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| Branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them. |
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Transports-O,C02,nutrients, heat, wastes, and hormones
Regulates- pH, body temp, and water content
Prevents- Blood loss due to clotting
Combats- toxins and microbes through certain phagocytic white blood cells |
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| Physical characteristics of blood |
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greater viscosity than water
38 degrees celsius
pH-7.35-7.45 |
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| 55% of plasma, 45% formed elements |
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91.5% water, 8.5% solutes
-proteins, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes |
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| produced by liver, transport proteins for steroid hormones or fatty acids |
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| produced by liver and by plasma cells, transport iron, lipids, and fat soluble vitamins |
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| produced by liver, plays essential role in blood clotting |
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| erythrocytes (rbc's) , leukocytes (wbc's), and thrombocytes (platelets) |
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% of total blood volume occupied by rbc's
-significant drop of hematocrit indicates anemia due to lower number of rbc's |
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| % of rbc's is abnormally high -increases hematocrit level |
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| Athletes remove blood for a month and then add back to increase oxygen carrying capacity of blood before event |
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bioncave discs without nuceli
contain oxygen carrying protein-hemoglobin
contain no nucleus or mitochondria |
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| consists of protein - 4 peptides (2 alpha, 2 beta) andd each polypeptide binds 1 fe2+ containing heme group- each heme bonds with 02 molecule |
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| can see under microscope - rbc's, platelets, leukocytes |
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| monocytes, t cells, b cells, |
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| stimulated by several hematopoietic growth factors |
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| produced by kidneys- increase rbc's |
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| hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation |
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| produced by some marrow cells to stimulate proliferation in other marrow cells |
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lifespan=120 days
cell death=wear and tear on plasma membranes
damaged rbc's are phagocytized by machrophages in liver, spleen, and bone marrow
hemoglobin is recycled |
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| split from heme and broken down into amino acids which are reused for new proteins |
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fe2+ is reclaimed
rest of heme becomes bilirubin- component of bile in digestive process |
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| if amount of iron builds up, can result in liver disease, heart disease, and gonads |
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transports CO2 - 23%
NO - important for blood flow and pressure |
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| diagnostic test that indicates that rate of erythropoisis and is useful in diagnosing anemia - high or low |
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wbc's - nucleated cells - granular and granular
-MHC's
unique for each person
can be used to identify a tissue |
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lifespan=a few hours or a few years
normal blood=contains only 5,000-10,000 leukocytes
-to combat infection and inflammation |
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| abnormally low # of wbc's |
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| leave the blood stream by emigration - most wbc's are active in phagocytosis |
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| chemical attraction of wbc's to a disease or injury site |
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| neutrophils & macrophages |
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| combat parasitic worms and allergic reactions |
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| histamine -allergic reactions |
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| destroy foreign cells directly |
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| may be used to treat several types of anemia, leukemia, scid, hodgkins disease, sickle cell disease, and lymphoma - reestablish healthy hemtaopoiesis |
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| pluripotent stem cell- myeloid stem cell- megakaryocytic- which fragment in blood --- each fragment is enclosed by a piece of cell membrane- is a platelet |
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| 5-9 days-aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver |
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| clotting-platelet plug formation and release chemicals that begin clotting |
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| complete blood count- test that screens for anemia and various infections |
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| stoppage of bleeding when blood vessels are damaged or ruptured-hemosatic response must be quick, localized to the region of damage and carefully controlled stages |
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| smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts to stop bleeding |
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| involves adhesion and clumping of platelets around the damage to stop bleeding |
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| gel consisting of a network of insoluble protein fibers in which formed elements of blood are trapped |
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| Clotting factors- coagulation factos |
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-13 factors
-most in blood plasma
-some are released by platelets
-one is released from damaged tissue |
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3 stages-
1. formation of prothrombinase common pathway
2. conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
3. conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin |
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| Clotting can be initiated by either: |
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extrinsic pathway-tissue outside of blood vessel is damaged -
intrinsic pathway- blood vessel or platelets are damaged - fibrinogen |
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helps make 4 clotting factors
-fat soluble vitamin comes from bacteria in our intestine |
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| tightening of clot-helps prevent blood leakage |
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| Fibrinolysis - dissolution of clot |
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fibrinolytic system dissolves small clots at a site of damage once damage is repaired
plasmin can also dissolve a clot by digesting fibrin threads and inactivating clotting factors |
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| enzymes that dissolve small inappropriate clots and clots after the tissues are repaired |
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| substances that inhibit coagulation are also present in blood |
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| clot in an unbroken blood vessel |
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when a thrombus/clot is transported by the bloodstream that moves from its site of origin
-low aspirin doses decrease chance of thrombus formation |
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| antigens-surfaces of rbc's that contain genetically determined antigens |
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antigens A and B determine blood types
-plasma contains antibodies that react with antigens that foreign to the individual |
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Rh+- individuals whose rbc's have Rh antigens
Rh- = those who lack the antigen
difference from ABO- are small and can cross placenta |
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| Hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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a disorder due to Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus
-give injection of anti-Rh Ab to rh mothers after delivery of baby |
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| Cross-matching blood types |
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| mixing of donor and recipient blood for compatibility |
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| RBC'S numbers are reduced and O carrying capacity of the blood is reduced |
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inherited disorder due to abnormal kind of hemoglobin
-reduced O carrying capacity |
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inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or after minor trauma
reduced because of HIV |
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malignant disease of blood forming tissues characterzed by uncontrolled production and accumulation of immature leukocytes
-ability to fight infection is reduced |
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| slightly bluish/purple skin discoloration because of an increase in oxygen deprived hemoglobin in RBC'S |
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| yellowish discoloration of sclera and skin due to excess of bilirubin |
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| toxins or bacteria in the blood - blood poisoning |
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| very low platelet count that results in a bleeding tendency |
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