Term
| Physical Characteristics and Volume |
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Definition
Slightly basic (alkaline)
pH = 7.35 – 7.45
Higher density and viscosity than water Normal volume 5 - 6 liters for males, 4 - 5 liters for women |
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Term
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Definition
Delivery/distribution
Gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes
Regulation
Body temp, pH, fluid volume
Protection
Infection and against excessive blood loss |
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Term
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Definition
Mostly water (90%)
Solutes
Nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets |
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Term
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Definition
Red Blood Cells
Biconcave
Lack nuclei, most organelles
Contain hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
Oxygen carrying
Protein globin + red heme pigment |
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Term
| Production of Erythrocytes |
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Definition
Hematopoiesis or hemopoieisis
Blood cell formation
Occurs in the red bone marrow (Where is red marrow found???)
Erythropoiesis
Formation of erythrocytes
Controlled by hormone erythropoietin
Kidneys, liver
Drop oxygen stimulates release (see next slide)
Dietary requirements
Iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
Destruction
By macrophage, spleen |
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Term
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Definition
Anemias
Deficiency of RBCs
Abnormal hemoglobin or low hemoglobin content
Polycythemia
Abnormal excess of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
White blood cells
<1% blood volume
Have nucleus
Immunity
Diapedesis: able to slip out of capillaries
Positive chemotaxis: follow chemicals released by damaged cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Never let my engine blow: 50, 30, 5, 3, 0 |
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Term
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Definition
Formation WBCs
Regulated by production of interleukins & colony-stimulating factors (CSF) |
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Term
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Definition
Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count
Leukemias: clones of a single white blood cell that remain unspecialized and divide out of control
Infectious mononucleosis: disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus
Excessive number agranulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Platelets critical for clotting process |
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Term
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Definition
| Fast, localized response to reduce blood loss through clotting |
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Term
| Factors Limiting Clot Growth or Formation |
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Definition
Anticoagulants (vs. procoagulants)
Rapidly moving blood
Inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III, protein C, heparin |
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Term
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Definition
Definitions:
Thrombus: anchored clot in unbroken vessel
Embolus: floats freely until narrow vessel
Bleeding disorders
Abnormalities prevent normal clot formation
Thrombocytopenia, impaired liver function, hemophilia
Thromboembolytic disorders
Undesirable clotting
Roughening vessel endothelium, slow-flowing blood, blood stasis
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (D.I.C.)
Widespread clotting throughout intact vessels
Pregnancy, septicemia, incompatible blood transfusion |
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Term
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Definition
Transport gases (lungs, body tissues, cells, and removes CO2)
Antigen on surface = agglutinogens
Important for blood type
Antigens are proteins that stimulate the body to produce anti-bodies against them
>15 blood antigen systems
ABO and Rh most important |
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Term
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Definition
For every antigen there is a specific antibody
Anti-A, anti-B, etc
Preformed antibodies (agglutinins) are present in blood plasma (ABO) and do not match the individual’s blood
In the case of the Rh factor, antibodies are not formed until exposure
Transfusion reaction occurs if the donor blood is attacked by the recipient’s agglutinins
Agglutination
Hemolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Has 2 reactive sites, antigen binding sites (binds to antigen at once) |
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Term
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Definition
Creates network of cross-linked cells usually seen as clumping
Agglutination: clumping together of red blood cells by action of antibodies
We do not normally have antibodies against your own antigen, just foreign
Transfusions
Why can’t an A positive person take B positive blood?
What is the process that occurs when a person gets the wrong blood? Agglutination!
Why is O negative the universal donor?
Because there are no proteins on the surface to have antibodies against!
Thus can use antibodies to type blood |
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Term
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Definition
ABO typing- need anti-a or anti-b serum
Population distribution of types
O 43%, A 42%, B 12%, AB 3%
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are commercially available
To screen for natural antibodies present in blood use red blood cells with known antigens (also commercially available) |
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Term
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Definition
Visual properties
Anemia, heart disease
Differential White Blood Cell Count
Infection, allergic response, leukemia
Prothrombin time, platelet count
Status hemostasis system
SMAC / Chem Panel
Blood chemistry profile
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Counts of formed elements, hematocrit, hemoglobin content and size of RBCs |
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