Term
| what are the parts of the brain |
|
Definition
| brainstem, cerebellum, ciencephalon, tenecephalon |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the brainstem |
|
Definition
| medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the diencephalon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the medulla |
|
Definition
| anterior median fissue, pyramids, olive, pre-olivary sulcus, retro-olivary sulcusmedullopontine sulcus |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior median fissure continous with |
|
Definition
| continous inferior with anterior median fissue of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what are the pyramids, where are they located |
|
Definition
| 2 longitudinal columns on each side of the anterior median fissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the olive, where is it |
|
Definition
| oval elevation lateral to upper part of pyramid |
|
|
Term
| where is the pre-olivary sulcus |
|
Definition
| between pyramid and olive |
|
|
Term
| what attaches to the pre-olivary sulcus |
|
Definition
| rootlets of the hypoglosseal nerve (CN XIII) |
|
|
Term
| where is the retro-olivary sulcus located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what attaches to the retro-olivary sulcus |
|
Definition
| rootlets of glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves |
|
|
Term
| what are the attachments of the retro-olivary sulcus in line with |
|
Definition
| attachment of rootlets of accessory nerve (CN XI) |
|
|
Term
| what is a characteristic of the nerves in the medullopontine sulcus |
|
Definition
| nerves that attach medial to lateral |
|
|
Term
| what nerves are in the medullopontine sulcus |
|
Definition
| abducencs (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) |
|
|
Term
| what nerve attaches to the pons, at what part |
|
Definition
| the trigeminal nerve (CN V) attaches to the anterior surface |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the midbrain |
|
Definition
| cerebral crura (cerebral peduncles) |
|
|
Term
| what are the cerebral crura formed by |
|
Definition
| two columns of descending fibers one on each side |
|
|
Term
| what nerve attaches to the midbrain, on which part |
|
Definition
| oculomotor nerve (CN III) to the medial border of the cerebral crus |
|
|
Term
| where is the 4th ventricle located |
|
Definition
| between cerebellum (posterior) and pons and upper medulla (anterior) |
|
|
Term
| what is the posterior surface of the medulla similar to |
|
Definition
| posterior of cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle |
|
Definition
| posterior surface of upper medulla and posterior surface od pons from floor of 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the 4th ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are on the posterior surface of the midbrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the elevations of the midbrain |
|
Definition
| two superior colliculi, 2 inferior colliculi |
|
|
Term
| what are the superior colliculi involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the inferior colliculi involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the trochlear nerve (CN IV) emerge from |
|
Definition
| immediatly below inferior colliculi |
|
|
Term
| what is the only cranial nerve attached to the posterior surface of the brain stem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the longitudinal fissue seperate |
|
Definition
| right and left cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| what is the corpus callosum |
|
Definition
| bundle of fibers at the bottom of the longitudinal fissue that connects right and left hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| why are the hemispheres of the brain considered to be incomplete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 lobes of the hemisphere |
|
Definition
| frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central sulcus, lateral sulcus. on lateral surface of a cerebral hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| what does the central sulcus seperate |
|
Definition
| frontal and parietal lobes |
|
|
Term
| what does the lateral sulcus seperate |
|
Definition
| temporal from frontal and parietal |
|
|
Term
| what is located deep to the sulcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two arteries that supply the brain |
|
Definition
| vertebral, internal carotid |
|
|
Term
| what forms the basilar artery , where at |
|
Definition
| the joining of the right and left vertebral artery, the medullopontine sulcus |
|
|
Term
| what does the basilar artery run along |
|
Definition
| midline of anterior surface of pons |
|
|
Term
| where does the basilar artery end |
|
Definition
| upper end of pons by dividing into right and left posterior cervical arteries |
|
|
Term
| what do vertebral and basal arteries supply |
|
Definition
| spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior parts of cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| where does the internal carotid artery begin |
|
Definition
| bifurcation of common carotid at the upper border of thryoid cartilage |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the internal carotid artery |
|
Definition
| cervical, petrous, cavernous, cerebral |
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the cervical part of the internal carotid artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the petrous part of the internal carotid artery |
|
Definition
| within carotid canal in petrous part of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the cavernous sinus, where is it located |
|
Definition
| dural venous sinus in the middle cranial fossa, one on each side of the stella tunica |
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery |
|
Definition
| after it exits cavernous sinus to its termination where it divides into anterior and middle cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the internal carotid artery |
|
Definition
| opthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral |
|
|
Term
| where does the opthamic artery located |
|
Definition
| enters orbit via optic canal with the optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| what does the posterior communicating artery connect |
|
Definition
| internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the anterior cerebral artery |
|
Definition
| right and left anterior cerebral |
|
|
Term
| what does the anterior communicating artery connect |
|
Definition
| right and left anterior cerebral |
|
|
Term
| what forms the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) |
|
Definition
| large cerebral arteries and their interconnections on ventral surface of brain |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the cerebral arteriel circle (of Willis) |
|
Definition
| anterir communicating a., anterior cerebral a., internal carotid a, posterior communicating a, posterior cerebral a, |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the cerebral arterial circle (of willis) |
|
Definition
| potential vascular shunt, assisting in development of collateral circulation if one proximal vessels is occluded |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the dura mater, what are their locations |
|
Definition
| periosteal/endosteal (outer), meningeal (inner) |
|
|
Term
| what does the periosteal cover |
|
Definition
| inner surface of skull bones |
|
|
Term
| what does the miningeal cover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the dura mater layers not closley united |
|
Definition
| where they seperate to form venous sinuses |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the dura mater |
|
Definition
| dural septa, tentorium cerebelli, flax cerebelli, diaphgram sellae |
|
|
Term
| what forms the dural septa |
|
Definition
| meningeal layer of the dura mater |
|
|
Term
| what are the flax cerebri |
|
Definition
| sickle shaped fold that lies in midline between right and left cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| what are the tenrorium cerebelli |
|
Definition
| crescent shaped fold on roof over posterior cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| what does the flax cerebelli seperate |
|
Definition
| cerebellum from occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| what fills the tentorial notch opening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are flax cerebelli, where is it located |
|
Definition
| small sickle shaped fold in posterior cranial fossa that prohects between right and left cerebellar hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| what is the diaphragma sellae, what does it form |
|
Definition
| small circular fld forming roof od stell turcica |
|
|
Term
| what does the diaphgrama sellae have an opening for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the dural venous sinus located |
|
Definition
| between inner and outer layers of dura mater |
|
|
Term
| what does the dural venous sinus recieve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the blood from the brain get into the dural venous sinus |
|
Definition
| superificial and deep cerebral veins |
|
|
Term
| where is the CSF in the brain located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does CSF get to the dural venous sinus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does blood from the dural venous sinus drain to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the dural venous sinuses |
|
Definition
| superior saggital, inferior saggital, straight, transverse, sigmoid, occipital, cavernosus, superior petrosal, inferior peterosal, sphenoparietal |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior saggital sinus run on the border of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the superior saggital sinus bein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the saggital sinus end |
|
Definition
| posterior in confluence of sinuses over internal occipital protuberence |
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior saggital sinus run along |
|
Definition
| lower free border of flax cerebri |
|
|
Term
| how does the inferior saggital sinus end |
|
Definition
| joins great cerebral vein to form straight sinus |
|
|
Term
| what does the straight sinus run along |
|
Definition
| flax cerebri and tentorium cerebelli |
|
|
Term
| where does the straight sinus end |
|
Definition
| posterior in confluence of sinuses |
|
|
Term
| how does the transverse sinus begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the transverse sinus run along |
|
Definition
| posterior border of tentorium cerebelli |
|
|
Term
| when the transverse sinus reaches the temporal bone what happens to it |
|
Definition
| it turns down to become continous with sigmoid sinus |
|
|
Term
| what does the occipital sinus run along |
|
Definition
| posterior border of flax cerebelli |
|
|
Term
| how does the occipital sinus end, where |
|
Definition
| superior in confluence of sinuses and inferior communicates with internal vertebral venous plexus within vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
| where is the cevernosus sinus located |
|
Definition
| middle cranial fossa one on each side of the sella turcica |
|
|
Term
| what does the cevernous sinus drain |
|
Definition
| orbit, parts of cerebral hemisphere, pituitary gland, sphenoparietal sinus |
|
|
Term
| what are located within the cavernous sinus |
|
Definition
| internal carotid artery and abducens nerve, CN III, IV, V1 and V2 divisions of the trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
| where and what drains the cavernous sinus |
|
Definition
| posterior by superior and inferior petrosal sinuses |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior petrosal sinus run along |
|
Definition
| superior border of petrous part of temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior petrosal sinus connect |
|
Definition
| cavernous sinus with terminal part of transverse sinus |
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior petrosal sinus run along |
|
Definition
| inferior border of petrous part of temporal bone between petrous part and occipital bone |
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior petrosal sinus connect |
|
Definition
| cavernous sinus with internal juggular vein |
|
|
Term
| what does the sphenoparietal sinus run along |
|
Definition
| posterior border of lesser wing of sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| what does the sphenoparietal sinus drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where can hemorrhages occur, what is the cause |
|
Definition
| they can occur at a variety of sites and each has their own cause |
|
|
Term
| what is the peak age for incidence of primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage |
|
Definition
| rupture of small intraparenchymal vessel |
|
|
Term
| what is usually the cause of primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where can a primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage be located |
|
Definition
| basal ganglia, thalamus, pons, cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what is the most frequent cause of significant subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
Definition
| rupture of a sasccular aneurysm |
|
|
Term
| where do most saccular aneurysms occur |
|
Definition
| in the anterior circulation |
|
|
Term
| what increases the risk of bleeding in saccular aneurysms |
|
Definition
| they can occur in multiples |
|
|
Term
| what is usually the outcome of a saccular aneurysm |
|
Definition
| 20-50% die in first rupture |
|
|
Term
| what is a symptom of a saccular aneyrysm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an epidural hematoma |
|
Definition
| torn vessel in the dura, middle meningeal artery |
|
|
Term
| why would a epidural hematoma usually occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes the problems in a epidural hematoma |
|
Definition
| blood under arterial pressure seperates dura from inner surface of skull, smooth inner contour compresses the brain |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a subdural hematoma |
|
Definition
| tearing or dridging veins caused by rapid movement of the brain and it bleeds into the aubdural space |
|
|
Term
| where is a subdural hematoma commonly located |
|
Definition
| over lateral aspect of cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| when do symptoms of a subdural hematoma show up |
|
Definition
| withing 48 hours of injury |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of a subdural hematoma |
|
Definition
| headache, confusion, progressive neurological deterioration |
|
|
Term
| what is a chronic subdural hematoma |
|
Definition
| subdural hematomas frequently re-bleed |
|
|
Term
| how are symptomatic subdural hematomas treated |
|
Definition
| removing the organizing blood and tissue |
|
|
Term
| what does the dura mater function as |
|
Definition
| periosteum of internal surface of the skull |
|
|
Term
| what is an arachnoid granulation |
|
Definition
| herniation of arachnoid through dura into venous channels. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the arachnoid granulations |
|
Definition
| allows CSF to leave arachnoid and go into venous blood |
|
|
Term
| how is brain arachnoid different from spinal cord |
|
Definition
| follows contour of dura mater, trabecular |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of trabeculae |
|
Definition
| distribute force over brain surface, avoid focal pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superificial vein from brain surface that bridges arachnoid, pierces dura. |
|
|
Term
| what is a concern with birdging veins |
|
Definition
| penetration of the dura mater leads to a spot of volurnability, moving it too much could tear the vein |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the dural septa |
|
Definition
| allow brain to rotate with the head |
|
|
Term
| what forms the dural septa |
|
Definition
| falx cerebri and tentorum cerebelli come to a T |
|
|
Term
| what forms the posterior brain circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the anterior brain circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects anterior and posterior brain circulation |
|
Definition
| posterior communicating a, circle or Willis |
|
|
Term
| what are the terminal branches of the internal carotid |
|
Definition
| anterior cerebral, middle a |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the free edge of the tentorium cerebelli |
|
Definition
| leave space for the brain stem |
|
|
Term
| how does the inferior cavernous sinus end |
|
Definition
| direct route into jugular foramen |
|
|
Term
| how does the superior cavernous sinus end |
|
Definition
| connects to the transverse sinus |
|
|
Term
| what is a saccular aneurysm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes a saccular aneurysm |
|
Definition
| defect in muscular wall of artery, intima is pushed through artery wall making an aneurism sack which can burst |
|
|
Term
| what is an aneurism sac composed of |
|
Definition
| thickened intima, no elastic lamina |
|
|
Term
| what medical condition is a subdural hematoma associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is especially volurnable if they get a subdural hematoma |
|
Definition
| someone with brain atrophy and infantsq |
|
|
Term
| why is there increase concern for someone with brain atrophy when they have a subdermal hematoma |
|
Definition
| shrinking causes bridging veins to get stretched, movement could break the veins |
|
|
Term
| why is there increase concern for infants when they have a subdermal hematoma |
|
Definition
| veins are delicate and could break |
|
|
Term
| how does a subdural hematoma usually stop |
|
Definition
| by itself, organizes like a clot over time by fibroblasts making dural membranes made of granulation fissure |
|
|
