Term
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Definition
| determines frequency of the contractions in the GI tract (3/ minute) |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by duodenum, liver, and pancreas to decrease acidity of chyme by mixing with it before it enters the small intestine so that it doesn't burn through it |
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Definition
| breaks down fat to increase surface area so that enzymes can attach themselves to it and digest it, CCK causes it be released the gall bladder |
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Definition
| before the food reaches the stomach; when you think of food, touch food, taste food, etc, results in increase of HCl in stomach in preparation for digestion, not as much HCL is made in this phase as in the gastric phase |
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Term
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Definition
| in the gastric phase, able to detect food, triggers hormones that signal the increase of HCl |
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Definition
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Definition
| present in stomach and esophagus, work with longitudinal for peristalsis |
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Definition
| first foot of the small intestine |
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Definition
| Secretin, cholecystokimin (CCK), and vasoctive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) |
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Definition
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Definition
| stores bile and stimulated by CCK to respond to high levels of fat |
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Definition
| produced by G cells when chemoreceptors detect food; stimulates parietal cells for HCl production |
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Term
| Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) |
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Definition
| produced by K cells; response to high levels of glucose; decreases concentration of HCl in duodenum and increases insulin production by pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| when food gets in the stomach and secretions increase to turn food to chyme |
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Term
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Definition
| leaves stomach first during stomach emptying |
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Term
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Definition
| converts pepsinogen to pepsin |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates parietal cells to produce HCl |
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Term
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Definition
| create CCK in response to high levels of fat and protein |
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Term
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Definition
| between small and large intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| signals the presence of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| the slowing down of gastric secretions (when chyme is in intestines) |
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Term
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Definition
| produce GIP which responds to glucose, increasing insulin production and decreasing HCl concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| last to leave the stomach during stomach emptying; separate from aqueous chyme |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| present in the stomach and esophagus, have pacemaker cells that cause the stomach to contract three times per minute |
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Term
| lower esophageal sphincter |
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Definition
| prevents HCl from going back up the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| present in the stomach, churning |
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Term
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Definition
| produces enzymes and insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete hydrochloric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down proteins during the gastric phase |
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Term
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Definition
| precursor form of pepsin; secreted by chief cells |
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Term
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Definition
| closes with each contraction, allows only 3mL of liquid/small particles into the duodenum per contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| produce secretin which responds to high acidity and inhibits gastrin and increases bicarbonate production in the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| produce saliva which breaks downs carbohydrates and sugars |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gastric phase; in the stomach tissue, detects the presence (or absence) of food and signal for secretion (or inhibition) of HCl |
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Term
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Definition
| when you think about food and HCl, gastrin, and histamine are produced in the stomach during cephalic phase |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is too much acid in the body, results from the accumulation of acid or from the depletion of alkaline reserves, the pH of the blood is abnormally low |
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Term
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Definition
| the blood vessel (arteriole) that leads into the glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
| from the adrenal gland in the adrenal cortex, increases sodium reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
| the build up of basic substances within the body |
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Term
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Definition
| can decrease the PH of urine with its extra hydrogen ion |
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Term
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Definition
| increases blood pressure, the active form of angiotensinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| the inactive form of angiotensin |
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Term
| anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| from the posterior pituitary gland, increases water reabsorption, the stimulus is high blood solute concentration |
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Term
| ascending limb of the Loop of Henle |
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Definition
| NaCl leaves through this limb |
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Term
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Definition
| buffer of the bicarbonate form- reduces acidity because of the additional hydrogen ion |
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Term
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Definition
| helps filtrate blood to form urine |
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Term
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Definition
| in body and lungs, involved in the rapid adjustment of your blood's pH by the increase of Hydrogen ions |
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Term
| capsular hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| the resistance of blood entering the glomerular capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| when the properties of one fluid are transferred to another fluid |
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Term
| countercurrent multiplier |
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Definition
| creates a concentration gradient by expending energy |
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Term
| descending limb of the Loop of Henle |
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Definition
| limb of the loop of Henle through which water molecules exit |
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Term
| distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
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Definition
| water, urea, and salts from within the limb of Henle eventually pass through here |
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Term
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Definition
| the blood vessel (arteriole) that leads out of the glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
| holes in endothelium of the glomerular capillaries, filters by size |
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Term
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Definition
| the substances filtered out of the blood, excess nutrients, harmful substances, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane of the capillaries through which harmful material in the blood is filtered out |
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Term
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Definition
| space between podocytes which filter based on size |
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Term
| glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
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Definition
| the rate at which blood is filtered |
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Term
| glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| chief pressure against the flow of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| filtration unit of the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| most common amino acid in muscles, helps regulate acid balance by producing ammonium |
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Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Definition
| regulates the functions of the nephrons, formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole |
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Term
| juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) |
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Definition
| synthesize, store, and secrete renin, located in the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| potassium channels that allow potassium ions to leave the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| detect the high solute filtrates with chemoreceptors, |
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Term
| medullary osmotic gradient |
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Definition
| produced by active transport of sodium by the ascending limb |
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Term
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Definition
| when the arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure in order to keep the blood flow constant |
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Term
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Definition
| sodium channels that allow sodium to enter the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| basically makes the kidney work |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic waste product containing nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| number of solute particles per liter |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels that travel beside the nephrons and allow reabsorption and secretion between blood and the nephron |
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Term
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Definition
| buffer in the form of phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure created by plasma proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| foot cells, make slits which filter on size |
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Term
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Definition
| help maintain the acidity of blood by controlling the amount of H+ available |
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Term
| proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
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Definition
| reabsorbs nutrients from the filtrate, connects to the Bowman capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| when nutrients from the filtrate are reabsorbed into the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the glomerulus, tubules, and vessels to the ureteric plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| regulating the acidity within the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I which is converted by ACE to angiotensin II |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules suspended in a solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| part of nervous system that helps to regulate secretions and contractions of muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| connection of cell membranes with no space in between the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| secretions of the tubules |
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Term
| tubuloglomerular mechanism |
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Definition
| in charge of the automatic regulation of GFR and RBF |
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Term
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Definition
| waste that is excreted through urine |
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Term
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Definition
| arteries near the top of the loop of Henle |
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Term
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Definition
| constriction of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| dilation of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| allow passive passage of polar water |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by S cells. Stimulates exocrine portion of the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate (HCO3-) into the pancreatic fluid (neutralizes acidity of intestinal contents), responds to high acid concentration- inhibits gastrin, which in turn inhibits HCl production, making the chyme less acidic so it doesn’t burn through the small intestine and also allows enzymes in intestine to work in a more basic environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by I cells. Stimulates the gallbladder to contract and force bile into the intestine; Causes release of pancreatic digestive enzymes into the pancreatic fluid |
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Term
| Vasoctive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) |
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Definition
| stretch receptor response during intestinal phase that increases intestinal activity |
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