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| when light rays entering the eye are converted into electrical impulses and are sent to the brain, and you are able to see |
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| the adjusting of the eye in order to focus on near objects and far objects and objects in bright light and in dim light |
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| interneurons in the retina, stimulated by photoreceptor cells, synapse with receptor cells and bipolar cells |
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| watery fluid that nourishes the eye |
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| synapse with rods, cones, and horizontal cells and transmit signals to the ganglion via amacrine cells |
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| middle tunic between retina and sclera, composed of blood vessels and connective tissue |
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| holds and controls the shape of the lens |
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| receives information from photoreceptors and horizontal cells through amacrine cells and bipolar cells |
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| regulate what visual information is sent to the brain |
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| wall in the eye that creates the pupil with its circularly and radially arranged smooth muscles |
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| refracts light, changes shape to change the focal distance so that things can be seen at different distances |
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| yellow oval at center of the retina, allows central vision |
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| G-protein activated by light, transport ions |
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| carries impulses from the retina to the brain |
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| specialized neurons in the retina: rods and cones, help to convert light into nerve signals |
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| part of brain that receives impulses from the optic nerve |
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| the hole created by the iris |
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| pupil’s reflex to different amounts of light |
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| field in which a stimulus could trigger a reflex |
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| bending of the light rays |
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| inner-most tunic of the eye, contains the photoreceptors |
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| form of vitamin A, binding protein |
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| pigment in the photoreceptor cells |
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| photoreceptors in the eye, function in less intense light |
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| outermost tunic of the eye |
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| clear, central, anterior portion of the sclera through which the light enters the eye |
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| G-protein activated by the change in rhedopsin |
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| holds the shape of the eye |
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| tube running from middle ear to pharynx, usually flat, opens when you yawn or swallow, equalizes pressure within the ear |
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| fibers that make up the basilar membrane |
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| vibrated by sound waves, move the hair cells on it so that they move against the tympanic membrane |
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| one of the three divisions of the inner ear |
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| branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that deals with hearing |
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| transmit vibratory motion of eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear |
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| short narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone of the skull |
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| also called anvil, anvil shaped bone in the middle ear, in the middle of the stapes and malleous, receives vibrations from the malleous and passes them to the stapes |
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| maze of bony chambers (bony labyrinth), divided into cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals |
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| also known as hammer, receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and passes them along to the incus |
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| tympanic cavity, air filled cavity within the temporal bone, flanked laterally by the eardrum and medially by a bony wall with a oval window opening and a inferior, membrane covered round window opening |
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| contains the hearing receptors (hair cells), receives soundwaves from vibrations of the eardrum, the ossicles, and oval window that reach the cochlea and put the cochlear fluids in motion |
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| outermost part of ear, contains pinna and the ear canal |
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| membrane covered opening that leads to the vestibule in the inner ear from the middle ear |
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| plasma-like fluid which fills the bony labyrinth |
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| shell shaped structure around the auditory canal opening, collects and directs sound waves into the auditory canal |
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| part of the brain in the temporal lobe where interpretation of sound occurs |
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| closed off from the middle ear by the round window membrane, allows the fluid in the cochlea to move |
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| also called cochlear duct, endolymph filled cavity within the cochlea of the inner ear |
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| also called vestibular duct, perilymph filled cavity within the cochlea of the inner ear, conducts sound vibrations to the scala media |
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| also called tympanic duct, perilymph filled cavity within the cochlea of the inner ear, communicates with the scala vestibuli through an opening at the apex of the cochlea |
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| compression of air molecules |
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| also known as stirrup, receives vibrations from the incus and passes them to the oval window |
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| mechanosensing organelles of hair cells that respond to the motion of fluids in the ear in order to perform functions such as hearing and balance |
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| moved up and down by the movementsof the stereocilia |
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| eardrum, hit by sound waves entering the external auditory canal which make it vibrate, separates the outer and middle ear |
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| in the semicircular ducts, contains fluid that moves the cupula when the head moves |
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| transmits auditory information to the brain to be processed, helps with balancing and hearing |
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| cluster of sensitive hairs that are bent by the pressure of the fluid in the ampulla when the head moves, helps detect movement |
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| fluid within the membranous labyrinth in the inner ear, waves are sent through it and it vibrates the basilar membrane |
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| on the basilar membrane within the organ of Corti, when the basilar membrane vibrates the hair cells move against the tympanic membrane |
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| small crystals of calcium carbonate, when the head moves the crystals move, moving the hair cells |
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| larger of vestibular sacs (otolith organs), detects up an down motion |
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| lined with cilia, filled with endolymph, when head moves endolymph moves, causing one to feel motion |
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| smaller of the vestibular sacs (otolith organs), detects forward, backward, left, and right motion |
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| deals with balance, transmits sensory information from the hair cells of the utricle and saccule |
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| contains the saccule and utricle, central portion of osseous labyrinth, one of the three divisions of the inner ear |
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| taste mediated by G-protein dependent mechanisms, causes the release of Ca+ from intracellular stores |
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| the brain structure responsible for the perception of taste |
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| G-protein that mediates transduction of bitter tastes |
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| peg-like projections on the tongue mucosa that give the surface of the tongue an abrasive feeling |
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| dissolves chemicals so that they may be tasted |
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| Na+ influx through apically located Na+ channels, directly depolarizes the gustatory cell |
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| mediated by H+, either directly enters the cells through a channel, opens channels that allow other cations to enter, or blockades K+ channels |
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| taste mediated by G-protein dependent mechanisms, causes the closure of K+ channels |
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| sensory receptor organ for taste, located in oral cavity (most are on tongue, some on inner cheeks, papillae of tongue, soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis) |
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| the small openings of the taste buds |
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| different taste sensations are salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami |
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| taste mediated by G-protein dependent mechanisms |
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| almond-shape neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the brain, helps with memory of smells |
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| inferior region of the frontal lobe, controls smell |
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| receive information and send it to the brain, produce odorant patterns that the brain interprets as smell |
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| functions in the storage of memories of smells |
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| part of brain that regulates many body functions one of which is smell |
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| principle neurons in the olfactory bulb that obtain information from other cells carrying olfactory receptors and process it |
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| olfactory epithelium, in the roof of the nasal cavity, epithelium specialized for smelling, provide metabolic and physical support for olfactory cells |
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| slimy secretion produces by mucous membranes, prevents tissue from drying and protects it, traps bacteria and dust so that it doesn’t enter the body |
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| a substance with a distinctive smell |
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| attract odorant molecules |
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| receives input about odors from cells in the nasal cavity that detect these odors |
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| portion of the cerebral cortex that deals with olfaction or smelling, identifies odors, receives sensory information about odors |
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| cranial nerve number one, functions in smelling, relays sensory data to the brain |
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| bowling pin shaped cells that cover the olfactory epithelium, bipolar neurons |
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