Term
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Definition
| an articulation or joint is a place of union between two or more bones regardless of the degree of movement allowed by the union. |
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Term
| the classification of joints |
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Definition
| joints are classified into three main groups based on the degree of movement they allow and their structure: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses, |
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Term
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Definition
1. synarthroses do not allow movement. The three examples of synarthroses are suture, syndesmosis and gomphosis.
2. a suture is a joint in which the bones are joined by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue, like the sutures of the skull.
3. A syndesmosis a joint in which the bones are connected by ligaments between the bones, like the radius and ulna articulations and the tibia and fibula articulations. Some authors classify this as an amphiarthrosis.
4. A gomphosis consist of a conical process in a socket held together by ligaments, like a tooth in its socket. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Amphiarthroses only allow slight movement. The two examples are symphysis and a synchondrosis.
2. A symphysis is a joint in which the bones are joined by a disk of fibrocartilage, as in the public symphsis.
3. A synchondrosis is a joint where two bonysurfaces are joined by hyaline cartilage, like the growth plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a long bone. Some authors classify this is a synarthrosis. |
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Term
| Diarthroses or Synovial Joints |
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Definition
Diarhroses or synovial joints are freely moving joints.
2. They are characterized by having a capsular structure with and internal cavity.
3. The capsule of the joint can be made up of a number of different kinds of tissue; fibrous cartilage, ligaments, tendons, muscle, and synovial membranes.
4. The diarthroses or synovial joints have several functions. They bear weight and allow movement; the ligaments, tendons, muscles, and articular cartilage provide stability; and the synovial fluid lubricates surfaces and nourishes the cartilage. |
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Term
| movements at synovial joints |
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Definition
Flexion decreases the angle between bones.
2. Extension increases the angle between bones.
3. Hyperextension increases the joint angle beyond the anatomic position.
4. Dorsiflexion raises the foot upward at the ankle joints. |
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Term
| movements at synovial joint |
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Definition
5. Plantar flexion pushes the foot down at the ankle joint.
6. Abduction moves a bone away from the midline.
7. Adduction moves a bone toward the midline.
8. Rotation moves a bone around a central axis, perpendicular to the axis.
9. Circumduction moves a bone so the end of it describes a circle and the sides of it describe a cone. |
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Term
| Movements at the Synovial joints |
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Definition
10. supination moves the palm of the hand to an upright position or from a posterior to an anterior position if at the side of the body.
11. Pronation moves the palm of the hand to a downward position or from an anterior position to a posterior position if at the side of the body.
12. Eversion moves the sole of the foot outward at the ankle.
13. Inversion moves the sole of the foot inward at the ankle. |
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Term
| Movements at the synovial joints |
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Definition
14. Protraction moves a part of the body forward on a plane parallel to the ground.
15.Retraction moves a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground.
16. Elevation raises a part of the body.
17. Depression lowers a part of the body.
18. Opposition, unique to the thumb, allows the tip of the thumb and the fingers to be brought together.
19. Reposition is the opposite of opposition. |
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Term
| Six types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints |
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Definition
1. The ball-and-socket joint (Multiaxial)allows the widest range of movement, as in the shoulder and hip joint.
2. The hinge joint (uniaxial) limits movements to flexion and extension; examples are the knee, elbow, and the middle and distal phalanges of the fingers and toes.
3. The pivot joint (uniaxial) limits movement to rotation in one plane, such as the atlas and axis articulation in the spine. |
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Term
| Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints |
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Definition
4.The condyloid joint or ellipsoidal (biaxial) joint allows motions in two planes at right angles to each other, as in the wrist joint between the radius and carpal bones.
5. the saddle joint (biaxial, found only in the thumb, allows movements in two planes at right angles to one another and is located at the carpal-metacarpal articulation in the thumb.
6. The gliding joint (multiaxial) allows only gliding motion, as the intervertebral joints in the spine. |
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Term
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Definition
1. There are three types of bursae. Bursae are closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining that prevents friction between overlapping tissues.
2. Subcutaneous bursae are found between skin and underlying bony processes.
3. Subfascial bursae are found where muscles overlie one another.
4. Subtendinous bursae are found where one tendon overlies another or overlie one another.
5. Subtendinous bursae are found where one tendon overlies another or overlis a bony projection. |
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Term
review questions
1. Name and describe the three types of joints found in the human body. |
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Definition
synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses
Synarthroses does not allow movement.
amphiarthroses only allow slight movement.
Diarthroses or synovial joint are freely moving joints. |
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Term
Review questions
2. name two types of synarthroses and give an example |
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Definition
suture and syndesmosis gomphosis
suture is a joint in which the bones are joined by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue, like the sutures of the skull.
syndesmosis example like the radius and ulna articulation and the tibia and fibula articulations.
gomphosis- consist of a conical process in a socket held together by ligaments, like a tooth in it's socket, |
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Term
review questions
3. Name two types of amphiarthroses and give an example of each. |
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Definition
symphysis and synchondrosis
symphysis disk of fibrocartilage as in the pubic symphysis
synchondrosis- hyaline cartilage like the growth plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a long bone. |
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Term
Review question
5. Name the six types of diarthroses and give an example of each. |
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Definition
1. ball and socket- example (multiaxial) as in the shoulder allows widest range of movement.
2. The hinge joint- example (uniaxial) the knees, elbows, and middle and distal phalanges of the finger and toes.
3.The pivot example (uniaxial) atlas and axis articulation in the spine.
4. Condyloid joint or elliposidal - ex (biaxial) two planes at right angles to each other ,as in the wrist joint between the radius and carpal bones.
5. saddle joint ex-(biaxial) only in the thumb, allows movement in two planes at the right angles located in the carpal -metacarpal articulation in the thumb.
6. gliding joint- ex (Multiaxial) allows only gliding motion, as in the intervertebral joints of the spine. |
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Term
review question
6. name and define the three types of bursae found in the human body. |
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Definition
1. subcutaneous bursae- found between the skin and underlying bony processes.
2. subfascial bursae- found where muscles overlie on another.
3. subtendinous bursae- found where one tendon overlies abony projection. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. skeletal muscle help us read by moving our eyes, and allow us to move in our environment and breath.
2. Smooth muscles push food through our intestines, contain blood in our arteries and veins, and push urine down our ureters.
3. cardiac muscles pumps blood through our heart and blood vessels and maintain blood pressure.
4.muscles make up 40% to 50% of our body weight. |
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Term
TYPES OF MUSCLES
The three types of muscles tissue are skeletal, smooth or visceral, and cardiac, |
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Definition
1. Skeletal muscle cells are voluntary, striated, multinucleated cells that are much longer than their width, hence are also called muscle fibers.
2. Smooth muscle cells are involuntary (we cannot control them at will), nonstriated, and uninucleated fibers.
3. Cardiac muscles cells are also involuntary but are striated and uninucleated. These cells do not look like fibers but have extensions or branches. |
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Term
| the physiology of muscle contraction |
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Definition
1. all of the muscles cells or fibers innervated by the same motor neuron is called a motor unit.
2. Muscle cells have four properties: excitability by a stimulus; conductivity of that stimulus through their cytoplasm; contractility, which is the reaction to the stimulus; and elasticity, which allows the cell to return to its original shape after contraction,
4. muscle contraction is caused by the interaction of three factors: neuroelectrial, chemical, and energy sources. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Laboratory analysis of a muscle contraction reveal a brief latent period immediately following the stimulus followed by actual contraction. Relaxation follows contraction. This is called a muscle twitch.
2 The strength of a contraction depends on the strength of a contraction depends on the strength, speed, and duration of the stimulus as well as the weight of the load and the temperature.
3. the all-or-none law states that a stimulus strong enough to cause contraction in an individual muscle cell will result in maximal contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Tone is that property of a muscle in which a state of partial contraction is maintained throughout a whole muscle.
2. Tone maintains pressure on the abdominal contents help maintain blood pressure in blood vessels and aid in digestion. Tones gives a firm appearance to skeletal muscles. |
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Term
| The anatomy of smooth muscle |
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Definition
1. Smooth muscle is found in hollow structures like the intestines, arteries, veins, and bladder. It is under the control of the autonomic nervous system.
2. Smooth muscle cells are involuntary, uninucleated, and nonstriated.
3. In hollow structures, smooth muscle is arranged in two layers: an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer. This results in material being pushed forward in the tube by simultaneous contraction of both layers, |
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Term
| The anatomy of cardiac muscle |
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Definition
1. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system,
2. Cardiac muscle cells can receive an impulse, contract, immediately relax, and receive another impulse, This occurs about 75 times a minute. |
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Term
| The naming and action of the skeletal muscle |
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Definition
1. Muscle can be named according to their action, shape, origin and insertion, location, or the directions of their fibers.
2. The origin is the more fixed attachment; the insertion is the movable attachment of a muscle.
3.Tendons attach muscle to a bone. a wide flat tendon is called an aponeurosis.
4. Muscles that bend a limb at a joint are called flexors; those that straighten a limb are called extensors.
5. Abductors move a limb away from the midline; adductors bring a limb toward the midline of the body. |
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Term
| The naming and actions of skeletal muscle part 2 |
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Definition
6. Rotators revolve a limb around an axis.
7. Muscles that raise the foot are dorsiflexors; those that lower the foot are plantar flexors.
8. Muscles that turn the palm upward are supinators; those that turn the palm of the hand downward are pronators.
9. Levators raise a part of the body; those muscles that lower a part of the body are depressors.
10. Prime movers are muscles that bring about an action. Those that assist the prime movers are synergist. |
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Term
| The function and location of skeletal muscles |
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Definition
1. Facial muscles around the eye and mouth assist in nonverbal communications like smiling.
2. Muscles around the upper and lower jaw assist in chewing or mastication.
3. Six muscles attach to the eye and move the eye in all directions.
4. The main muscle that moves the head is the sternocleidomastoid.
5. The upper arm is moved mainly by the deltoid, pectorals, and rotators cuff muscles. |
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Term
| the function and location of selected skeletal muscle |
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Definition
6. The forearm can be flexed and extended; the supinators and pronators supinate and pronate the forearm and move the hand.
7. The wrist and fingers can be flexed, extended, abducted, and adducted.
8. The thumb does opposition and can grasp implements , resulting in all the unique abilities of the hand.
9. Three layers of trunk muscle compress our abdominal contents laterally, while the rectus abdominus in the front produces the washboard effect from sit-ups. |
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Term
| The function and location of selected skeletal muscles |
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Definition
10. Breathing is accomplished by the diaphragm muscle and the intercostal muscle of the ribs.
11. Muscles of the hip flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the thigh.
12. Muscle of the thigh, like the hamstrings, flex the knee; the quadriceps femoris extends the knee.
13. Muscles of the foot and toes produce plantar flexion and dorsiflexion as in walking, eversion and inversion of the sole of the foot, and flexion and extension of the toes. |
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Term
| The function and location of selected skeletal muscles |
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Definition
10. Breathing is accomplished by the diaphragm muscle and the intercostal muscle of the ribs.
11. Muscles of the hip flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the thigh.
12. Muscle of the thigh, like the hamstrings, flex the knee; the quadriceps femoris extends the knee.
13. Muscles of the foot and toes produce plantar flexion and dorsiflexion as in walking, eversion and inversion of the sole of the foot, and flexion and extension of the toes. |
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Term
| The anatomy of cardiac muscle |
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Definition
1. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system,
2. Cardiac muscle cells can receive an impulse, contract, immediately relax, and receive another impulse, This occurs about 75 times a minute. |
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