Term
| What are the Major functions of the Nervous System? |
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Definition
Integration of information
Generation of memory
control of various systems
Mental Activity |
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Term
| 2 major components of nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| what is sensory receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conduits between sensory and receptors and CNS |
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Term
| what is the spinal nerve? |
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Definition
| nerves formed by the joining of the dorsal and central roots that arose form the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cells outside of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| network of neirons and axons outside of CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS |
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Term
| what are the components of the PNS? |
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Definition
sensory receptors
nerves
ganglia
plexus |
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Term
| function of the sensory receptors? |
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Definition
| endings of the neuron, specialized cells that detect temp, pain, touch , pressure, light, sound, and others |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of nerve fibers called axons and their sheaths. connects CNS to sensory receptros, muscles, and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of neiron cell bodies located outside of CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| extensive network of axons and cell bodies located outside of CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| junction between 2 cells. communicate between the nerve cell and effector organ |
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Term
| how is SNS different from ANS? |
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Definition
ANS is a structural composition of the systed. it integrates information and generates a reaction
SNS (somatic) allows us to consciously control movements of our skeletal muscles through AP |
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Term
| What are the 2 subdivisions of ANS? |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
| what are the cellular components of the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does the cell body do? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transports the information |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of neurons? |
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Definition
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
[image] |
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Term
| What are the types of glial cells? |
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Definition
| schwann and satellite cells |
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Term
| what is the function of the schwann cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the satellite cell? |
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Definition
| support and protection of the cell body |
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Term
| what are the similarities between myelinated and unmyelinated axons? |
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Definition
| both contain neural cell and dendrites for transmission |
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Term
| what are the differences between myelinated and unmyelinated axons? |
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Definition
| neurons with myelinate axons have a faster signal conduction than an unmyelinated neuron. Myelination: AP generated only at node of ranvier. Unmyelinated: AP same as muscle. |
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Term
| how is the AP across a muscle similar to the AP on an axon? |
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Definition
| is it only similar if the axon is umyelinated. propagation across the entire length of the axon in one direction |
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Term
| what are 2 refractory periods? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the role of the absolute refractory period of one way conduction of the neural impulse? |
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Definition
| guarantees that once an AP has begun, both depolarization and repolarization phases will be completed, or close before another AP can begin |
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Term
| what is the role of the relative refractory period of one way conduction of the neural impulse? |
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Definition
| stronger than threshold stimulus can initiate another AO during period, but before the relative period is completed, strong stimulus can produce another AP. |
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Term
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Definition
| # of AP predicted per unit of time in response to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus not strong enough to produce a graded potential that reaches threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus not strong enough to produce a graded potential that reaches threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| just strong enough to produce maximum frequency of AP |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus stronger than maximal |
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Term
| what is the relationship between strength of stimulus and AP frequency? |
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Definition
| the stronger the strength of the stimulus, the higher the frequency of AP is |
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Term
| define saluatory conduction |
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Definition
| AP jumps between nodes of Ranvier causing them to go from positive to negative |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid transmission (motor neuron) |
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Term
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Definition
| homeostasis/ANS (unmyelinated) |
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Term
| what are 2 types of synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of electrical synapse |
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Definition
| rare; conduct signals via ion flow from one cell to the next |
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Term
| what is the funciton of chemical synapse |
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Definition
| common; conduct signals via neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| small biological molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| influence generation of postsynaptic AP. affects type of neurotransmitter being released |
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Term
| Exitatory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| hyperpolarization; presynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the release of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| multiple AP from single presynaptic terminal |
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Term
| what are the types of neural pathway |
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Definition
convergent
divergent
circulatory |
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Term
| how is convergent involved in integration of neural signals? |
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Definition
| activiation/inhibition of neural activity by combining various information |
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Term
| how is divergent involved in integration of neural signals? |
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Definition
| simultaneous control of different system by a single neural input |
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Term
| how is circulatory involved in integration of neural signals? |
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Definition
| repeated stimulation/inhibition of the same pathway by a single neural input |
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Term
| what are some examples of neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
AC: myasthenia gravis
biogenic amines: antidepressant therapy
serotonin: hallucinogens
dopamin: drug addiction, parkinson disease |
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Term
| What is the central nervous system? |
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Definition
| it consists of the brain and spinal cord and is encased in the bone. the CNS processes, integrates, stores, and responds to information fromt he peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System? |
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Definition
| the nercous tissue outiside the CNS, it consists of sensory receptors, nerves, ganglia, and plexuses. PNS detects stimuli and transmits information to and receives information from the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| the afferent (receptors), efferent (effectors), the excited neurons, and the AP in response to stimulus together form the reflex arc. |
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Term
| Somatic motor nervous system |
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Definition
| innervates skeletal muscle and is responsible for VOLUNTARY movement, generally subject to conscious control. |
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Term
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Definition
| its function is to regulate the involuntary functions of the body, including heart, blood vessels, GI tract, urogenital organs, structures onvolved in respiration, and the muscles of the eye. Only innervates glands and smooth muscle, NOT skeletal muscle |
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Term
| How is ANS different from Sensory system |
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Definition
| sensory neurons are not classified as somatic or autonomic. these neurons propagate AP from sensory receptors to the CNS and can provide for reflexes mediated through the SNS. |
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Term
| define sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
Pre-ganglionic: cell body located within the CNS. lateral horns of spinal cord gray matter
Post-ganglionic: cell body located within the ganglia, paravertebral ganglia
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
Pre-ganglionic: cell body located within CNS. brainstem and lateral parts of spinal cord gray matter
Post-ganglionic: cell body located within the ganglia, on teh surface of the effector |
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Term
| What does the cholinergic neuron secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Adrenergic neuron secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of neurotransmitter receptors are involved in signal transduction? |
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Definition
Nicotine
muscarinic
alpha
Beta |
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Term
| what is the respectic location for nicotine? |
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Definition
| binds to acetylcholine (all post-ganglionic neurons) |
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Term
| what is the respectic location for muscarinic receptors? |
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Definition
| binds to acetylcholine (found in ALL parasympathetic and SOME sympathetic effectors) |
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Term
| what is the respectic location for alpha and beta receptors? |
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Definition
| bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine (found in MOST sympathetic effectors) |
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Term
| Sympathetic chain ganglia |
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Definition
| connected to each other and form a chain along the left and right sides of the vertebral column. |
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Term
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Definition
| unpaired ganglia located in the abdominopelvic cavity. they are anterior to the vertebral column. |
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Term
| Terminal Ganglia (parasympathetic) |
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Definition
where they synapse with postganglionic neurons.
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Term
| List the 4 different destination of sympathetic postganglionic neurons |
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Definition
1. spinal nerves (back to the spinal cord via gray ramus)
2. sympathetic nerves (paravertebral ganglia and prevertebral ganglia)
3. splanchnic
4. Adrenal Medulla (systemic effects of symp stimulations) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of enteric neurons |
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Definition
1. enteric sensory neurons
2. enteric motor neurons
3. enteric interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
| detech changes int eh chemical compositions of the contents of the digestive tract or detect stretch of the digestive tract wall |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion; alter function of the GI response to sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| connect enteric sensory and motor neurons to each other; capeable of monitoring and controlling the digestive tract independently of CNA through local reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| act on adrenergic effector organs, induce identical/similar response to endogenous epinephrine or norepinephrine |
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Term
| indirect sympathomimetic drugs |
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Definition
| causes release of epinephrin/norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| receptor antagonist/blockers |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of parasympathomimetic drugs |
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Definition
| cholinergic, acts like acetylcholine, inhibits choline |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits cholinergic activity at effector organs |
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Term
| what are the physiological changes associated with fight/flight response |
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Definition
| increased heart rate, increased breakdown of stored energy, dilation of air passageways, etc. |
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Term
| what is the fight/flight response and how is it generated? |
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Definition
exposure to stress processed by higher CNS.
generated by sympathetic response in prep for anticipated vigorous physical activities |
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Term
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Definition
| state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances |
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Term
| what is the role of the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
| makes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| how is the coordinated ANS response generated? |
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Definition
| one stimulus can trigger response by multiple organs. coordinated response of different structure by simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation |
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Term
| What determines the response of the effector to the ANS stimulation? |
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Definition
| the type of receptor that the effector has |
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Term
| How are adrenic receptors are classified? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| binds to specific receptors and activates them |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to specific receptors and prevent them from being activated |
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