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| Two major regions of the skin |
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| Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells |
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| Most common, produce keratin protein, produce lamellar granules-release lipid based water repellant sealant |
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| Produce pigment melanin, which moves to the keratinocytes and absorbs damaging UV rays of the sun |
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| Arise from red bone marrow and participate in the immune response against invading microbes (break down bacteria) |
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| Serve in the sensation of touch |
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| Deepest layer of epidermis- contains keratinocytes and stem cells that divide to produce new keratinocytes- hemidesmosomes bind keratinocytes to the basement membrane |
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| Cells become flattened (cells tightly connected by desmosomes giving the skin strength and flexibility) |
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| Distinctive protein in this layer- which converts intermediate filaments called tonofilaments into keratin |
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| Cells release a lipid-rich, water-repellant secretion |
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| Occurs only in thick skin and contains flattened, clear, dead, keratinocytes |
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| Outer most stratum and is made of 25-30 layers of dead flat keratinocytes |
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| Abnormally thickening of stratum corneum caused by constant friction |
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| Second deepest layer of skin and is mainly composed of CT with relatively few cells |
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| More superficial and consist of areolar CT in projections called dermal papillae |
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| Projections that contain blood vessels that nourish the epidermis and nervous tissue for various sensations |
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| Dense irregular CT with lots of collagen fibers that form a net |
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| Stretch marks that are small tears in the dermis caused by extensive stretching in pregnancy or obesity |
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| Reflect contours of the underlying dermis (finger prints) |
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| Major body pigment and it varies the skin color from yellow to black - melanosomes ---melanocytes |
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| Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin |
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| Protection from UV rays, debris, insects and particles, and heat loss |
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| Part of hair that projects from the skin |
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| Part of the hair below skin surface |
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| Surrounds the root as an internal and external root sheath |
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| Enlarged structure at the base of the hair follicle |
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| Contains blood vessels that nourish hair |
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| Ring of cells which divide to form new hair |
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| Muscle that contracts to raise hair on skin |
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| Tightly packed keratinized epidermal cells and they normally grow approx. 1 mm per week |
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| The visible part up to the distal end of the finger |
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| The part that extends past the distal end of the digit |
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| The narrow band of epidermis above the proximal border of the visible nail |
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| The part moon shaped area at the base of the nail - white because it lies above a thick stratum basale in the nail matrix |
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| Where new cells are produced for nail growth |
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| The thickened stratum corneum below the free edge and it se cures the nail to the finger tip |
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| Associated with hair and occur everywhere except for palms and soles of feet |
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| Oily substance secreted - keeps hair and skin soft and from drying out and inhibits bacterial growth |
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| Sudoriferous Glands- two types |
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| More common than the apocrine sweat glands- everywhere except for lips, nail beds, genitalia, and eardrums-- produce common sweat, which serves to regulate body temperature and eliminate little waste |
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| Occur mainly in the skin of the armpit, pubic region, areolae, and beard of males |
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| Occur in skin of auditory canal and secrete wax (cerumen) to trap foreign particles |
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| 6 Major functions of skin- Thermoregulation |
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| Too high - body releases sweat to cool the body |
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| Skin has blood vessels that contain a significant amount of blood |
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| From abrasion, microbes, dehydration, and UV radiation |
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| To sense physical stimuli |
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| Some waste and ions and organic molecules are released through skin |
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| UV activates a chemical that later becomes fit. d (calcitriol) which aids in the absorption of calcium from food |
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| Contact inhibition---move to center of wound until they are all in contact and then cell division occurs and they replace other cells and divide |
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| inflammatory phase (blod clot), migratory phase (scab), proliferative phase ( collagen and continued growth of blood vessels), maturation phase, scab falls off, fibrosis(formation of scar) |
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| collagen fibers decrease, skin is thinner and heals more slowly |
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| skin looses thermoregulation and protection from pathogens and desiccation |
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| affects only epidermis (sunburn) |
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| destroys part of dermis (blisters) |
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| extends into subcutaneous layer |
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| make up 78% of all skin cancers and rarely metastasize |
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| make up 20% of all skin cancers, most arise from epidermis in skin lesions on sunburn |
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| 2%- arise from melanocytes and can kill patient |
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| Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter |
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| Caused by a constant cut off blood supply because of bone pressing against an object-skin breaks and becomes infected |
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| Area where skin has been scraped away |
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| Superficial fungal infection of the skin of the foot |
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| collection of sebaceous material and dead cells in the hair follicle-BLACK HEAD |
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| skin allergic reaction by chemical-poison ivy |
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| painful conical thickening of the stratum corneum of epidermis |
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| sac with a distinct connective tissue wall containing fluid or other material |
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| inflammation of the skin -red patches, dry, itchy skin |
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