Term
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Definition
-temperature maintenance
-metabolic needs
-environmental stresses
-behavioral activity
-physical stresses of design
-support for locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
body size
-gravitational forces
-biological design
-locomotion
-metabolism
relationship of volume to surface area
-physiological changes
relationship of volume to mass
-biological design
relationship of size and shape
-growth and development
-support |
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Term
| how water is lost from body |
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Definition
-urine
-sweat
-fecal matter
-respiration
-transpiration through skin and mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
-temperature is determined by the head produced by metabolic processes and heat lost to/gained from the environment
metabolic rate is affected by temperature (increase in temp means increase in metabolism)
-ectotherm: an ectothermic animal derives its body heat from the environment
-endotherm: and endothermic animal derives its head from metabolic processes, despite temperature |
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Term
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Definition
temperature conformer
ex: sharks, fish, amphibians, reptiles
-animal changes metabolic processes and behaviors due to the environment
-heliotherms: animals that use the heat of the sun to keep warm
advantages
-low activity requires less energy, and therefore little food is needed to survive
disadvantages
-limited terrain
-must hibernate in winter |
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Term
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Definition
temperature regulator
ex: birds and mammals
-vertebrates have specialization for retaining heat generated by the body
-heat is produced by body activity
-body temperature regulated by controlling the amount of heat lost from the surface
Most endotherms have a metabolic rate 3-4x greater than an ectotherm of a similar size |
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Term
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Definition
-affected by body temperature
-related to animal activity
-related to body size
-related to animal's need to maintain temperature |
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Term
| specialization of endotherms for maintaining temperature |
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Definition
-insulating layers (feather, fur, adipose, oil glands)
-variations in blood flow to the skin (vasodilation increases blood flow/heat to the surface, vasoconstriction decreases blood flow/heat to the surface)
-changes in metabolic rate
-sweating and panting
-behavioral activity |
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Term
| stresses on animal design |
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Definition
-feeding activity
-predator avoidance
-climate (food sources, seasonal fluctuations of food and temperature)
-physical forces (gravity, body mass, temperature, surface tension, air and fluid resistance) |
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Term
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Definition
allometry: the change in shape in correlation with a change in size
as an animal grows, if all parts grow at equal rates, the surface area to volume ration would result in exchange surfaces (respiratory, digestive, circulatory) that are too small to accommodate the increasing mass of the animal
-an animal must have a design that will alter its length, area and mass at different growth rates |
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Term
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Definition
isometry: when geometric proportions stay the same with changes in size
-ex: salamanders have the same body proportions their entire life, and do grow larger |
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