A molecule that is capable of delivering energy in small, precise amounts to a reaction.

Cellular respiration is all about producing ATP.

A high-energy compound consisting of adenosine with 3 phoshate groups attached; the third is attached by a high-energy bond.

• Preferred energy source
• Fast energy source for cells
• The mitochondria converts carbohydrates to energy.
• Carbohydrates are also located outside the plasma membrane to assist membrane functions.
• Contains C, H, & O. There will be twice as much H as O in a carbohydrate.

• -ose
• Fructose & glucose are isomers.
• Fructose is a hexose found in many fruits although its a chemical formula; C₆H₁₂O₆

• Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
• 2 monosaccharides joined together
• sucrose = table sugar

• Polymer
• Lots and lots of monosaccharides joined together
• If they never get burned, they store in the adipose tissues as fat.

• All the sugar that we don't burn stores in the muscles and liver
• Regulated by the Endocrine system
• Wraps them up to store them then pull them back out

• Fiber
• No calories
• Stays bulky in the intestines
• If it has oat bran it will also absorb cholesterol

• Fats
• Used for reserve energy
• Vitamin storage and insulation
• Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen are the component atoms
• Stored in the adipose tissue

Saturated fat - with Hydrogen/Solid

Unsaturated fat - not completely saturated with Hydrogen/Liquid

• Big and have an exact shape
• If you change shape, you will change function (their job); possibly to a nonfunctional job - this is changing amino acids or their arrangement
• ex) Dominant genes

• The part of the solution that is present in greatest amount
• In cells, this is water.

• The molecules dissolved into the solvent
• They are present in lesser amounts
• More of it is solid
• Skeletal system has more of this than solvent

• Random movement of molecules with no intent of going anywhere
• Faster @ higher temps and speeds molecules up - in a gas the most

• Driven by Brownian Movement
• Random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until dynamic equilibrium has been reached
• Passive transport
• Molecules move with the concentration gradient

• Temperature
• Molecular weight
• Concentration of molecules in a solution
• The higher the concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion because they are bumping into each other more often
• Surface area of plasma membrane (microvilli)
• Permeability of plasma membrane
• Movement of molecules across cell membranes
• Size

• Protein receptors in the plasma membrane assist molecular movement into or out of the cell.
• Without the protein carrier, the molecule won't move through the plasma membrane.

Carries Two molecules @ one time

ex) sodium & glucose

Moves two solutes in opposite directions

*think revolving door*

• The cell provides energy to move molecules across the plasma membrane. 
• Might need to move molecules from low to high concentration (against the concentration gradient)
• Membrane pumps will push rest out - cells find equilibrium
• Remove ions from cell (ex - Calcium), absorb amino acid into the cell

A form of active transport that moves larger molecules through the plasma membrane, enclosed in a membrane

ex) endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Out of the cell (kicking out)

ex) waste products, large hormones, lactating mothers - milk, mr & mrs. - she threw him out, they made up - dynamic equilibrium

Use energy to force them out of the cell