| eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body |
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Definition
| function: production of offspring. testes produce sperm and MSH. Ovaries produces eggs and FSH. |
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Definition
| a common visual reference point |
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Term
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Definition
| main axis of body: head, neck trunk. Trunk includes thorax (chest), abdomen, pelvis, perineum |
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Definition
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Definition
| splits into anterior and superior |
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Definition
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Definition
| splits right and left ex: midsagittal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| splits right and left ex: midsagittal plane. other lines are parasagittal |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| below, lower part of body |
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Definition
| front of body, in front of |
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Definition
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Definition
| toward midline of body, inner side of |
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Definition
| away from the midline, on the outerside of |
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Term
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Definition
| closer of the origin of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| farther from the origin of a body part |
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Term
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Definition
| toward or at the body surface |
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Term
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Definition
| more internal; away from the body surface |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two large cavities? |
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Definition
| dorsal and ventral cavities |
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Term
| what does dorsal body cavity consist of? |
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Definition
| cranial cavity and vertebral cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| lies in skull and contains brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does ventral body cavity consist of? |
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Definition
| thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
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Term
| what does ventral body cavity consist of? |
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Definition
| thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
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Term
| visceral organs (viscera) |
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Definition
| lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest wall, has three parts (contains heart and lungs) |
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Term
| what does thoracic cavity consist of? |
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Definition
| two lateral parts (each containing a lung surrounded by pleural cavity), a central band of organs called mediastinum |
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Term
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Definition
| contains heart surrounded by pericardial cavity and has a superior mediastinum |
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Term
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Definition
| surrpuned by abdominal wall and pelvic griddle |
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Term
| what separates thoracic and abdominal cavities? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains liver, stomach, kidneys, digestive viscera |
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Term
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Definition
| bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum. |
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Term
| what are most organs surrounded by in abdominopelvic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pleural cavity (around lung), pericardinal cavity (around heart), peritoneal vacity (in abdominopelvic) |
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Term
| what are serous cavities lined by? |
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Definition
| serous membranes or serosa |
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Term
| what are serous membranes named? |
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Definition
| pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| part of serosa that forms outer wall of cavity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by both serous m, watery |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by both serous m, watery |
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Term
| what are the functions of a cell? |
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Definition
obtain nutrients and substances
use them to make molecules
dispose of wastes
maintain shape and integrity
replicate themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| cell's subunits which carries out most of its functions |
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Term
| what are the 3 main parts of the human cell? |
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Definition
| plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| outer cell membrane, thin flexible layer that separates body's fluid compartments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fluid outside and between cells |
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Term
| what depicts the structure of a plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| fluid mosaic model which is a double layer or bilayer of lipid molecules with protein molecules. |
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Term
| what are the most abundant lipids in the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| phospholipids (charged polar head and an uncharged nonpolar tail made of 2 chains of fatty acids) |
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Definition
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Term
| proteins make up about ___ of plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two distinct types of proteins? |
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Definition
| integral proteins and peripheral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| firmly embedded in or strongly attached to the lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| not embedded in plasma membrane at all, attached loosely to the membrane surface and also makes a network of filaments that helps support the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| external cell surface, cell coat, contributed by glycolipids |
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Term
| what are the functions of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
1. protective barrier
2. membrane proteins (receptors) are body's cellular communication system
3. selectively permeable |
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Term
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Definition
| passage of small, uncharged molecules, moving down their concentration gradient from more concentration to less concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of water across a membrane (through lipid bilayer) |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusing through the plasma membrane by moving through a specific integral protein |
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Term
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Definition
| requires use of energy, moving against concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| requires use of energy, moving against concentration gradient |
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Term
| vesicular or bulk transport |
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Definition
| passage of large molecules and particles |
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Term
| what are two types of bulk transport? |
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Definition
| exocytosis and endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter cells |
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Term
| what are three types of endocytosis? |
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Definition
| phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell eating, psudopods engulf cellular debris and form phagosome |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous vesicle formed by engulfing |
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Term
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Definition
| fuse with lysosomes that break down contents of phagosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell drinking, p.m surround ecf |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-walled sac that has fluid |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| selective transport process, bind to specific receptors on CM and is brought into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell. first substance is enclosed in vesicle in cytoplasm, then fuse with v and t snares, fuse with plsma membrane opening a pore and then vesicle content are released into the cell exterior |
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Term
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Definition
| cell forming material - internal to PM and external to nucleus. most cell activities carried out here. |
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Term
| what are three major elements of the cytoplasm? |
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Definition
| cytosol, organelles, and inclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| jellylike fluid containing substance, consists of water, ions, and many enzymes. |
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Term
| what is the difference between organelles and PM? |
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Definition
| similar in composition by lack glycocalyx |
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Term
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Definition
| assembly line, producing proteins, dark stained, not surrounded by membrane, constructed of proteins plus ribosomal RNA. Site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids linked together to form protein molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| carries instructions to ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| float freely within cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| network within the cytoplasm. extensive system of membrane-walled envelopes through cytoplasm. more than half of membranous surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of stacked envelopes. ribsomes attach here when protein is being made. functions: its ribsomes makes all proteins, gland cells secret a large amount of protein, makes digestive enzymes integral proteins and phospholipids. "membrane factory" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tubules in a branching network, no ribosomes, not a site for protein synthesis, but it makes or breaks down fats, also stores calcium ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| stack of 3 to 10 discshaped envelopes, bound by a membrane. moves from cis to trans face. packaging and shipping division. |
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Term
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Definition
| receives spherical membrane transport vesicles from the rough ER |
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Term
| what are steps btw ER and golgi? |
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Definition
1. pinch off er and fuse with golgi membranes
2. proteins modified in golgi
3. packaged w/i different vesicle types, depending on destination |
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Term
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Definition
| new vesicles bud off a trans face to leave apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| release their contents to cell's exterior by exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical, membrane walled sac containing digestive enzymes. break spart and digest unwanted substances |
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Term
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Definition
| power plant, produce energy for cellular function, bean shaped but microscopically threadlike. enclosed by 2 membrane: outer membrane (smooth and featureless) and inner membrane (folds inward to form cristae) |
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Term
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Definition
| shelflike in mitochondria - part of inner membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| cristae protrudes into matrix (jellylike substance within the mitochondrion) |
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Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
mitocondria release the energy in chemical bonds and transfer to produce ATP.
ATP - high energy molecules that cells use to power chemical reaction
1.starts in matrix (citric acid cycle)
2. complete in cristae (oxidative phopho)
- also contain some DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic waste removal system. membrane-walled sacs (oxidase and catalases) |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidases use oxygen to neutralize aggressively reactive molecules (free radiicals), converting them to hydrogen peroxide. normal by-products of cellular metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| cell skeleton - elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol. supporting cellular structures and various cell movements. 3 types of rods |
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Term
| what are the three types of rods in cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
1. microfilaments
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| thinnest elements, strands of spherical protein actin |
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Term
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Definition
| strands in microfilamnets, layer under PM |
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Term
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Definition
| actin filaments interact with this to generate contractile forces within the cel.. |
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Term
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Definition
| tough, insoluble protein fibers, most stable and permanent, link adjacent cells by attaching to desmosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| largest diameter, hollow tubes of tubulins, stiff but bendable, radiate near nucleus in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| center body (region of microtubules), spherical structure near in cytoplasm near nucleus, no membranes, has centrosome matrix and centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
| outer cloud of protein in centrosome, seeds the growth and elongation of microtubules (radiates a mitotic spindle) |
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Term
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Definition
| inner pair in centrosome, act in forming cilia and flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical drops of store fat, looks like lysosomes, lack membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| store sugar in form of glycogen, which is a long branching chain of glucose molecules (the cell's main energy source) |
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Term
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Definition
| control center of the cell, largest organelle, |
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Term
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Definition
| directs cel's activities, gives instructions for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 parallel membranes separated by a fluid-filled space. outside it is rough er with ribosomes. encloses jelly like fluid called nucleoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains shape of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| penetrate the fused regions. bracelet shaped. allow large molecules to pass in and out of nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| dark-staining body in the cell nucleus. ribosome-producing and assembling machine. leave the nucleus through pores into cytoplasm |
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Term
| what is the double helix composed of? |
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Definition
| 4 subunits called nucleotides and each has distinct base thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine to hold helix together |
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Term
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Definition
| the dna molecule plus the proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| disc shaped protein molecules. each 2 turns of dna has 8 of these |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin in the nucleosome, synthesizes activites in cell |
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Term
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Definition
| thick fiber of chromatin after coiling, inactive |
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Term
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Definition
| dna's genetic code is copied onto messenger rna molecules in extended chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| contains single, long molecule of dna |
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Term
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Definition
| programmed cell death. eliminates cells that are stressed, unnedded, excessive, aged. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in cell size, shape, or arrangement due to long-term irritation or inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive cell proliferation, retain normal form and arrangement within tissues. increase in number not size |
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Term
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Definition
| growth of an organs or tissue due to an increase in size of its cells. normal response of skeletal muscle cells to excersize. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| death of a cell or group of cell to injury or disease. accidental, uncontrolled cell death. injury causes cell to swell and burst (inflammatory response) |
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Term
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Definition
| temp structures in cytoplasm in a cell type |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the main parts of the nucleus? |
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Definition
| nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin and chromosomes. |
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Term
| process of double helix of dna? |
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Definition
1. packaged wit protein molecules and coiled in strands
2. coiling of nucleosomes forming a tight helical fiber
3. thick fibers called condensed chromatin
4. packed into chromatid of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of dna and histones |
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