Term
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Definition
| molecular, cellular, organ system, pathological |
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Term
| What Homeostasis can regulate |
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Definition
| temperature, water level, calcium level, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen and CO2 levels, blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| sensor that recognizes stimulus or environmental change |
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Term
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Definition
| processes information from the sensor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells, tissues, or organ systems; can sense various environmental changes; can activate response mechanisms that adjust activity; typically LOCALIZED response |
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Term
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Definition
| sense various environmental changes, send signals to cells, tissues, or organs causeing activation of response mechanisms; WIDESPREAD response |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective; experience; not easily measurable |
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Term
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Definition
| objective; physically observable or measurable |
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Term
| elements of the human body by percent body weight |
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Definition
| oxygen (65), carbon (19), hydrogen (10), nitrogen (3) trace elements (3) |
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Term
| elements of the human body by percent of total atoms |
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Definition
| hydrogen (62), oxygen (26), carbon (10), nitrogen (1.5), trace elements (.5) |
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Term
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Definition
| calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, sulfurm chlorine, magnesium, iron, iodine |
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Term
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Definition
| soluble inorganic molecule whose ions can conduct electrical current in solution (NaCl) |
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Term
| physiologically important ions |
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Definition
| Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HPO4 2-, H+, OH- |
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Term
| normal blood pH range, acidosis, alkalosis |
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Definition
7.35-7.45, low pH, high pH
-can alter protein structures |
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Term
| 4 major classes of organic compounds |
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Definition
| 1. carbs 2. lipids 3. proteins and amino acids 4. nucleic acids and nucleotides |
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Term
| molecular composition of the human body |
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Definition
| water>proteins>lipids>carbs |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| CHO with less O; also contain P,N,S; phospholipids, glycolipids, prostglandins(local), leukotrines, steroids |
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Term
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Definition
| cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, corticosteroids, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies, hormones, mucus, large protein + CHO |
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Term
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Definition
| large polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains; important thickening agent in tissue fluids |
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Term
| four types of cells in the human body |
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Definition
| eukaryotic, prokaryotic, parasites, viruses (not cells) |
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Term
| glycocalyx on extracellular surface |
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Definition
| smaller groups attached to membrane lipids and membrane proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| contains ribosomes; synthesis of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid and carbohydrate synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| processes and packages products |
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Term
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Definition
| digest DAMAGED or ABNORMAL PROTEINS |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymatic BREAKDOWN of LIPIDS and TOXINS |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles with multiple types of digestive enzymes; responsible for removal of damaged cells |
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Term
| Do all somatic cells contain the same genes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces populations of specialized calls with limited capabilities |
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Term
| undifferentiated/embryonic cells |
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Definition
| can form any type of cell |
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Term
| neural, muscle, connective, epithelical |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fibroblasts, reticular and elastic fibers, adipose, aerolar, tendons, ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells in fluid matrix |
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Term
| supportive connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secrete products onto SURFACE of epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| release HORMONES onto surrounding interstitial fluid or bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| loss of product and cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hair follicles, nails, exocrine glands |
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Term
stratified squamous epithelium
(epidermis)
-cell types
-vascular or avascular? |
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Definition
| keratinocyes, melanocytes, langerhans, merkel, avascular |
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Term
| subcutaneous/superficial fascia |
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Definition
| loose fibrous, contains fat for padidng and insulation, vascular |
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Term
| functions of integumentary system (6) |
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Definition
| nutrient storage, temperature regulation, vitamin D3 synthesis, sensory detection, protection, excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin D3, epidermal cells ecposed to UV light produce it |
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Term
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Definition
hormone affecting bone growth
-produced by KIDNEY
-stimulates Ca2+ and PO4 2- absorption
-regulates Ca2+ ion conc. in body |
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Term
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| increases calcium absorption |
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Term
| oldest cells in stratum _______ layer eventually flake off |
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Definition
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Term
| __-__ days from germinativum layer to cells being shed |
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Definition
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Term
| thick skin has __ layers and thin skin has __ layers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| made from epidernal ridges of s. germinativum are interlocked with dermal papillae; improve grip |
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Term
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Definition
hormone affecting bone growth
-produced by KIDNEY
-stimulates Ca2+ and PO4 2- absorption
-regulates Ca2+ ion conc. in body |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperkeratosis, xerosis, psoriasis, herpes, warts, cancers |
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Term
| types of skin cancers (4) |
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Definition
| actinic keratinosis (pre-cancerous), basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcionma, melanoma |
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Term
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Definition
| germinative layer, produces keratinocytes, has cyclic growth pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| apocrine, sebaceous, ceruminous, sudoriferous (2), mammary |
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Term
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Definition
| oil producing, onto hair shaft or epidermal surface, inhibits bacterial growth, conditions hair and skin |
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Term
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Definition
| open into HAIR FOLLICLE, primarily in armpits an dpubic regions, sudoriferous sweat gland, active after puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| sensible perspiration/evaporative cooling, open directly to SKIN SURFACE, palms and soles |
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Term
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Definition
| anatomically similar to apocrine, use apocrine actions, produce milk |
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Term
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Definition
| wax-producing, in ear canals |
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Term
| sudoriferous sweat glands |
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Definition
| merocrine/apocrine, both use merocrine action (exocytosis) |
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Term
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Definition
collagen fibers and ground substance
-provides stiff but flexible support, reduces friction between bony surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
collagen and elastic fibers
-provides support but tolerates distortions |
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Term
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Definition
dense collagen little ground substance
-resists sompression,prevents bone-to-bone contact, limits movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
growth at surface; inner layer of perichondrium divides
-increases bone diameter |
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Term
| osseous tissue components |
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Definition
2/3 hydroxyapetite (Ca2+ salts)
1/3 collagen (protein fiber framework) |
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Term
| osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts |
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Definition
| builds, cuts-down via osteolysis |
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Term
| growth order of bone cells |
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Definition
| osteoprogenitor>osteoblast>osteogenesis>osteocytes (in lacunae w/ cannaliculi) |
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Term
1. "dense" vs. "cancellous bone"
2. "cortex" vs. "diploe" |
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Definition
1. compact vs. spongy
2. same but in skull |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| locations of compact and spongy bone |
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Definition
compact: stresses are limited in direction
spongy: where stresses are weaker or multi-directional |
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Term
| a typical long bone includes (5) |
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Definition
| diaphysis, metaphyses, epiphyses, articular cartilage, marrow cavity |
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Term
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Definition
covers outer surface of bone
-fibrous outer layer, inner layer of stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
lines inner surface of bone
-layer of stem cells and osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
converting other tissue to bone
-ossification centers are at epiphyseal plates |
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Term
| intramembraneous ossification |
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Definition
| bone develops within mesenchymal (embryonic) connective tissue |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| cartilage model gradually replaced by bone; cartilage remains as articular cartilage at ends of bones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| vitamin C needed for _______ ________ |
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Definition
collagen synthesis
-defeciency=scurvy |
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Term
growth hormone
(location, purpose, defeciency) |
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Definition
| pituitary, protein synthesis, dwarfism/gigantism |
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Term
thyroxine
(location, purpose) |
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Definition
| thyroid gland, increases bone mass by stimulating osteoblast activity |
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Term
sex hormones
(two types, purpose) |
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Definition
| estrogens and androgens, epiphyseal plate closure due to increased osteoblast activity |
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Term
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Definition
| increases blood calcium levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| "tones down" blood calcium levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| natural loss of bone mass |
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Term
|
Definition
| pathological loss of bone mass due to osteoclasts degrading bone |
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