Term
|
Definition
Transports fluid called lymph through lymphatic capillaries and vessels called lymphatics.
Controls body fluids and destroys harmful microorganisms
Consists of lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, the tonsils, the spleen, the thymus gland, and Peyer's patches in the intestine.
|
|
|
Term
The Functions of the System and the Structure and Functions of the Lymphatic Vessels
Functions |
|
Definition
| To drain interstitial fluid from tissue spaces, to transport fats from the digestive tract to the blood, to develop immunities, and to produce lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
The Functions of the System and the Structure and Functions of the Lymphatic Vessels:
Interstitial Fluid
|
|
Definition
| Blood plasma that gets forced through the blood capillary walls into spaces between tissue cells. |
|
|
Term
The Functions of the System and the Structure and Functions of the Lymphatic Vessels:
Lymphatics
|
|
Definition
| Lymphatic capillaries drain interstitial fluid, which is now called lympth, and pass this fluid on to lymph vessels called (xxx). |
|
|
Term
The Functions of the System and the Structure and Functions of the Lymphatic Vessels:
Lacteals
|
|
Definition
In the villi of the small intestine, special lymphatics called (xxx) pick up fats and transport them to the blood.
Lymph in (xxx) looks milky due to the fats, and is called chyle.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (xxx), also called lymph glands, are found along the lengths of lymphatics. Groupings of lymph nodes are present in the groin, armpit, and neck region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* Plasma, filtered by the blood capillaries, passes into interstitial tissue
spaces and is now called interstitial fluid.
*When this fluid passes into lymphatic capillaries, it is called lymph.
*The lympth now passes into larger lymphatic vessels called lymphatics,
which have many valves to prevent backflow of lymph and have lymph
nodes along their lengths.
*Afferent lymphatics enter the lymph nodes, and efferent lymphatics leave
the nodes.
*Circulation of lymph is maintained by muscular contractions, which compress lymphatics and push the lymph along. |
|
|
Term
The Organs of the Lymphatic System:
Tonsils |
|
Definition
The three groups of tonsils are the palatine tonsils (commonly removed in a tonsilectomy); the pharyngeal tonsils (or adnoids); and the lingual tonsils.
The tonsils are composed of reticuloendothelial cells that protect the nose and oral cavity from pathogens. |
|
|
Term
The Organs of the Lymphatic System:
Spleen |
|
Definition
| The single largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body. It phagocytizes worn-out red blood cells and platlets. It destroys bacteria. It produces lymphocytes and plasma cells and functions as a blood storage organ. |
|
|
Term
The Organs of the Lymphatic System:
Thymus Gland |
|
Definition
| The site for T lymphocyte production and maturation. |
|
|
Term
The Organs of the Lymphatic System:
Peyer's Patches |
|
Definition
| Resemble tonsils but are found in the walls of the small intestine where their macrophages destroy bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ability to resist infection from microorganisms, damage from foreign substances, and harmful chemicals.
Humoral immunity and Cellular immunity are produced by the body's lymphoid tissues. |
|
|
Term
Immunity:
Lymphoid Tissue |
|
Definition
| Produces two main groups of lymphocytes: the B lymphocyte cells and the T lymphocyte cells. |
|
|
Term
Immunity:
B lymphocyte cells
|
|
Definition
Produce antibodies and provide humoral immunity, which is effective against circulating bacteria and viral infections.
B cells that enter tissues and become specialized cells are known as plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
Immunity:
T lymphocyte cells |
|
Definition
| Are responsible for providing cellular immunity, which is effective against intracellular viruses, fungi, parasites, cancer cells, and foreign tissue implants. |
|
|
Term
Antigens and Antibodies:
Antigens |
|
Definition
A foreign protein that gains access to our bodies. Some examples are the cell membrane or flagella or protozoans, the protein coat of a virus, the surface of a spore, and the flagella or cell membranes of bacteria.
B lymphocytes recognize antigens and produce antibodies, which bind to specific antigens, causing the foreign antigens to agglutinate and precipitate.
Phagocytic white blood cells then eat up the invading microorganism. |
|
|
Term
Antigens and Antibodies:
Antibodies |
|
Definition
Also called immunoglobulins (Ig). There are five types that make up the gamma globulins of blood plasma:
1. IgG found in tissue fluids and plasma
2. IgA found in endocrine gland secretions, nasal fluid, tears,
gastric and intestinal juice, bile, breast milk, and urine
3. IgM found in plasma as a response to bacteria on food
4. IgD found on the surface of B cells
5. IgE associated with allergic reactions found in exocrine gland
secretions.
*The most abundant are IgG, IgA, IgM |
|
|
Term
Antigens and Antibodies:
Active Immunity |
|
Definition
| Occurs when B cells contact antigens and produce antibodies against them. It is acquired naturally when we are exposed to a viral or bacterial infection. It is acquired artificially when we receive a vaccine. |
|
|
Term
Antigens and Antibodies:
Passive Immunity |
|
Definition
| Passive immunity occurs naturally when a fetus receives antibodies from its mother through the placenta. Passive immunity is conferred artificially by receiving gamma globulin or immune serum via injection. Passive immunity is short lived. |
|
|
Term
Cells of the Immune Response and other Defenses:
Macrophages |
|
Definition
| Engulf and digest antigens and present them to T cells for recognition. |
|
|
Term
Cells of the Immune Response and other Defenses:
Skin |
|
Definition
| A mechanical barrier, and its acid mantle inhibits bacterial growth. Sebum has antibacterial and antifungal properties. |
|
|
Term
Cells of the Immune Response and other Defenses:
Lysozyme |
|
Definition
| In tears and saliva, attacks bacteria. |
|
|
Term
Cells of the Immune Response and other Defenses:
Mucous Membranes
|
|
Definition
| Trap microorganisms and debris. |
|
|
Term
Cells of the Immune Response and other Defenses:
Hydrochloric Acid
|
|
Definition
| In the stomach, destroys most microorganisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The five basic activities of the (xxx xxx) are ingestion, peristalsis, digestion, absorption, and defecation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which food is broken down mechanically and chemically into simpler substances that can be used by the body's cells and converted into high-energy ATP molecules. |
|
|
Term
General Organization:
Digestive Tract |
|
Definition
Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
The accessory organs of the (xxx xxx) include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
The four coats or tunics, of the (xxx xxx), from the inside out are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and the adventitia or serosa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The functions of the (xxx xxx) are taste, mechanical breakdown of food using the teeth and chemical digestion of carbohydrates using the salivary enzyme amylase.
The (xxx xxx) is lined with mucous membrane. The floor of the cavity is formed by the tongue, the roof by the hard and soft palate, and the sides by the cheek. The opening is guarded by the lips. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Manipulation of the food, taste through some of its papillae, and assistance in speech. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The three pairs of (xxx xxx) are the parotoid, the submandibular or submaxillary, and the sublingual. Saliva lubricates the food, begins the digestion of complex carbohydrates, and controls certain bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A (xxx) is composed of the crown, the neck or cervix, and the root. The crown of the (xxx) is covered with enamel. A (xxx) is made up of dentin. The peridontal ligament anchors the (xxx) into the alveolar socket. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The (xxx) is a common passageway for food and air. It is divided into the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.
Its function is to begin the process of swallowing or deglutition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The function of the (xxx) is to secrete mucus and transport food to the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus.
Peristalsis, caused by smooth muscle contractions, pushes the food bolus into the stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter. |
|
|
Term
The Stomach:
Main Function |
|
Definition
| To begin the chemical breakdown of proteins through the enzyme pepsin. It also breaks up food mechanically by churning its contents. It absorbs some water, salts, alcohol, and certain drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The four parts of the (xxx) are the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. The pyloric sphincter gueards the connection into the small intestine. The empty stomach lining has many folds or rugae that allow the stomach to expand and hold large amounts of food.
|
|
|
Term
The Stomach:
Gastric Glands |
|
Definition
The (xxx xxx) of the stomach mucosa contain three kinds of secretory cells.
1. the zymogenic or chief cells that secrete pepsinogen
2. the parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid
3. the mucous cells that secrete mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The (xxx) has a dual function. Its acini produce digestive enzymes that get carried by the pancreatic duct to the duodenum of the small intestine. Its pancreatic islets secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood to control blood sugar levels.
The (xxx) is divided into the head, body, and tail. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The largest organ of the body. It is divided into a right and a left lobe. The functional units of the liver are called lobules.
The functions of the (xxx) are so numerous and important that we cannot live without it. It produces heparin, prothrombin, and thrombin. Its Kupffer cells phagocytose bacteria and worn out blood cells. It stores excess carbohydrates as glycogen. It stores copper, iron, and vitamins A, D, E, and K. It stores or transforms poisons into less harmful substances. It produces bile salts that emulsify or break down fats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The (xxx) stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver lobules. The bile enters the duodenum of the small intestine through the common bile duct. |
|
|
Term
The Small Intestine:
Function |
|
Definition
| The main function of the (xxx xxx) is the completion of absorption of the digested food. It is divided into three portions: the duodenum (10 in), the jejunum (8 ft), and the ileum (12 ft). The ileocecal valve connects the small intestine with the large intestine. |
|
|
Term
The Small Intestine:
Structure |
|
Definition
| In addition to its length, the walls of the small intestine are thrown into folds called pilcae that are covered with millions of villi. Nutrients are absorbed through the villi. Each villus has an epithelial cell covering whose free edge is covered with microscopic folds called microvilli to further increase the absorptive capabilities of the villus. Each villus contains an arteriole, venule, capillary network, and a lacteal that picks up fats. |
|
|
Term
The Small Intestine:
Intestional Glands |
|
Definition
| The (xxx xxx) or crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete the intestinal digestive enzymes. Brunner's glands secrete an alkaline mucus. |
|
|
Term
The Small Intestine:
Chyme |
|
Definition
| (xxx) is the name of the digested contents of the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
The Large Intestine:
Functions |
|
Definition
The functions of the (xxx xxx) are the reabsorption of water, the manufacture and absoprtion of certain vitamins, and the formation and expulsion of the feces.
The four regions of the (xxx xxx) are the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.
The three mechanical movements that occur in the (xxx xxx) are haustral churning, peristalsis at the rate of 3 to 12 contractions per minute, and mass perstalsis triggered by distention of the stomach.
|
|
|
Term
The Large Intestine:
Colon |
|
Definition
| Divided into the ascending (xxx), transverse (xxx), and desending (xxx). It has pouches or haustrae. |
|
|
Term
The Large Intestine:
Rectum |
|
Definition
The (xxx) terminates at the anus. The anus is controlled by an internal sphincter of smooth muscle and an external sphincter of skeletal muscle.
Distension of the rectal walls initiates the defecation reflex.
|
|
|
